decline of buddhism
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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR THEDISAPPEARANCE OF BUDDHISM FROMINDIA
ANKUR BARUA, M.A. BASILIOHong Kong, 2009
Background: Dr. Ankur Barua had graduated with distinction fromthe University of Hong Kong
(MBuddStud, 2009). He had alsocompleted two other Master Degrees, one from Sikkim
ManipalUniversity (MBAIT, 2007) while the other from Manipal University(MBBS-2000, MD in
Community Medicine - 2003) and presentlyworking in professional field. Ms. M.A. Basilio is a
nursingprofessional who has also a keen passion for conducting researchon religion and science.
First Publication on 8
th
October 2009Buddhist Door, Tung Lin Kok Yuen, Hong KongCopyright Ankur Barua and
M.A.BasilioCommunication Address of Corresponding Author:
Dr. ANKUR BARUABlockEE, No.-80, Flat No.-2A,Salt Lake City, Sector-2,Kolkata - 700091, West
Bengal, INDIA.Email: [email protected]: +91-9434485543 (India), +852-96195078
(Hong Kong)
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2
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to
Ven.Dr. Jing Yin
, Professor of Buddhist Studies and Director of theCentre of Buddhist Studies in the University of
Hong Kong for hiskind support, inspiration, encouragement and timely advice duringthe compilation
of this book.I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my beloved father
Dr. Dipak Kumar Barua,
who was the earlier Dean of the FacultyCouncil for Postgraduate Studies in Education, Journalism &
LibraryScience in the University of Calcutta (1987-1991) and the Directorof Nava Nalanda
Mahavihara, Nalanda (1996-1999) for histechnical guidance and valuable advice.I would also like to
convey my sincere thanks to my belovedmother
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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR THE DISAPPEARANCE OFBUDDHISM FROM INDIA
Abstract
Many scholars of Indian history and religion are devoted to unravelingthe mystery of what led to
disappearance of Buddhism from India. Dueto the lack of historical and archeological evidence, there
is no absoluteconsensus on this matter till date. However, if we analyze all thecontributing factors
and arrange them in a chronological order, wewould realize that the whole sequence of events was
initiated by theBuddhist monks and clergy when they had ignored the teachings of theBuddha and
concentrated on accumulation of abundance of wealth inthe monasteries. They had abandoned the
community visits andconcentrated on their own salvation instead of helping the commonpeople and
oppressed classes to end their sufferings. As the lay devoteswere ignored, Buddhism started losing
the general support from thecommunity. Subsequently, the Brahmins took advantage of
thissituation and deepened the rift between the common people and theBuddhist practitioners.They also manipulated the contemporary rulersto withdraw their support from Buddhism and help
in reviving theexisting Brahmanism. This was followed by the revival of Hinduism andfurther decline
of Buddhism. Towards the end stage of this decline,there was the Muslim invasion of India. During
this time, majority of the
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6
surviving Buddhists in India, who earlier belonged to the lower classHindus, was either forcefully or
willingly got converted into Islam.
Key words: Buddhism, Disappearance, Decline, Brahmanism,Brahmins, Hinduism, Islam.
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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR THE DISAPPEARANCE OFBUDDHISM FROM INDIA
Introduction
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Shravasti was the capital city of the Lichhavis, a north Indian clan thatcame to power around 200 AD
and established their capital inPasupatinath. In a long and glorious period of reign extending
throughthe early part of the ninth century, they had endowed a large number of both Hindu and
Buddhist monuments and monasteries. However, duringhis visit, Ven. Hsuan Tsang witnessed a
much greater number of Saivites and Jains than Buddhists.
1,2,3,5
Kushinagar, the small village near Gorakhpur where the Buddha hadgone into Mahaparinibbana, was
in a dilapidated state and Ven. Hsuan Tsang found only a few Buddhists. Though in Varanasi, Ven.
Hsuan Tsang found around 3000 Bhikkus or Buddhist monks, but they wereoutshadowed by more
than 10,000 non-Buddhists. Hence, we canconclude that Ven. Hsuan Tsang had arrived in India at a
time whenBuddhism was entering into a state of precipitous decline. But even asBuddhism went
into decline, it is remarkable that Nalanda, the greatseat of Buddhist learning, continued to flourish
by retaining itsimportance until the Muslim invasions of the second millennium. It wasfrom Nalanda
that Ven. Padmasambhava had carried Buddhism to Tibetduring the eighth century.
1,2,3,4,5
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11
Hence, it is evident that the story of Buddhism in India cannot beunequivocally written in a single
register of decline as the entire processof decline was gradual and spread over a long period of time.
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism fromIndia
Buddhism had altogether disappeared from India as a formal religionduring the 13
th
century A.D.
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6
In order to explore the contributing factorsfor the decline and disappearance of Buddhism from
India; we need toconsider all the events in a sequential and chronological order. Thesefactors could
be arranged under the following major headings: (a)
Sectarian and Internal Conflicts
Relating to the schisms within theBuddhist faith; the widening differences between the clergy,
Buddhistmonks and laity; and the growing corruption within the sangha. (b)
Buddhists were persecuted by Brahmins
- Alleged persecution of Buddhists by Brahmins; the defeat of the Buddhists by the greattheologian
Adi Shankaracharya in public debates; as well as thecharacteristic tendency of Hinduism, or rather
Brahmanism, to absorbits opponents. (c)
Secular and political histories
- Withdrawal of royal patronage from Buddhism was followed by the Muslim invasionswhich had the
effect of driving into extinction the already debilitatedBuddhist community.
1,2,3,5,6
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12
It is important to understand that Buddhism was never wiped off fromIndia on a single day and in
any single event. Like the causal web of adisease, it was a multi-factorial causation. The process of
decline andsubsequent disappearance was gradual and lasted for many centuries.So, before we get
into the details of any historical analysis, we shouldfirst arrange the factors in a chronological order
and observe theinterdependency of a previous event leading to the next.
(A) Sectarian and Internal Conflicts
It was found that the Buddhist clergy paid insufficient attention to itslaity. Buddhist mendicants kept
their distance from non-mendicants.So, the non-mendicants might not have felt particularly invested
inBuddhism. As the venues, where the mendicants and non-mendicantsintersected, gradually
disappeared, the laity got distanced from thefaith in Buddhism. The scholars of Buddhism had
revealed that nomanual for the conduct of the laity was produced until the 11
th
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centuryA.D. Some scholars had also emphasized the decay and corruptionwithin the Buddhist faith
itself.
1,2,3
Dispute over Wealth and Leaderships in Buddhist Monasteries
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13
The Buddhist monasteries were described as repositories of greatwealth which was accumulated
through generous donations from theroyal families and rich devotees in the community. As food and
moneywas always available in the monastery, majority of the monks hadadopted a rather easy-going
and even indolent lifestyle. There were alsodisputes over money matters and leadership which led
to great divideamong many groups of Buddhist monks.
1,2,3
The unity and harmony of many major monasteries were affected bythese disputes. The sectarian
splits between various Buddhists sects insubsequent years had finally weakened the foundation
andadministrative infrastructure of Buddhism in India. This was aconsequence of a major deviation
from the Buddhas insistence on
aparigraha
, or non-possession. As the monks had ignored the instructionof the Buddha and became greedy for
power and wealth, themonasteries got entrapped in controversies and the communities losttheir
faith in them.
1,2,3
Abandonment of Community Visits by the Buddhist Monks
As there was abundance of wealth in their monasteries, majority of theBuddhist monks and clergy
had often concentrated mainly on ownsalvation and rarely visited the community to reduce the
suffering of
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14
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the general population. Here, the Buddhist monks and clergy hadmissed out a very important
message by the Buddha. When the Buddhahad advised his disciples to visit the community every dayand not tostay in a same place for more than three days, it was with a vision thathad a far more
impact in the society than mere begging for food. Hewanted his disciples to meet as many common
people as possibleduring their community visit and help them to overcome thesufferings.
