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The rise of Militant Nationalism

from 1914-1939

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Theme of the period

The post WWI Period diminished the

European imperialists ability to control their

colonies and led to a loss of their global power.

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WWI and the Attack and the

Nationalist Assault on European

Colonial Order

India

Egypt Middle East

Africa

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Corrosion of European power 1918-

1939

Before WWI,

Europeans preached

that they had the White

Mans Burden tocivilize their colonies

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Shift in perception of Europeans

Senselessness of WWI

Has not the truth of

already come home to

you now when this cruelwar has driven its claws

into the vitals of

Europe? R.Tagore

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TheColonial

Fronts

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Sikh British Soldiers in India

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Fighting in Africa

British Sikh

Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in theGerman Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

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Fighting in Africa

3rdBritish Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

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Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry from

Cochin, China - 1916

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The Indian National Congress

1885

The Indian National Congresswas founded in Bombay.

swarajindependence.*the goal of the movement.

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Bal Gangadhar Tilak

1856 - 1920

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The Muslim League

1905 partition of Bengal based onreligions and languages.

1906 creation of the Muslim League.

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Mohammed Ali Jinnah

1876 - 1948

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Young Mohandas K.

Gandhi,

1876

1869 - 1948

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Gandhi with the London

vegetarian society, 1890

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Gandhi as a Young

Barrister in Natal

G dhi L i

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Gandhi as a Lawyer inJohannesburg, So.

Africa

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Gandhi and His Wife,

Kasturba, 1915

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Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism

in the Middle East

British occupied

Indirect, corrupt rule

by Turco-Egyptian

and ayan, orlandlords

Nationalist leaders

from effendi- urban

middle class

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Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism

in the Middle East

1916 -Dinshawi

incident

British hunting party

shot wife of prayerleader

Violence broke out

British executedvillagers

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Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism

in the Middle East

1913- Egyptian

nationalist gained

constitution and

representation inparliament

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Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

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Mustafa Kemal Atatrk (1881-1938)Republican Peoples Party Goals:

republicanism (National Assembly).

nationalism (Turkification).

populism (for the benefit of

the people).

statism (state-controlledeconomy).

secularism (free from religiouscontrol).

reformism.

1924 abolished the caliphate.

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Atatrks Reforms1.Turkify the Islamic faith

Translate the Quraninto Turkish.

Secular education.

Ministry of Religious Affairs

abolished.

Shariacourts closed newsecular courts.

2.Western-style clothing Forbid the wearing of the fez

Western-style mens suits.

Attacked the veiling of women.

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Zionism

Theodore Herzl1860 1904

GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.

Freedom fromWestern anti-Semitism.

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First Zionist Conference, 1897 Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or

The Jewish Statein 1896. Met in Basel, Switzerland. Creates the First Zionist Congress. Becomes an international Jewish

organization. Next Year in Jerusalem

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The Ottoman Empire in WW1

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The Middle East in 1914

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T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]

Lawrence of Arabia,The Legend Begins

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Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915

....Britain is prepared torecognize and uphold theindependence of the Arabs inall regions lying within thefrontiers proposed by the Sharifof Mecca....

Hussein ibn Ali,Sharif of Mecca

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Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

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The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

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The Allied Advance Againstthe Ottoman Turks

Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby

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The British & Arab Armies MeetBritish Forces

Lawrence& Faisals Forces

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British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,1917

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

His Majestys overnment views with favor theestablishment inPalestine of anational home forthe Jewish people and w ill use their best endeavorsto facilitate the achievement of this objec t, it beingclearly understood that nothing shall be donewhich may prejudice the civil and religious rightsof existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine

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1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

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Districts & Vilayets of WesternArmenia in Turkey

1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000Sivas 225,000 16,800

Other Armenian-populated Sitesin Turkey

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total: 2,133,190 387,800

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

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Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918

Arab Disappointment

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The League of Nations Mandates

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New Countries & Ruling Families Emerge

Prince Faisal ruler of Trans-Jordan. Prince Abdullah ruler of a newly-created

Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].

The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.

The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of anew Iran.

Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

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Treaty of Lausanne, 1923

Modern Turkey Is Born.

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Essential Question:How did Britains actions in Palestine after

1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going

conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in

the Middle East today?

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Palestine Was Part of theOttoman Empire

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Jews & Arabs in Palestine,1920 In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratiowas 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they wereloosing control of theircountry

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BritishMandate inPalestineCreatedJuly, 1922

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Jewish Settlements:The KibbutzSystem

First one founded in 1908. Communal living. Make the DesertBloom

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1929 Arab RiotsIZBAH AL-YAHUD

[Slaughter All the Jews ]Jewish

1919 1,806

1920 8,223

1921 8,294

1922 8,685

1923 8,175

1924 13,892

1925 34,386

1926 13,855

1927 3,034

1928 2,178

1929 5,249

1930 4,944

Immigration

1931 4,075

1932 12,533

1933 37,337

1934 45,267

1935 66,472

1936 29,595

1937 10,629

1938 14,675

1939 31,195

1940 10,643

1941 4,592

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Palestine Arab Revolt:1936-1939

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem,

Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf

Hitler.

An end to Jewishimmigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewishowners.

A new generalrepresentativegovernment.

Their Goals:

The Beginnings of the Liberation

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The Beginnings of the LiberationStruggle in Africa

Educated Africans initially loyal toBrits/French

War changed all that a. Rebellions due to forced

recruitment/labor

b. Starvation to feed soldiers c. Merchants suffer from

shipping shortages

Th B i i f th Lib ti

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The Beginnings of the Liberation

Struggle in Africa

Britain doesnt

come through on all

promises after war

jobs and public

honors

The Beginnings of the Liberation

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The Beginnings of the Liberation

Struggle in Africa

Attempts to create

pan-African

Movement

Butstarted byAfrican Americans or

West Indies

At least pushed anti-

colonial spirit

W.E.B. Du Bois

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