decentralized wwt 3 block · decentralized wwt 3rd block thorsten reckerzügl, borda, 26.09.2016...

Decentralized WWT 3rd Block

Thorsten Reckerzügl, BORDA, 26.09.2016

Training financed by GIZ - BMZ

• Operational/business models for decentralized wastewater management

• Financing of decentralized wastewater management

• Operation and maintenance of decentralized wastewater treatment systems

• Operational/business models for decentralized wastewater manage-

ment

• Financing of decentralized wastewater management

• Operation and maintenance of decentralized wastewater treatment

systems

3rd Training Block: Decentralized WWT

Titel der Präsentation/Name des Autors/Datum

The three systems of economy (Pearce, 2003)


Operational models can be

based on one of the systems:

• Public service

• Private profit oriented

• Self-help (CBO, NGO)

• …or can be a hybrid model.

• Public services as WWT are often in governmental

responsibility. Since the government is normally the best

entity to safeguard public interests (as health, safety,

environment and resources protection).

• Regardless of governments obligation different operator

models are feasible for Decentralized WWT as long as

the right framework conditions exist and are maintained.

Operator Models – role of government


Operator models between public benefit

and market orientation


Source: Reckerzügl, 2014

Continuum between public – private –

self-held operator models


Operator Models Respecting Diversity, GIZ, 2013

NPO / CBO Market-based/ Enterprise

Public Service

Demand for service medium high low

Organizational capacity of self-help group (CBO)

high --

Non-financial resources high high high

External support high medium low

Economic viability medium high low

Market existence low high low

Legal FW/ Law enforcem. high high high

Simple O&M high medium medium

Criteria relevant for choosing operator

models


Adapted from Reckerzügl, 2014

Regardless of a chosen operator model the following framework conditions have to be fulfilled and are ideally assured by the government:

• Clear legal frameworks

• Monitoring and control

• Sufficient financial means

• Required knowledge

• Availability of technical means

=> Transparency, Accountability and Participation improve the basis for trust and the sustainability of services.

Requirements for functioning operator

models


• operational/business models for decentralized wastewater manage-

ment

• financing of decentralized wastewater management

• operation and maintenance of decentralized wastewater treatment

systems



Sanitation convenience vs. cost

Estimated Costs for sanitation /WWT

Why is it important to invest in

sanitation?

►Sanitation increase national gross domestic product: USD

1.00 investment means an return of investment between

USD 4.00 to USD 34.00 (acc. to WHO, World Bank)

►To meet the needs of towns undergoing rapid expansion

►To improve health of the population/reducing health costs

►To protect the environment

►To increase productivity

►To improve access to education

►To create employment/business opportunity

►To enhance the image of the local authority

Overview what and how to finance?

Source: pS-Eau

Strategic level

Programme level

Overview on positions

to be financedStudies for strategic planning

Studies for program planning

Investment

Annual costs

Capital costs/renewal

Operation & maintenance

Budgeting

Costs of sanitation infrastructure

►Studies and services

Strategic planning Demand analysis studies

Facility design studies

Financial and technical studies

Management method and cost recovery studies

Programme planning Pilot project Preparation phase (kick-off workshop, planning workshop,

community pre-selection, community assessment) Planning phase (site assessment, informed technical choice,

detailed engineering design, financial planning, agreement on implementation and landholding, assistance during tendering)


►Studies and services (continued)

Implementation phase

Task planning

Project coordination, supervision/quality management

Awareness-raising campaigns/capacity-building

Pre-commissioning tests

Operation phase

Monitoring of start of operation

Assistance during defects liability period

Monitoring and evaluation of operation and maintenance

(development and implementation)


►Investment

Price of land (purchase or rent)

Construction, equipment (private sector, target group)

►Annual costs

Capital costs/Renewal

Interests

Depreciation

Operation and maintenance

Labour costs

Maintenance costs

Costs for maintenance for sub-contracted services

Costs for material/spare parts

Disposal of residual matters

Costs for energy (if applicable)

Other costs (administration, monitoring etc.)