1,2,3
If it was only for gathering food and wealth, he could have arrangedthem for his disciple monks with
ease by requesting the Kings andemperors, who were also his followers. The main idea behind
sendingthe emissaries door to door was to build up a community network anddevelop a good
rapport with the community so that majority of thepopulation could reap the benefit from the
teachings of the Buddha. Heknew that once the community had accepted his disciples, they
woulddevelop faith in his teachings and would follow his advice to endsuffering. One should not
misinterpret the emphasis on building up acommunity network as an intention of the Buddha to
become a ruler infuture. This is because, as Prince Siddhartha, he had already given uphis kingdom
and everything in order to devote the rest of his life to endthe suffering of all human beings. As the
Buddha, his aim was to carryforward this mission further through his disciples by spreading the
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message of the four noble truths and the noble eightfold path in thecommunity. So, the goal for his
disciples was not to concentrate onones own salvation, but to help others to reduce the suffering in
thecommunity.
1,2,3
The Buddhist monks in India, during the sixth century had deviated fromthis noble target and
stopped visiting the community. As the communityvisit was rare by the monks, the general lay
Buddhists felt neglectedand isolated from the Buddhist monastery. This sense of insecuritymade
them suffer discrimination from the higher class of the Brahminsociety and they gradually lost faith
in Buddhism. The Buddhist monksdid not visit the houses of the lower caste and the untouchables
and asa result, they too did not get the opportunity to adopt Buddhism andgain status in the society.
The shellfish nature of the Buddhist monksduring that time had generated a sense of hatred and
insecurity in thegeneral population which had contributed significantly towards theirloss of faith in
Buddhism at a later date.
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(B) Relationship between Buddhism and Brahmanism
Many narrative accounts of Buddhisms decline and eventualdisappearance from the land of its faith
had been focused onBuddhisms relations with Hinduism or Brahmanism. Some scholars
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16
believe that Buddhism never got wiped off from Indian society. On thecontrary, it simply changed
form and was later absorbed into Hindupractices. They believe that Buddhism disappeared, not on
account of persecution by Hindus, but because of the ascendancy of reformedHinduism. However,
there is enough historical evidence to suggest thatthe Buddhists were persecuted by Brahmins who
were keen to asserttheir caste supremacy. The renowned historian S.R. Goyal concludedthat
"according to many scholars hostility of the Brahmins was one of the major causes of the decline of
Buddhism in India."
1,2,3,5
The Buddhas fight against Brahmanism won him many enemies fromamong the Brahmins. They
were not as greatly opposed to hisphilosophical teachings as they were to his message of
universalbrotherhood and equality. As this directly challenged their hegemonyand the scriptures,the Brahmins had invented to legitimize this. Tocombat Buddhism and revive the tottering
Brahminical hegemony,Brahminical revivalists resorted to a three-pronged strategy. At
thebeginning, they launched a campaign of hatred and persecution againstthe Buddhists. This was
followed by the incorporation of many of thefiner aspects of Buddhism into the system of Hinduism
so as to win overtheir "lower" caste and newly converted Buddhist masses. However, theBrahmins
made sure that these selective appropriations did not in anyway undermine Brahminical hegemony.
The final blow of the Brahmins
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17
to wipeout Buddhism was to propound and propagate the myth that theBuddha was merely another
incarnation (avatar) of the Hindu godVishnu. The historical Buddha was thus turned into just another
of thecountless mythological deities of the Brahminical pantheon.
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1,2,3,7
But the hostile attitude of Brahmanism alone could not explain thedisappearance of Buddhism from
India. As we recall the history,Brahminical opposition to Buddhism was always present right from
dayone. It was nothing new. If Buddhism could survive and prosper formore than thousand years in
spite of Brahminical opposition, there wasno reason for it to decline over the time. The "Brahminical
opposition"itself was also exaggerated at times by some historians.We should remember that
Buddha himself belonged to the Kshatriya(worrier) caste of Brahmanism which was next to the
Brahmins. So, theBrahmins never had any problem related to caste discrimination whileaccepting his
teachings. The first five disciples of the Buddha were theBrahmins. Most of the great Arahants of
Buddhism belonged to theBrahmin caste. Historical evidence also suggested that more than
anyother caste it were the Brahmins themselves who contributed the mostin the development of
Buddhism.
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However, some of the Brahmins did not like the way the outcaste andlower caste community were
rapidly getting converted into Buddhismand gaining higher status in the society. The importance of
theBrahmins in the Indian society was significantly diminished during thepropagative phase ofBuddhism. This sense of insecurity among some of the Brahmins vitiated their minds with jealousy
which later gottransformed into vengeance towards the contemporary Buddhistfollowers.
Buddhists Were Persecuted by Brahmins
Buddhism did not have any caste discrimination. As Buddhism rose toabolish the caste system in the
existing Brahmanism society, majority of the lower castes and outcastes were getting converted into
Buddhism inorder to attain higher social status. This sent a signal of uncertaintyamong the Brahmins
who were losing grounds on critical argumentswith the Buddhist monks and were unable to
dominate and rule thedeprived section of the Indian society. This sense of insecurity soon ledto the
development of jealousy and hatred in the minds of the Brahminswho began to assault both
physically and mentally and victimize theBuddhist community.
1,2,3,5
In recent years this view is championed not only by some Dalit writers,but also some scholars of
pre-modern Indian history. Many Hindu
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nationalists often believe that many Muslim monuments of recent erawere actually Hindu temples
in earlier times. However, based onarcheological evidence, the modern historians are inclined to theviewthat Hindu temples were often built on the sites of Buddhist shrines.
1,2,3,5
The Buddhists, who survived in India after the decline of Buddhism,were finally absorbed into the
Hindu caste system, mainly as Shudras. To lend legitimacy to their campaign against Buddhism,
Brahminicaltexts included fierce strictures against Buddhists. Manu, in hisManusmriti, laid down
that, If a person touches a Buddhist he shallpurify himself by having a bath. Aparaka ordained the
same in hisSmriti. Vradha Harit declared entry into a Buddhist temple as a sin,which could only be
expiated for by taking a ritual bath. Even dramasand other books for lay people written by Brahmins
containedvenomous propaganda against the Buddhists. In the classic work,Mricchakatika, (Act VII),
the hero Charudatta, on seeing a Buddhistmonk pass by, exclaims to his friend Maitriya" "Ah! Here is
aninauspicious sight, a Buddhist monk coming towards us." The BrahminChanakya, author of
Arthashastra, declared that, "When a personentertains a dinner dedicated to gods and ancestors,
then for those whoare Sakyas (Buddhists), Ajivikas, Shudras and exiled persons, a fine of one
hundred panas shall be imposed on him."
7
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The Revival of Hinduism
The Vedic revival during the 8
th
century A.D. was referred to as therevival of Hinduism by the Western Scholars. This was initiated by
AdiShankaracharya in the Gangetic plains of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. TheHindus of Rajasthan also
participated in this hostile revival activity.After the death of Harshavardhana, the Rajputs were
arising on horizonsof North India. The Rajputs belonged to the lineage from among theremnants of
Hunas and other foreign hordes which were broken downby the activities of kings like Baladitya and
the local tibals. The Rajputswere made prominent by the Brahmins for the specific purpose of
suppressing Buddhism by use of force. They subsequently dominatedthe later part of the history of
India and played a key role in the revivalof Hinduism.
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1,2,3,5
During this time, the popular devotion to the Buddha was sought to bereplaced by devotion to
Hindu gods such as Rama and Krishna. Theexisting version of the Mahabharata was written in this
period when thedecline of Buddhism had already begun. It was specially meant for thelower caste
community (Shudras), most of whom were Buddhists, inorder to attract them away from Buddhism.
However, Brahmanism stillprevented the Shudras from having access to the Vedas. TheMahabharata
was possibly rewritten to placate the Buddhist Shudras
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21
and to compensate them for this discrimination. The Mahabharataincorporated some of the
humanistic elements of Buddhism to win overthe Shudras. Overall, it played the role of bolstering
the Brahminicalhegemony. Thus, Krishna, in the Gita, was made to say that a personshould not
violate the divinely ordained law of caste. Eklavya was madeto slice off his thumb by Drona, who
found it a gross violation of dharmathat a mere tribal boy should excel the Kshatriya Arjun in
archery.
