decision making under constraints: managing fisheries in west africa, with emphasis on ghana john...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
230 views
TRANSCRIPT
Decision Making Under Constraints: managing fisheries in West Africa,
with emphasis on Ghana
John Atta-Mills
Jackie Alder
Ussif Rashid Sumaila
Marine Fisheries, Ecosystems and Societies in West Africa:
Half a Century of Change
Plenary Session, 26 June 2002, Dakar, Senegal
State of West African Fisheries:
Many fish stocks are declining, for example:
• Shrimps - fully exploited or over-exploited off Senegal and Guinea Bissau;
• Octopus - over-exploited off Mauritania;
• Groupers - over-exploited off Senegal;
• Sea breams - over-exploited off Sierra Leone;
• Trigger fish - over-exploited off Ghana.
Sources: FAO (2001); Samb (2000)
Some reasons for the decline
• Over-capacity, resulting in over-fishing;• Subsidies, especially by the EU; • Fishing by distant-water fleets, esp. from the EU;• Inadequate fisheries science to support management;• Management regimes without appropriate focus;• Ineffective enforcement of regulations.
Some social consequences
• Unemployment, esp. in coastal communities;
• Migration out of coastal communities into the cities resulting in huge social problems;
• Political tensions resulting in the expulsion of migrant fishers from other West African countries.
Some economic consequences
• Vanishing incomes in fishing communities;
• Reduced earnings from licenses and taxes to the state;
• Reduced investment in the fisheries sector;
• All of the above lead to declining Gross Domestic Product in many West African countries.
Ghana – A regional fishing nation• Gulf of Guinea - relatively scarce in
fish resources;• High consumption of fish; 22 kg per
year and person; • Imports fish to meet domestic needs
to complement artisanal fleet (which meets 70% of demand);
• 43 % of the population lives within 100 km of the coast;
• Nearly 200 fishing villages over a short coastline;
• A rich history of fishing in the waters of other West African countries.
Some social consequences:
Unemployment has the biggest impact:
• 100,000 jobs lost in the fishing industry from 1992 to 1996;
• Many fishing villages losing young men and women to urban centers;
• Urban centres experiencing increased social unrest & other problems.
Some economic consequences• Industrial fishing sector
stagnant for decades;• Number of viable fishing
companies declining;• Contribution of the fishing
sector to national economy declining;
• Exports increased 500% (in tonnage) since 1960s;
• Imports decreased 35% (in tonnage) since 1960s;
• From net importer net exporter.
Ghana’s new ‘Fishing Law’
• The goals are sound fisheries policies and management plans with implementation through effective monitoring, control and surveillance;
• The law is quite comprehensive but its effectiveness will ultimately depend on how it is implemented.
• Implementing Agencies: – Fisheries Commission;– Fisheries Settlement Committee;– Fisheries License Evaluation Committee.
What should be done:
• Reduce fishing pressure from both foreign and domestic fleets;
• Find alternative economic activities for coastal fishers displaced by fleet capacity reduction;
• Harmonize and coordinate negotiations (at a sub-regional level) with foreign governments for fishing access arrangements;
• Improve investment climate;• Reform fishing policy with main focus on the
restoration of marine ecosystems.
The Sea Around Us project is a UBC Fisheries Centre partnership with the Pew Charitable Trusts of Philadelphia, USA
John Atta-Mills also acknowledges support from the Liu Centre for the Study of Global Issues, University of British Columbia, and from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
Acknowledgements