Financing options

►Types of financing options:

Local authority/operator

Loan from national or international banking institutions or develop-

ment banks

National public subsidies

External public bi- and multilateral subsidies

Decentralised cooperation subsidies

Charges

►Assessment of available public and private funds, users’ economic

status, willingness to pay, for the different project costs

Financing options (continued)

►Public decision-makers must achieve balance between social-equity issues and financial constraints

►Sanitation programmes have to be accepted by users for sustainable financing schemes

►No sanitation activities without a substantial contribution from users

►Informed-choice assessment of different long-term, multi-source financing schemes – resulting in development of financing mecha-nisms and definition of user charges

►Stimulate private investment, in addition to and not in place of public funds

►Direct public financing towards those elements of the chain not covered by the private sector and households

►Well-off areas cross-subsidise poorer areas

►Point-source discharges paid by the polluter

Capital Costs (Case study Kolhapur, India)


Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

55000

60000

65000

70000

CO

ST

in

Ru

pe

es

5 to 20 20 to 40 40 to 60 60 to 80 80 to 100

FLOW in Cu.m.

COST PER m³ WASTEWATER

Average cost distribution : 60% Building Material 40% Labour

100 Rupees = 1,5 US$

Titel der Präsentation/Name des Autors/Datum 21

Comparison – Capital and O&M

Cost Comparison - Centralized vs. Decentralized Treatment

4

120

0.4

1520

0.04

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Treatment Cost/MLD

Waste water

Cost of Laying

Sewerline/Sq.Km

Area

O&M Cost/ MLD

Waste water

Rs. in

Mil

lio

ns

Centralized

Decentralized

MLD –

million liters per day

100 Rs. = 1,5 US$

Cost Benefit Analysis – DEWATS vs.

Centralized (Case from Kolhapur)


Details

Costs

(Decentralized

System)

(Rs. in Crores)

Costs

(Centralized System)

(Rs. in Crores)

Total capital cost for treating 34,80 MLD wastewater 108,60* 54,00**

Total capital cost of laying sewer network in 17,12 sq.km

area

32,87 111,28

Total Capital Cost for pumping 34,80 MLD 5,92 8,61

Annual O&M cost for 34,80 MLD wastewater treatment 1,63 1,21

Annual O&M cost for sewer network 0,16 6,68

Annual O&M cost for pumping 34,80 MLD wastewater 0,59 0,91

Savings in O&M cost per annum 6,42

Savings in O&M cost over 15 years 96,30

* For cost comparison between decentralized and centralized, costing for 100 cu.m DEWATS module is considered

** KMC will have to make upfront investment of Rs.54 Crores for installation of 100 MLD treatment plant, therefore the cost has not been proportionally reduced for treating 34.80 MLD of wastewater. MLD – million liters per day

100 Rs. = 1,5 US$

1 Crore = 10 million

Source: Masterplan provision of decentralized basic need services, BORDA, KMC, 2009

• operational/business models for decentralized wastewater manage-

ment

• financing of decentralized wastewater management

• operation and maintenance of decentralized wastewater treatment

systems



Definition O&M

►“Routine or periodic tasks required to keep a process or system

functioning according to performance requirements and to prevent

delays, repairs or downtime.”(Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies, 2nd revised edition)

Or

►“O&M refers to all of the activities needed to run a water supply and

sanitation scheme, except for the construction of new facilities.”