7
The various writers of the puranas carried out this systematic campaignof hatred, slander and
calumny against the Buddhists. TheBrahannardiya Purana made it a principal sin for Brahmins to
enter thehouse of a Buddhist even at times of great peril. The Vishnu Puranaalleged that the Buddha
as Maha Moha or the great seducer. It furthercautioned against the sin of conversing with Buddhists
and lays. Thosewho merely talked to Buddhist ascetics should be sent to hell. In theGaya
Mahatmaya, the concluding section of the Vayu Purana, the townof Gaya was identified as Gaya
Asura, a demon who had attained suchholiness that all those who saw him or touched him went
straight toheaven. Clearly, this demon was none other the Buddha who preacheda simple way for
all, including the oppressed castes, to attain salvation. The Vayu Purana story went on to add that
Yama, the king of hell, grew jealous. This was possibly because less people were now entering his
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domains. He appealed to the gods to limit the powers of Asura Gaya. The gods, led by Vishnu, were
able to restrict his powers by placing amassive stone on the demons head. This monstrous legend
signifiedthe ultimate capture of Buddhisms most holy centre by its inveteratefoes.
7
Kushinagar, also known as Harramba, was one of the most importantBuddhist centres as the Buddha
breathed his last there. The Brahmins,envious of the prosperity of this pilgrim town, invented an
absurd theoryin order to discourage people from going there. They spread a rumorthat if one died in
Harramba, he would go to hell. However, if one diedin Kashi, the citadel of Brahmanism, he would
go straight to the heaven. This belief got deeply rooted in the minds of the local community.
So,when the Sufi saint Kabir died in 1518 AD at Maghar, not far fromKushinagar, some of his Hindu
followers refused to erect any memorialin his honor there and instead set it up at Kashi. However,
Kabir'sMuslim followers were less superstitious and they set up a tomb for himat Maghar itself.
7
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The Tendency of Hinduism to Absorb its Rival Faiths
The tendency of Hinduism to absorb rival faiths was evident from thefact that many elements from
other faiths had also gone into themaking of Hinduism. While some scholars focus on outright
persecution,others speak of a long process during which Buddhist practices becameabsorbed into
Hinduism. Though the doctrine of ahimsa or non-violence had originated with the Buddha and had
certainly found itsgreatest exposition in the Buddhas teachings, but by the second half of the 1
st
millennium A.D. it had become an integral part of the Hinduteachings. However, it is still not certain
whether the Buddha wasabsorbed into the Hindu pantheon as a gesture of compromise or as
anattempt of divide in order to reduce the overwhelming might of Buddhism or whether Hinduism
was eager to embrace as its own,certain values that Buddhism stood for against the short-comings
of Brahmanism.
1,2,3,5,6
The simplicity of the Buddhas message in emphasizing its stress onequality and crusade against the
bloody and costly sacrifices andritualism of Brahmanism had attracted the oppressed casts in
largenumbers. The Brahminical revivalists understood the need toappropriate some of these finer
aspects of Buddhism and discardedsome of the worst of their own practices so as to be able to winover themasses back to the Brahminical fold. Imitating the Buddhists in this
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regard, the Brahmins, who were once voracious beef-eaters, had turnedinto vegetarians.
7
Adi Shankaracharya Had Preserved Buddhism by IncorporatingIt into Hinduism
The great Brahmin philosopher, Adi Shankaracharya (c. 788-820 AD),took keen interest in learning
the inner aspects of Buddhist philosophy.He was alleged by some scholars to have hated Buddhismand engagedthe Buddhist monks in public debates and each time he had emergedtriumphant. But
this theory was far from truth for the simple reasonthat, had he successfully defeated the Buddhist
monks in debates allthe time and had no faith in Buddhism, then there was no logic behindhis
undertaking the initiative to incorporate the finer aspects of Buddhist teachings into Hinduism. So,
by the time he had invited theBuddhist monks in public debates, he had already studied
Buddhismand developed an immense respect for the teachings of the Buddha.
1,2,3,5
He had also realized that all the Buddhist monks with whom he haddebated were not well-versedwith the teachings of the Buddha. Due totheir ignorance, they were unable to preach the true
meaning of thedoctrine of the Buddha in an effective manner. So, he took the initiative
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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25
to include the finer aspects of Buddhism into the core teachings of Hinduism. Under his supervision,
the Vedas, Bhagavad Gita and Puranaswere rewritten incorporating these new aspects. The Buddha
was alsotransformed into an
avatara
(descent) of Vishnu.
1,2,3,5
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Hindureligious institutions from the beginning of the sixth century A.D.Buddhism began to suffer a
decline as Brahmanism veered off intoVaishnavism and Saivism. This was followed by some regional
kingdomssubsequently developing into the major sites of power.
1,2,3,5
Shashanka, the Shaivite Brahmin king of Bengal was a ferociousoppressor of the Buddhists. The
single original source for all subsequentnarratives about Shashankas ruinous conduct towards
Buddhists wasdocumented by Ven. Hsuan Tsang during his visit to India in early partof the seventh
century A.D.
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But the exact reasons for his hostile attitude towards Buddhism werenot known. It was believed that
the Brahminical revivalists had goadedthe Hindu kings like him to persecute and even slaughter
innocentBuddhists.
7
It was reported that Shashanka had destroyed the Bodhitree of Bodh Gaya and ordered thedestruction of all Buddhist imagesand monasteries in his kingdom. This biased and sectarian policy
of Shashanka had broken the backbone of Buddhism in India.
1,2,3,5,6
Shashanka had also murdered the last Buddhist emperorRajyavardhana, elder brother of
Harshavardhana, in 605 AD. He hadmarched on to Bodh Gaya and destroyed the Bodhi tree under
whichthe Buddha had attained enlightenment. He forcibly removed theBuddha's image from the
Bodhi Vihara near the tree and installed one of Shiva in its place. Shashanka is alleged to have
slaughtered all theBuddhist monks in the area around Kushinagar.
1,2,3,7
After the rule of Shashanka, the Pala kingdom was established inBengal. Though the Palas of Bengal
had been hospitable to Vaishnavismand Saivism, but nonetheless they were major supporters of
Buddhism.However, when Bengal came under the rule of the Senas (1097-1223),Saivism was
promulgated and Buddhism was neglected.
1,2,3
Anotherhostile Shaivite king like Shashanka was Mihirakula who had completelydestroyed over 1500
Buddhist shrines. His hostile action was followed
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by the Shaivite, Toramana who had destroyed the GhositaramaBuddhist monastery at Kausambi.
7
The Final Blow from Islam Invasion
Buddhism had already entered into a state of a decline at the time of Ven. Hsuan Tsangs visit to
India during the reign of Harsha of Kanauj inthe early seventh century. It had also been argued thatits furtherdemise, particularly in the early part of the second millennium A.D., washastened by the
arrival of Islam. Buddhism had found competition inIslam for converts among low-caste Hindus. Even
Dr. B.R. Ambedkarwas firmly convinced about the view that Islam dealt Buddhism a deathblow. He
had described the process of disappearance of Buddhism inIndia as Brahmanism beaten and
battered by the Muslim invaderscould look to the rulers for support and sustenance and get it.
1,2,3,8
But Buddhism beaten and battered by the Muslim invaders had no suchhope. It was uncared for
orphan and it withered in the cold blast of thenative rulers and was consumed in the fire lit up bythe conquerors.Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was certain that the Muslim invasion was thegreatest disaster
that befell the religion of Buddha in India and he haddescribed appropriately described this event as
the sword of Islam fellheavily upon the priestly class. It perished or it fled outside India.Nobody
remained alive to keep the flame of Buddhism burning.
1,2,3,8
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However, the sword of Islam thesis of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar remainedcontroversial and many
reputable historians were inclined to dismiss itoutright. This was due to the fact that Islam was a late
entrant intoIndia, and Buddhism was showing unmistakable signs of its decline longbefore Islam
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became established in the Gangetic plains, central India,and the northern end of present-day Andhra
and Karnataka.
During theMuslim Invasion, Bengal and Sind were ruled by Brahminical dynastiesbut had Buddhistmajorities. Buddhism was in a state of decline by thattime and the community was neglected by the
Buddhist monasteries. The lower caste and outcaste Hindus, who had recently taken refuge
inBuddhism, were again subjected to discrimination by the upper casteHindus. The Buddhist monks
and clergy did not come to their rescueduring that time. Majority of these newly converted lay
Buddhists, whoearlier belonged to the low caste Hindus, were forcefully converted intoIslam.
However, some of them were believed to have welcomed theMuslims as saviors who had freed
them from the tyranny of 'upper'caste rule. This explains why most of the 'lower-caste' people in
EasternBengal and Sind embraced Islam after the decline of Buddhism in India.But one thing clear
from this is that Buddhism was on the verge of extinction during the Muslim invasion of India.
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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30
If Buddhism was still going strong during the Muslim invasion, it wouldhave easily prevented the
conversions of its followers into Islam andalso helped in bridging the gap between the Hindus and
Muslims byabolishing the caste system and promoting peace and harmony in theIndian society.
1,23,7
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Conclusions
Many scholars often like to represent Brahminism as a tyrannical faiththat caused massive
destruction of the Buddhist monasteries. But thismatter is however, far more complicated than this.
A recent study of the Bengal Puranas proved that the Buddhists were mocked andprojected as
mischievous and malicious in Brahminical narratives aswell as subjected to immense rhetorical
violence. This rhetoricalviolence should be interpreted as both physical and mental
violenceperpetrated upon the Buddhists. The extermination of Buddhism in Indiawas hastened by
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the large-scale destruction of Buddhist shrines by theBrahmins. The Maha Bodhi Vihara at Bodh
Gaya was forcibly convertedinto a Shaivite temple.
1,2,3,5,6,7
The controversy of the actual ownership of Maha Bodhi Vihara at BodhGaya lingered till it wasdeclared as a World Heritage by the UNESCOin recent years. The cremation stupa of the Buddha at
Kushinagar waschanged into a Hindu temple dedicated to the obscure deity with thename of
Ramhar Bhavani. Adi Shankaracharya was alleged to haveestablished his Sringeri Mutth on the site
of a Buddhist monastery whichhe took over by force.
7
At present, many Hindu shrines in Ayodhya arebelieved to have once been Buddhist temples earlier.
This is also thecase with other famous Brahminical temples such as those atSabarimala, Tirupati,
Badrinath and Puri.
7
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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32
Even though there was hatred against Buddhism, but the Brahminscould never deny or disrespect
the inner truths in the teachings of theBuddha. So, the subsequent absorption of the Buddha into
Vishnuspantheon represented some sort of a compromise between theBrahmins and the Buddhists
on moral and philosophical grounds. WhatBuddhism stood for to promote peace and harmony in the
society, hadbeen later incorporated into certain strands of modern Hinduism inorder to make it
more refined and acceptable to the society. Thus, theBuddha was finally given his just dues.
1,2,3,5,6
Though the Buddha is now incorporated into modern Hinduism as LordVishnus pantheon, but heshould not be regarded as a god of the Hindureligion. It needs to be emphasized once again that the
Buddha wasnever a mythological figure as Lord Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma or Rama, buthe was a real
historical personality.
4
Hence, in the light of historicalevidence, we should now interpret the disappearance of Buddhism
fromIndia as a parable about how a social myth had outlived a historicalevent.
1,2,3
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If we analyze all the contributing factors and arrange them in achronological order, we would realize
that the whole sequence of eventswas initiated by the Buddhist monks and clergy when they had
ignored
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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33
the teachings of the Buddha and concentrated on accumulation of abundance of wealth in the
monasteries. This had made them over-satisfied and lethargic. They were often engaged in disputes
overmoney matters and leadership. So, they abandoned the communityvisits and concentrated ontheir own salvation instead of helping thecommon people and oppressed classes to end their
sufferings. As thecommunity was ignored, the tight bonding between the lay devoteesand the
Buddhist monasteries became weak and finally broke loose. This restricted the spread of Buddhism
in India and soon Buddhismstarted losing the general support from the community.
Subsequently,the Brahmins took advantage of this situation and deepened the riftbetween the
common people and the Buddhist practitioners thatincluded the monks and clergy. The Brahmins
also manipulated thecontemporary rulers to withdraw their support from Buddhism and helpin
reviving the existing Brahmanism. This was followed by the revival of Hinduism and further decline
of Buddhism. Towards the end stage of the outright massacre of Buddhistfollowers and demolition
of Buddhist monasteries on a large scale, therewas the Muslim invasion of India. During this time,
majority of thesurviving Buddhists in India, who earlier belonged to the lower classHindus, was
forcefully converted into Islam. Some of them of course,
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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34
willingly adopted Islam as it did not have any caste discrimination andwas powerful enough to save
them from the torture of Brahmins andupper class Hindus.After examining all the contributing
factors associated with thedisappearance of Buddhism from India, we must understand that it
wasnot a single major factor that could be isolated and held absolutelyresponsible for this
horrendous outcome. Sequence of multiple factorshad often acted synergistically over a long period
of time in order toforce Buddhism disappear from India, the place of its origin. Fromhistorical
perspective, it is now clearly evident that Buddhism was neverconquered on moral grounds and
critical arguments, but was actuallydriven off by sheer force and might. Considering the fact that
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Bombay: Government of Maharashtra
3: 232-33.
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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36
Concluding Remarks
In accordance to the teachings of the Buddha, the disappearance of Buddhism in India had actually
followed the Buddhas universal Doctrineof Dependent Origination. Here, one factor had led to theother andcaused this ultimate outcome. So, instead of wasting our valuable timeon debating over
which factor was more responsible than the rest andcaused more damage to the practice of
Buddhism in India, we shouldnow concentrate on how to revive Buddhism in a global
perspective.Since, Buddhism preaches loving kindness and compassion as well as itcan adopt to
meet different traditional, moral and cultural needs of thecommunity, it can play a lead role in
promoting peace and harmony inthe contemporary global society.
The EndCONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR THEDISAPPEARANCE OF BUDDHISM FROMINDIA
ANKUR BARUA, M.A. BASILIOHong Kong, 2009
Background: Dr. Ankur Barua had graduated with distinction fromthe University of Hong Kong
(MBuddStud, 2009). He had alsocompleted two other Master Degrees, one from Sikkim
ManipalUniversity (MBAIT, 2007) while the other from Manipal University(MBBS-2000, MD in
Community Medicine - 2003) and presentlyworking in professional field. Ms. M.A. Basilio is a
nursingprofessional who has also a keen passion for conducting researchon religion and science.
First Publication on 8
th
October 2009Buddhist Door, Tung Lin Kok Yuen, Hong KongCopyright Ankur Barua and
M.A.BasilioCommunication Address of Corresponding Author:
Dr. ANKUR BARUABlockEE, No.-80, Flat No.-2A,Salt Lake City, Sector-2,Kolkata - 700091, West
Bengal, INDIA.Email: [email protected]: +91-9434485543 (India), +852-96195078
(Hong Kong)
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Page
2
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to
Ven.Dr. Jing Yin
, Professor of Buddhist Studies and Director of theCentre of Buddhist Studies in the University of
Hong Kong for hiskind support, inspiration, encouragement and timely advice duringthe compilation
of this book.I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my beloved father
Dr. Dipak Kumar Barua,
who was the earlier Dean of the FacultyCouncil for Postgraduate Studies in Education, Journalism &
LibraryScience in the University of Calcutta (1987-1991) and the Directorof Nava Nalanda
Mahavihara, Nalanda (1996-1999) for histechnical guidance and valuable advice.I would also like to
convey my sincere thanks to my belovedmother
Mrs. Dipa Barua
for showing keen interest and providingconstant assistance and support during this endeavor.
Ankur Barua
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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3
Preface
Initiated in India by the Sakyamuni Buddha, Buddhism has now becomea world religion and at
present, the Buddhist population is the thirdlargest religious community in the world. Buddhism
lasted over athousand years in India, the land of its origin. But the supreme irony of the history of
Indian Buddhism still remains with the unexplainedquestion regarding what led to the
disappearance of Buddhism fromIndia. Many scholars of Indian history and religion are devoted
tounraveling this puzzle. Due to the lack of historical and archeologicalevidence, the debate
continues for centuries and there is no absoluteconsensus on this matter till date.Since, the
teachings of the Buddha is appreciated by people of everyreligion all across the world, everyone in
India now wants a share of itsmerit. As a result, none of the concerned royal families or the
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religiouscommunities in India is ready to own the responsibility for itsdisappearance.However, this
research explores the probable reasons for the gradualdecline and subsequent disappearance of
Buddhism from India. Anattempt is also made at the end to arrange all these sequence of eventsin a
chronological manner to understand the actual process of thisdecline.