(CASTRO 2009)

►Operation means running a system, conducting some activities to

ensure smooth functioning

►Maintenance refers to the technical activities, planned or reactive,

which are needed to keep the system working. Maintenance requires

skills, tools and spare parts

Preventive maintenance:

Work that is planned and carried out on a regular basis to maintain

and keep the infrastructure in good condition

Corrective maintenance:

Replacing or repairing something that was done incorrectly or that

needs to be changed

Reactive maintenance:

Reaction to a crisis or public complaints

Types of Maintenance

O&M Activities

Benefit & Aim for O&M

Benefits:

Prevents wastage of time, production loss and prolongs the

life of the WWT

Health benefits

Social benefits

Economical/financial benefits

Institutional benefits

Overall aim is to ensure:

highest possible benefit from the investments made

the functioning of the services

the well-being of population

the development of further projects

To be considered for O&M

►Design for Operation & Maintenance

►Capacity Building to ensure proper Operation & Maintenance

►Organizing and planning of Operation & Maintenance

Design for O&M

►To ease O&M

►Dependent on urban or rural environment and on location

►Factors to be taken into account:

Availability of chemicals for treatment

Spare parts and equipment

Reliability of power supplies

Availability of local skills and capacity

Availability of financial means

►Standardisation of equipment, parts, designs, construction

methods etc.

Limited range of spare parts

Reduced number of skills required to install and maintai

Capacity Building for O&M

►Operator and user need to be properly informed about the system

that has been put in place

►Communities: training on technical matters, accounting and simple

financial management, basic contract procedures and monitoring &

reporting

►NGOs/Responsible authority need similar training at more advan-

ced level to be able to train the participating communities (ToT)

►Local technicians and caretakers: to be trained for the proper ope-

ration (on-hands training in order to ensure the fully understanding

and the implications of the new system)

►Private operators or local engineering companies: to be trained for

maintenance (in type of maintenance activities to be carried out

periodically)

To ensure the sustainability, it is necessary to have:

Process ownership

Local authority sign detailed contract with operator

Local authority supervises O&M or making operator responsible for O&M

OWNER’S MANUAL prepared by implementer during project development

Elaboration of checklists for daily, monthly annual maintenance

Accident prevention regulations

Organising and Planning of O&M


O&M requires planning, commitment and monitoring

What: the activity which is to be carried out

When: the frequency of this activity

Who: the human resources required for the task

With what: what are the materials, spare parts, tools and equip-

ment needed

Objectives

Identify the possible obstructions in pipes and sanitation

modules for required free flow

Identify the damages and leakages

Avoid bad odour in and around the wastewater treatment plants

Avoid cracks in the water seals

Utilize by-products optimally

Avoid flooding

Mosquito control

►Community sanitation centres have to be operated and guarded from

5:00 until 22:00

►Entrance areas (terraces) must always be maintained properly (must be

cleaned at least twice a day)

►Toilets, shower cells, laundry places and the rest of the plot must be

inspected and cleaned daily

►Faulty appliances, such as light bulbs and leaking pipes, must be

replaced

►Seal of the bio-digester has to be checked for gas tightness and water

has to be re-filled on a weekly basis

►Inspection chambers have to be checked and cleaned every week

► the water tank has to be cleaned and cobwebs have to be removed

every month

Example Organising and Planning

of O&M

►Every six month, the system must be inspected by professional

technical staff, who will sample wastewater, analyse of effluent

water and de-scum treatment modules

►Treatment system must be desludged every two years

►User fees must be collected

►All operation and maintenance activities must be documented

Example Organising and Planning of

O&M (continued)

Basic requirements for O&M

►Thorough knowledge about plant, machineries and equipment

provided in the wastewater treatment plants

►A thorough knowledge of the process

►Assignment of specific tasks for operating staff

►Training for all operating staff

►Good house keeping

►Proper logging of all O&M activities

water, sanitation, energy: essential public services for all.

Thorsten Reckerzügl

Regional Advisor West & Central Asia

E-Mail [email protected]

Phone +49.421.40 89 52 – 29

Thank you very much!

Decentralized WWTS, T. Reckerzügl, 26.09.2016

decentralized wwt 3 block · decentralized wwt 3rd block thorsten reckerzügl, borda, 26.09.2016...

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