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
Page
4
Ankur Barua & M.A. Basilio
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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5
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR THE DISAPPEARANCE OFBUDDHISM FROM INDIA
Abstract
Many scholars of Indian history and religion are devoted to unravelingthe mystery of what led to
disappearance of Buddhism from India. Dueto the lack of historical and archeological evidence, there
is no absoluteconsensus on this matter till date. However, if we analyze all thecontributing factors
and arrange them in a chronological order, wewould realize that the whole sequence of events was
initiated by theBuddhist monks and clergy when they had ignored the teachings of theBuddha and
concentrated on accumulation of abundance of wealth inthe monasteries. They had abandoned the
community visits andconcentrated on their own salvation instead of helping the commonpeople and
oppressed classes to end their sufferings. As the lay devoteswere ignored, Buddhism started losingthe general support from thecommunity. Subsequently, the Brahmins took advantage of
thissituation and deepened the rift between the common people and theBuddhist practitioners.
They also manipulated the contemporary rulersto withdraw their support from Buddhism and help
in reviving theexisting Brahmanism. This was followed by the revival of Hinduism andfurther decline
of Buddhism. Towards the end stage of this decline,there was the Muslim invasion of India. During
this time, majority of the
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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6
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surviving Buddhists in India, who earlier belonged to the lower classHindus, was either forcefully or
willingly got converted into Islam.
Key words: Buddhism, Disappearance, Decline, Brahmanism,Brahmins, Hinduism, Islam.
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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7
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR THE DISAPPEARANCE OFBUDDHISM FROM INDIA
Introduction
Buddhism lasted over a thousand years in India. But it is still unknownas to what led to the
disappearance of Buddhism from India, the land of its origin. Many scholars of Indian history and
religion are devoted tounraveling this enigma. Due to the lack of historical and
archeologicalevidence, the debate continues for centuries and there is no absoluteconsensus on this
matter till date.
1
Two factors were generally cited asthe main reasons for the ultimate disappearance of Buddhism
fromIndia. The first one was the Vedic revival, which drove the religion outthe country and this was
followed by the invading hordes of the ProphetMohammed, who razed the temples and slaughtered
the remainingunresisting monks. Though majority of the scholars generally acceptthese two
important factors, still they do not believe that these were thetruly crucial reasons for the
disappearance of Buddhism from India.Muslim invasions primarily wrecked only Northern India. But
Buddhismwas a significant religious force in Southern India too. MahayanaBuddhism mainly
developed in the Southern regions. So whateverhappened to Buddhism in the northern regions, itstill could not explainhow the religion disappeared from Southern India as well.
1,2,3
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However, the irony of Buddhism in India is represented by the Bodhitree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar,
India. The present condition of the Bodhitree also aptly symbolizes the present status of Buddhism
in the world. The main original trunk of the Bodhi tree is missing and the tree is nowthriving on its
prop roots. Similarly, though Buddhism had been wipedoff from its place of origin in India, but it is
still flourishing in othercountries across the world.
Buddhism was a Critical Response to the Existing Brahmanism
Conflicts of opinions prevail while identifying the probable factorsleading to the disappearance of
Buddhism from India during the 12
th
century A.D. A few scholars however, cherish the opinion that Buddhismnever disappeared as such
from India and subsequently gotincorporated into the Hinduism. They believe that modern Hinduism
inIndia is a new form of ancient Buddhism.
2,3
Due to the strikingsimilarities in the teachings of Buddhism and modern Hinduism, there isanother
group of scholars who uphold the theory that Buddhism is arestatement of Hinduism.
1,2,4
But this notion is absolutely false asHinduism is a much later development after the disappearance
of Buddhism from India. If someone has to relate any ancient religion inIndia with Buddhism, it
should be the existing Brahmanism which paved
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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9
way to the introduction of Buddhism in India by Sakyamuni Buddhaduring the 6
th
century B.C., who was a historical personality. Buddhismshould be viewed as a critical response to
the existing Brahmanism.Buddhism came into existence in order to wipe off the existing four-
tiercaste system in India laid down by the Aryans. As the status of womenwas remarkably subdued
and deplorable during the period of Brahmanism, Buddhism came to the rescue by upholding the
womensrights and focused on empowerment of women in the society.Sakyamuni Buddha was the
first historical personality who rose againstall odds to abolish discrimination and violence against
women in theexisting Indian society.
1,2,5
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Gradual Decline of Buddhism in India during the 7
th
Century A.D.
Though Buddhism had been the dominant religion in much of theGangetic plains in the early part of
the Christian era, but the Chinesetraveler, Ven. Hsuan Tsang, during his visit to India in the early
years of the 7
th
century, had witnessed a recession. The testimony of Ven. Hsuan Tsang, had demonstrated the
gradual decline of Buddhism in India. InPrayag or present Allahabad, he had encountered many non-
Buddhists. This was not surprising considering the importance of Prayag as apilgrimage site for
Brahmins.
1,2,3
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10
Shravasti was the capital city of the Lichhavis, a north Indian clan thatcame to power around 200 AD
and established their capital inPasupatinath. In a long and glorious period of reign extending
throughthe early part of the ninth century, they had endowed a large number of both Hindu and
Buddhist monuments and monasteries. However, duringhis visit, Ven. Hsuan Tsang witnessed a
much greater number of Saivites and Jains than Buddhists.
1,2,3,5
Kushinagar, the small village near Gorakhpur where the Buddha hadgone into Mahaparinibbana, was
in a dilapidated state and Ven. Hsuan Tsang found only a few Buddhists. Though in Varanasi, Ven.Hsuan Tsang found around 3000 Bhikkus or Buddhist monks, but they wereoutshadowed by more
than 10,000 non-Buddhists. Hence, we canconclude that Ven. Hsuan Tsang had arrived in India at a
time whenBuddhism was entering into a state of precipitous decline. But even asBuddhism went
into decline, it is remarkable that Nalanda, the greatseat of Buddhist learning, continued to flourish
by retaining itsimportance until the Muslim invasions of the second millennium. It wasfrom Nalanda
that Ven. Padmasambhava had carried Buddhism to Tibetduring the eighth century.
1,2,3,4,5
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Page
11
Hence, it is evident that the story of Buddhism in India cannot beunequivocally written in a single
register of decline as the entire processof decline was gradual and spread over a long period of time.
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism fromIndia
Buddhism had altogether disappeared from India as a formal religionduring the 13
th
century A.D.
6
In order to explore the contributing factorsfor the decline and disappearance of Buddhism from
India; we need toconsider all the events in a sequential and chronological order. Thesefactors could
be arranged under the following major headings: (a)
Sectarian and Internal Conflicts
Relating to the schisms within theBuddhist faith; the widening differences between the clergy,
Buddhistmonks and laity; and the growing corruption within the sangha. (b)
Buddhists were persecuted by Brahmins
- Alleged persecution of Buddhists by Brahmins; the defeat of the Buddhists by the greattheologian
Adi Shankaracharya in public debates; as well as thecharacteristic tendency of Hinduism, or rather
Brahmanism, to absorbits opponents. (c)
Secular and political histories
- Withdrawal of royal patronage from Buddhism was followed by the Muslim invasionswhich had the
effect of driving into extinction the already debilitatedBuddhist community.
1,2,3,5,6
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It is important to understand that Buddhism was never wiped off fromIndia on a single day and in
any single event. Like the causal web of adisease, it was a multi-factorial causation. The process of
decline andsubsequent disappearance was gradual and lasted for many centuries.So, before we get
into the details of any historical analysis, we shouldfirst arrange the factors in a chronological order
and observe theinterdependency of a previous event leading to the next.
(A) Sectarian and Internal Conflicts
It was found that the Buddhist clergy paid insufficient attention to itslaity. Buddhist mendicants kept
their distance from non-mendicants.So, the non-mendicants might not have felt particularly invested
inBuddhism. As the venues, where the mendicants and non-mendicantsintersected, gradually
disappeared, the laity got distanced from thefaith in Buddhism. The scholars of Buddhism had
revealed that nomanual for the conduct of the laity was produced until the 11
th
centuryA.D. Some scholars had also emphasized the decay and corruptionwithin the Buddhist faith
itself.
1,2,3
Dispute over Wealth and Leaderships in Buddhist Monasteries
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13
The Buddhist monasteries were described as repositories of greatwealth which was accumulated
through generous donations from theroyal families and rich devotees in the community. As food and
moneywas always available in the monastery, majority of the monks hadadopted a rather easy-going
and even indolent lifestyle. There were alsodisputes over money matters and leadership which ledto great divideamong many groups of Buddhist monks.
1,2,3
The unity and harmony of many major monasteries were affected bythese disputes. The sectarian
splits between various Buddhists sects insubsequent years had finally weakened the foundation
andadministrative infrastructure of Buddhism in India. This was aconsequence of a major deviation
from the Buddhas insistence on
aparigraha
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, or non-possession. As the monks had ignored the instructionof the Buddha and became greedy for
power and wealth, themonasteries got entrapped in controversies and the communities losttheir
faith in them.
1,2,3
Abandonment of Community Visits by the Buddhist Monks
As there was abundance of wealth in their monasteries, majority of theBuddhist monks and clergy
had often concentrated mainly on ownsalvation and rarely visited the community to reduce the
suffering of
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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14
the general population. Here, the Buddhist monks and clergy hadmissed out a very important
message by the Buddha. When the Buddhahad advised his disciples to visit the community every day
and not tostay in a same place for more than three days, it was with a vision thathad a far more
impact in the society than mere begging for food. Hewanted his disciples to meet as many common
people as possibleduring their community visit and help them to overcome thesufferings.
1,2,3
If it was only for gathering food and wealth, he could have arrangedthem for his disciple monks with
ease by requesting the Kings andemperors, who were also his followers. The main idea behind
sendingthe emissaries door to door was to build up a community network anddevelop a good
rapport with the community so that majority of thepopulation could reap the benefit from the
teachings of the Buddha. Heknew that once the community had accepted his disciples, they
woulddevelop faith in his teachings and would follow his advice to endsuffering. One should not
misinterpret the emphasis on building up acommunity network as an intention of the Buddha to
become a ruler infuture. This is because, as Prince Siddhartha, he had already given uphis kingdomand everything in order to devote the rest of his life to endthe suffering of all human beings. As the
Buddha, his aim was to carryforward this mission further through his disciples by spreading the
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message of the four noble truths and the noble eightfold path in thecommunity. So, the goal for his
disciples was not to concentrate onones own salvation, but to help others to reduce the suffering in
thecommunity.
1,2,3
The Buddhist monks in India, during the sixth century had deviated fromthis noble target and
stopped visiting the community. As the communityvisit was rare by the monks, the general lay
Buddhists felt neglectedand isolated from the Buddhist monastery. This sense of insecuritymade
them suffer discrimination from the higher class of the Brahminsociety and they gradually lost faith
in Buddhism. The Buddhist monksdid not visit the houses of the lower caste and the untouchables
and asa result, they too did not get the opportunity to adopt Buddhism andgain status in the society.
The shellfish nature of the Buddhist monksduring that time had generated a sense of hatred and
insecurity in thegeneral population which had contributed significantly towards theirloss of faith in
Buddhism at a later date.
(B) Relationship between Buddhism and Brahmanism
Many narrative accounts of Buddhisms decline and eventualdisappearance from the land of its faith
had been focused onBuddhisms relations with Hinduism or Brahmanism. Some scholars
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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16
believe that Buddhism never got wiped off from Indian society. On thecontrary, it simply changed
form and was later absorbed into Hindupractices. They believe that Buddhism disappeared, not on
account of persecution by Hindus, but because of the ascendancy of reformedHinduism. However,
there is enough historical evidence to suggest thatthe Buddhists were persecuted by Brahmins who
were keen to asserttheir caste supremacy. The renowned historian S.R. Goyal concludedthat
"according to many scholars hostility of the Brahmins was one of the major causes of the decline of
Buddhism in India."
1,2,3,5
The Buddhas fight against Brahmanism won him many enemies fromamong the Brahmins. They
were not as greatly opposed to hisphilosophical teachings as they were to his message of
universalbrotherhood and equality. As this directly challenged their hegemonyand the scriptures,
the Brahmins had invented to legitimize this. Tocombat Buddhism and revive the tottering
Brahminical hegemony,Brahminical revivalists resorted to a three-pronged strategy. At
thebeginning, they launched a campaign of hatred and persecution againstthe Buddhists. This was
followed by the incorporation of many of thefiner aspects of Buddhism into the system of Hinduismso as to win overtheir "lower" caste and newly converted Buddhist masses. However, theBrahmins
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made sure that these selective appropriations did not in anyway undermine Brahminical hegemony.
The final blow of the Brahmins
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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17
to wipeout Buddhism was to propound and propagate the myth that theBuddha was merely another
incarnation (avatar) of the Hindu godVishnu. The historical Buddha was thus turned into just another
of thecountless mythological deities of the Brahminical pantheon.
1,2,3,7
But the hostile attitude of Brahmanism alone could not explain thedisappearance of Buddhism from
India. As we recall the history,Brahminical opposition to Buddhism was always present right from
dayone. It was nothing new. If Buddhism could survive and prosper formore than thousand years in
spite of Brahminical opposition, there wasno reason for it to decline over the time. The "Brahminical
opposition"itself was also exaggerated at times by some historians.We should remember that
Buddha himself belonged to the Kshatriya(worrier) caste of Brahmanism which was next to the
Brahmins. So, theBrahmins never had any problem related to caste discrimination whileaccepting his
teachings. The first five disciples of the Buddha were theBrahmins. Most of the great Arahants of
Buddhism belonged to theBrahmin caste. Historical evidence also suggested that more than
anyother caste it were the Brahmins themselves who contributed the mostin the development of
Buddhism.
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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18
However, some of the Brahmins did not like the way the outcaste andlower caste community were
rapidly getting converted into Buddhismand gaining higher status in the society. The importance of
theBrahmins in the Indian society was significantly diminished during thepropagative phase of
Buddhism. This sense of insecurity among some of the Brahmins vitiated their minds with jealousy
which later gottransformed into vengeance towards the contemporary Buddhistfollowers.
Buddhists Were Persecuted by Brahmins
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Buddhism did not have any caste discrimination. As Buddhism rose toabolish the caste system in the
existing Brahmanism society, majority of the lower castes and outcastes were getting converted into
Buddhism inorder to attain higher social status. This sent a signal of uncertaintyamong the Brahmins
who were losing grounds on critical argumentswith the Buddhist monks and were unable to
dominate and rule thedeprived section of the Indian society. This sense of insecurity soon ledto the
development of jealousy and hatred in the minds of the Brahminswho began to assault both
physically and mentally and victimize theBuddhist community.
1,2,3,5
In recent years this view is championed not only by some Dalit writers,but also some scholars of
pre-modern Indian history. Many Hindu
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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19
nationalists often believe that many Muslim monuments of recent erawere actually Hindu temples
in earlier times. However, based onarcheological evidence, the modern historians are inclined to the
viewthat Hindu temples were often built on the sites of Buddhist shrines.
1,2,3,5
The Buddhists, who survived in India after the decline of Buddhism,were finally absorbed into the
Hindu caste system, mainly as Shudras. To lend legitimacy to their campaign against Buddhism,
Brahminicaltexts included fierce strictures against Buddhists. Manu, in hisManusmriti, laid down
that, If a person touches a Buddhist he shallpurify himself by having a bath. Aparaka ordained the
same in hisSmriti. Vradha Harit declared entry into a Buddhist temple as a sin,which could only be
expiated for by taking a ritual bath. Even dramasand other books for lay people written by Brahmins
containedvenomous propaganda against the Buddhists. In the classic work,Mricchakatika, (Act VII),
the hero Charudatta, on seeing a Buddhistmonk pass by, exclaims to his friend Maitriya" "Ah! Here is
aninauspicious sight, a Buddhist monk coming towards us." The BrahminChanakya, author ofArthashastra, declared that, "When a personentertains a dinner dedicated to gods and ancestors,
then for those whoare Sakyas (Buddhists), Ajivikas, Shudras and exiled persons, a fine of one
hundred panas shall be imposed on him."
7
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The Revival of Hinduism
The Vedic revival during the 8
th
century A.D. was referred to as therevival of Hinduism by the Western Scholars. This was initiated by
AdiShankaracharya in the Gangetic plains of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. TheHindus of Rajasthan also
participated in this hostile revival activity.After the death of Harshavardhana, the Rajputs were
arising on horizonsof North India. The Rajputs belonged to the lineage from among theremnants of
Hunas and other foreign hordes which were broken downby the activities of kings like Baladitya and
the local tibals. The Rajputswere made prominent by the Brahmins for the specific purpose of
suppressing Buddhism by use of force. They subsequently dominatedthe later part of the history of
India and played a key role in the revivalof Hinduism.
1,2,3,5
During this time, the popular devotion to the Buddha was sought to bereplaced by devotion to
Hindu gods such as Rama and Krishna. Theexisting version of the Mahabharata was written in this
period when thedecline of Buddhism had already begun. It was specially meant for thelower caste
community (Shudras), most of whom were Buddhists, inorder to attract them away from Buddhism.
However, Brahmanism stillprevented the Shudras from having access to the Vedas. TheMahabharata
was possibly rewritten to placate the Buddhist Shudras
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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21
and to compensate them for this discrimination. The Mahabharataincorporated some of thehumanistic elements of Buddhism to win overthe Shudras. Overall, it played the role of bolstering
the Brahminicalhegemony. Thus, Krishna, in the Gita, was made to say that a personshould not
violate the divinely ordained law of caste. Eklavya was madeto slice off his thumb by Drona, who
found it a gross violation of dharmathat a mere tribal boy should excel the Kshatriya Arjun in
archery.
7
The various writers of the puranas carried out this systematic campaignof hatred, slander and
calumny against the Buddhists. TheBrahannardiya Purana made it a principal sin for Brahmins toenter thehouse of a Buddhist even at times of great peril. The Vishnu Puranaalleged that the Buddha
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as Maha Moha or the great seducer. It furthercautioned against the sin of conversing with Buddhists
and lays. Thosewho merely talked to Buddhist ascetics should be sent to hell. In theGaya
Mahatmaya, the concluding section of the Vayu Purana, the townof Gaya was identified as Gaya
Asura, a demon who had attained suchholiness that all those who saw him or touched him went
straight toheaven. Clearly, this demon was none other the Buddha who preacheda simple way for
all, including the oppressed castes, to attain salvation. The Vayu Purana story went on to add that
Yama, the king of hell, grew jealous. This was possibly because less people were now entering his
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22
domains. He appealed to the gods to limit the powers of Asura Gaya. The gods, led by Vishnu, were
able to restrict his powers by placing amassive stone on the demons head. This monstrous legend
signifiedthe ultimate capture of Buddhisms most holy centre by its inveteratefoes.
7
Kushinagar, also known as Harramba, was one of the most importantBuddhist centres as the Buddha
breathed his last there. The Brahmins,envious of the prosperity of this pilgrim town, invented an
absurd theoryin order to discourage people from going there. They spread a rumorthat if one died in
Harramba, he would go to hell. However, if one diedin Kashi, the citadel of Brahmanism, he would
go straight to the heaven. This belief got deeply rooted in the minds of the local community.
So,when the Sufi saint Kabir died in 1518 AD at Maghar, not far fromKushinagar, some of his Hindu
followers refused to erect any memorialin his honor there and instead set it up at Kashi. However,
Kabir'sMuslim followers were less superstitious and they set up a tomb for himat Maghar itself.
7
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23
The Tendency of Hinduism to Absorb its Rival Faiths
The tendency of Hinduism to absorb rival faiths was evident from thefact that many elements from
other faiths had also gone into themaking of Hinduism. While some scholars focus on outright
persecution,others speak of a long process during which Buddhist practices becameabsorbed into
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Hinduism. Though the doctrine of ahimsa or non-violence had originated with the Buddha and had
certainly found itsgreatest exposition in the Buddhas teachings, but by the second half of the 1
st
millennium A.D. it had become an integral part of the Hinduteachings. However, it is still not certainwhether the Buddha wasabsorbed into the Hindu pantheon as a gesture of compromise or as
anattempt of divide in order to reduce the overwhelming might of Buddhism or whether Hinduism
was eager to embrace as its own,certain values that Buddhism stood for against the short-comings
of Brahmanism.
1,2,3,5,6
The simplicity of the Buddhas message in emphasizing its stress onequality and crusade against the
bloody and costly sacrifices andritualism of Brahmanism had attracted the oppressed casts in
largenumbers. The Brahminical revivalists understood the need toappropriate some of these finer
aspects of Buddhism and discardedsome of the worst of their own practices so as to be able to win
over themasses back to the Brahminical fold. Imitating the Buddhists in this
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24
regard, the Brahmins, who were once voracious beef-eaters, had turnedinto vegetarians.
7
Adi Shankaracharya Had Preserved Buddhism by IncorporatingIt into Hinduism
The great Brahmin philosopher, Adi Shankaracharya (c. 788-820 AD),took keen interest in learning
the inner aspects of Buddhist philosophy.He was alleged by some scholars to have hated Buddhism
and engagedthe Buddhist monks in public debates and each time he had emergedtriumphant. But
this theory was far from truth for the simple reasonthat, had he successfully defeated the Buddhistmonks in debates allthe time and had no faith in Buddhism, then there was no logic behindhis
undertaking the initiative to incorporate the finer aspects of Buddhist teachings into Hinduism. So,
by the time he had invited theBuddhist monks in public debates, he had already studied
Buddhismand developed an immense respect for the teachings of the Buddha.
1,2,3,5
He had also realized that all the Buddhist monks with whom he haddebated were not well-versed
with the teachings of the Buddha. Due totheir ignorance, they were unable to preach the true
meaning of thedoctrine of the Buddha in an effective manner. So, he took the initiative
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25
to include the finer aspects of Buddhism into the core teachings of Hinduism. Under his supervision,
the Vedas, Bhagavad Gita and Puranaswere rewritten incorporating these new aspects. The Buddha
was alsotransformed into an
avatara
(descent) of Vishnu.
1,2,3,5
The monastic practices had been unknown in Brahmanism, but thispractice was also initiated under
the leadership of Adi Shankaracharya.He had established maths or monasteries at Badrinath in the
north,Dwarka in the west, Sringeri in the south, and Puri in the east.
1,2,3
Modern Hinduism is a Restatement of Buddhism
The finer aspects of Buddhism were later incorporated into the Vedas,Bhagavad Gita and
Upanishads by Adi Shankaryacharya during therevival of Hinduism in 8
th
century A.D. As a result of this, we do not findany major difference between the teachings of
Buddhism and Hinduismin modern era. Lay people and many scholars often get deceived byignoring
the chronological order of historical development of Brahmanism, Buddhism and Hinduism and they
are unable to make anydistinction between these. We should understand that Hinduism was alater
development after Buddhism. There is enough historical evidencethat Buddhism paved the way for
refining the teachings of Hinduismwhich came into existence after the disappearance of Buddhism
fromIndia. We must always remember that the finer aspects of Buddhism
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26
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had been later incorporated into Hinduism under the supervision of AdiShankaracharya during the 8
th
century A.D.
1,2,3
So, by observing the strikingly similar teachings in both these religions,it would be wiser to conclude
that modern Hinduism is a restatement of ancient Buddhism. The reverse of this statement is never
true onhistorical perspectives, as an earlier religion cannot predict or copy theteachings of a future
religion.
1,2,3
(C) Secular and Political Factors
During the rule of the Kushanas and the Guptas (325-497 AD), bothBuddhists and adherents of
Brahmanism received royal patronage.However, the royal patronage had shifted from Buddhist to
Hindureligious institutions from the beginning of the sixth century A.D.Buddhism began to suffer a
decline as Brahmanism veered off intoVaishnavism and Saivism. This was followed by some regional
kingdomssubsequently developing into the major sites of power.
1,2,3,5
Shashanka, the Shaivite Brahmin king of Bengal was a ferociousoppressor of the Buddhists. The
single original source for all subsequentnarratives about Shashankas ruinous conduct towards
Buddhists wasdocumented by Ven. Hsuan Tsang during his visit to India in early partof the seventhcentury A.D.
Contributing Factors for the Disappearance of Buddhism from India
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27
But the exact reasons for his hostile attitude towards Buddhism werenot known. It was believed that
the Brahminical revivalists had goadedthe Hindu kings like him to persecute and even slaughter
innocentBuddhists.
7
It was reported that Shashanka had destroyed the Bodhitree of Bodh Gaya and ordered the
destruction of all Buddhist imagesand monasteries in his kingdom. This biased and sectarian policy
of Shashanka had broken the backbone of Buddhism in India.
1,2,3,5,6
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Shashanka had also murdered the last Buddhist emperorRajyavardhana, elder brother of
Harshavardhana, in 605 AD. He hadmarched on to Bodh Gaya and destroyed the Bodhi tree under
whichthe Buddha had attained enlightenment. He forcibly removed theBuddha's image from the
Bodhi Vihara near the tree and installed one of Shiva in its place. Shashanka is alleged to have
slaughtered all theBuddhist monks in the area around Kushinagar.
1,2,3,7
After the rule of Shashanka, the Pala kingdom was established inBengal. Though the Palas of Bengal
had been hospitable to Vaishnavismand Saivism, but nonetheless they were major supporters of
Buddhism.However, when Bengal came under the rule of the Senas (1097-1223),Saivism was
promulgated and Buddhism was neglected.
1,2,3
Anotherhostile Shaivite king like Shashanka was Mihirakula who had completelydestroyed over 1500
Buddhist shrines. His hostile action was followed
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by the Shaivite, Toramana who had destroyed the GhositaramaBuddhist monastery at Kausambi.
7
The Final Blow from Islam Invasion
Buddhism had already entered into a state of a decline at the time of Ven. Hsuan Tsangs visit to
India during the reign of Harsha of Kanauj inthe early seventh century. It had also been argued that
its furtherdemise, particularly in the early part of the second millennium A.D., washastened by the
arrival of Islam. Buddhism had found competition inIslam for converts among low-caste Hindus. Even
Dr. B.R. Ambedkarwas firmly convinced about the view that Islam dealt Buddhism a deathblow. Hehad described the process of disappearance of Buddhism inIndia as Brahmanism beaten and
battered by the Muslim invaderscould look to the rulers for support and sustenance and get it.
1,2,3,8
But Buddhism beaten and battered by the Muslim invaders had no suchhope. It was uncared for
orphan and it withered in the cold blast of thenative rulers and was consumed in the fire lit up by
the conquerors.Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was certain that the Muslim invasion was thegreatest disaster
that befell the religion of Buddha in India and he haddescribed appropriately described this event as
the sword of Islam fellheavily upon the priestly class. It perished or it fled outside India.Nobodyremained alive to keep the flame of Buddhism burning.
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Conclusions
Many scholars often like to represent Brahminism as a tyrannical faiththat caused massive
destruction of the Buddhist monasteries. But thismatter is however, far more complicated than this.
A recent study of the Bengal Puranas proved that the Buddhists were mocked andprojected as
mischievous and malicious in Brahminical narratives aswell as subjected to immense rhetorical
violence. This rhetoricalviolence should be interpreted as both physical and mental
violenceperpetrated upon the Buddhists. The extermination of Buddhism in Indiawas hastened by
the large-scale destruction of Buddhist shrines by theBrahmins. The Maha Bodhi Vihara at Bodh
Gaya was forcibly convertedinto a Shaivite temple.
1,2,3,5,6,7
The controversy of the actual ownership of Maha Bodhi Vihara at BodhGaya lingered till it was
declared as a World Heritage by the UNESCOin recent years. The cremation stupa of the Buddha at
Kushinagar waschanged into a Hindu temple dedicated to the obscure deity with thename of
Ramhar Bhavani. Adi Shankaracharya was alleged to haveestablished his Sringeri Mutth on the site
of a Buddhist monastery whichhe took over by force.
7
At present, many Hindu shrines in Ayodhya arebelieved to have once been Buddhist temples earlier.
This is also thecase with other famous Brahminical temples such as those atSabarimala, Tirupati,
Badrinath and Puri.
7
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Even though there was hatred against Buddhism, but the Brahminscould never deny or disrespect
the inner truths in the teachings of theBuddha. So, the subsequent absorption of the Buddha into
Vishnuspantheon represented some sort of a compromise between theBrahmins and the Buddhists
on moral and philosophical grounds. WhatBuddhism stood for to promote peace and harmony in the
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society, hadbeen later incorporated into certain strands of modern Hinduism inorder to make it
more refined and acceptable to the society. Thus, theBuddha was finally given his just dues.
1,2,3,5,6
Though the Buddha is now incorporated into modern Hinduism as LordVishnus pantheon, but heshould not be regarded as a god of the Hindureligion. It needs to be emphasized once again that the
Buddha wasnever a mythological figure as Lord Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma or Rama, buthe was a real
historical personality.
4
Hence, in the light of historicalevidence, we should now interpret the disappearance of Buddhism
fromIndia as a parable about how a social myth had outlived a historicalevent.
1,2,3
If we analyze all the contributing factors and arrange them in achronological order, we would realize
that the whole sequence of eventswas initiated by the Buddhist monks and clergy when they had
ignored
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33
the teachings of the Buddha and concentrated on accumulation of abundance of wealth in the
monasteries. This had made them over-satisfied and lethargic. They were often engaged in disputes
overmoney matters and leadership. So, they abandoned the communityvisits and concentrated on
their own salvation instead of helping thecommon people and oppressed classes to end their
sufferings. As thecommunity was ignored, the tight bonding between the lay devoteesand the
Buddhist monasteries became weak and finally broke loose. This restricted the spread of Buddhism
in India and soon Buddhismstarted losing the general support from the community.
Subsequently,the Brahmins took advantage of this situation and deepened the riftbetween the
common people and the Buddhist practitioners thatincluded the monks and clergy. The Brahmins
also manipulated thecontemporary rulers to withdraw their support from Buddhism and helpin
reviving the existing Brahmanism. This was followed by the revival of Hinduism and further decline
of Buddhism. Towards the end stage of the outright massacre of Buddhistfollowers and demolition
of Buddhist monasteries on a large scale, therewas the Muslim invasion of India. During this time,
majority of thesurviving Buddhists in India, who earlier belonged to the lower classHindus, was
forcefully converted into Islam. Some of them of course,
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. Meerut: 394.6. Beal, S. 1884.
Si-Yu Ki
:
Buddhist Records of the Western World
.London: Trubner & Co., reprint ed., Delhi: Oriental Books ReprintCorporation.7. Pakistan Defence.
2008. Disappearance of Buddhism from "NonViolent India": An Untold Story. Daily Muslims. [serial
online]. [cited2009 October 8]; [2 screens]. Available from:
URL:http://www.defence.pk/forums/current-events-social-issues/9222-disappearance-buddhism-
non-violent-india-untold-story.html8. Moon, V., ed., 1987. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and
Speeches.
Bombay: Government of Maharashtra
3: 232-33.
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36
Concluding Remarks
In accordance to the teachings of the Buddha, the disappearance of Buddhism in India had actually
followed the Buddhas universal Doctrineof Dependent Origination. Here, one factor had led to the
other andcaused this ultimate outcome. So, instead of wasting our valuable timeon debating over
which factor was more responsible than the rest andcaused more damage to the practice of
Buddhism in India, we shouldnow concentrate on how to revive Buddhism in a global
perspective.Since, Buddhism preaches loving kindness and compassion as well as itcan adopt to
meet different traditional, moral and cultural needs of thecommunity, it can play a lead role in
promoting peace and harmony inthe contemporary global society.
The End
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