decentralised sanitation- tiyali bose
DESCRIPTION
A comparative study of two slums in Varanasi, in terms of their living conditions.TRANSCRIPT
Decentralized Sanitation
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U N D E R T A K I N G
I, Tiyali Bose, the author of the independent assessment paper titled Decentralized Sanitation: A
Study of Some of the Selected Slums in Varanasi, hereby declare that this is an independent work
of mine, carried out towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any degree/diploma.
Tiyali Bose
Date:
Place:
Decentralized Sanitation
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CONTENTS
Content Page Number
Acknowledgement 3
List of Figures 4
List of Maps 5
Introduction 7
Objectives 8
Methodology and Data Sources 9
Limitation 9
Sanitation 11
Varanasi 18
Slums of Varanasi 28
District Urban Development Agency 29
Case Study 43
Conclusion 44
FMFE Recommendation 47
References 48
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would first like to take this opportunity to thank the GIZ authorities, Dr. Regina Dube, Aparna
Das, Saswat Bandhopadhyay, Jessica, Anja, and Sweta for giving me an opportunity to participate
in this youth exchange programme.
I am sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Rana Pratap Bahadur Singh, the BHU co-
coordinator of the programme, Prof. R. S. Upadhyay and my mentor, Mr. P. K. Das and all the
officials of DUDA, Mrs. Anjali Shyamal, Mr. L.K. Malviya and Mr. Shukla.
I would also like to thank my friends who have supported and helped me at various stages of the
preparation of this independent assessment paper- Pathik Ray, Nibedita Banerjee, Shrestha Saha,
Debapriya, Anju, Mohan, Dipankar, Atanu, Swati, Ruchi, Abhirup and Shobha.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents and all the slum dwellers of Sweeper‘s
Colony, Durgakund and Harijan Basti, Nariya.
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LIST OF MAPS
Map 1- Location Map of Varanasi
Map 2- Physiographic and Drainage Map of Varanasi
Map 3- Slum Map of Varanasi
Map 4- Satellite Imagery Showing the Location of the Two Surveyed Slums
Map 5- Satellite Imagery Showing the Sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund
Map 6- Satellite Imagery Showing the Harijan Basti, Nariya
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1- Line Graph Showing the monthly Maximum And Minimum Temperature of
Varanasi
Fig.2- Line Graph Showing the Monthly Wind Velocity in Varanasi
Fig.3- Bar Graph Showing the Mean Monthly Rainfall of Varanasi
Fig. 4- Line Graph Showing the Monthly Relative Humidity in Varanasi
Fig. 5- Chart Showing the Administrative Structure of DUDA
Fig. 6- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Types of Houses in the Surveyed Slums
Fig. 7-Composite Bar Graph showing the number of Rooms Per House
Fig. 8- Layout of a House in Sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund
Fig. 9- Layout of an House in Harijan Basti, Nariya
Fig. 10- Pie Chart Showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Households at
sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund
Fig. 11- Pie Chart Showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Households at Harijan
Basti, Nariya
Fig. 12- Composite Bar Graph showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Types of
Houses
Fig. 13- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Kind of Toilet Facility Available in the
Surveyed Slums
Fig.14- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Type of Toilet Facilities in Various Types of
Houses in the Slums
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INTRODUCTION
Development of an area with the span of time is a natural process and thus inevitable is the
migration of people from the less advanced to the more advanced areas in search of better job
opportunities, education facilities, living conditions. The rapid urbanization and industrialization
process has resulted a huge influx of migrants to the cities which not only adds to the ‗spilling‘
population woes of the city, but also leads to one of the major side- effects of urbanization-
SLUMS.
‗A slum connotes an extreme condition of blight in which the housing is so unfit as to constitute a
menace to the health and morals of the community‘ (R.E. Dickinson). According to the Slum
Areas Improvement and Clearance Act, 1957, enacted by the Central Government, slums are
defined as, ―any pre- dominantly residential area, where the dwellings by reason of dilapidation,
over- crowding, faulty arrangement of design, lack of ventilation, light or sanitary facilities or any
combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morals.‖ Even though the above
two definitions gives a detail accounting of the nature and characteristics of slums, they fail to
point the reason for formation of slums. High amount of rural to urban migration is one of the
major reasons for the formation of slums. Large number of the rural inhabitants migrate to the city
in search of job and better living conditions (which they lack in their villages), but when they do
arrive in the city, most of them fail to afford the high cost of living in a city and thus form small
enclaves along the road or encroach upon any waste and empty land available.
The major problem faced by slum dwellers all over the world and that especially in India are
related with sanitation issues. According to WHO, "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of
facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. Inadequate sanitation is a
major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant
beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word 'sanitation' also
refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and
wastewater disposal.‖
India is urbanizing at a very fast pace and along with this, the slum population is also increasing.
India's urban population is increasing at a faster rate than its total population. The slum population
is constantly increasing: it has doubled in the past two decades. The current population living in
slums in the country is more than the population of Britain. India's slum-dwelling population rose
from 27.9 million in 1981 to over 40 million in 2001.
As per the 2001 census of India, 640 towns spread over 26 states and union territories have
reported existence of slums. This means one out of every four persons reside in slums in our cities
and towns. The NSSO survey in 2002 has identified 51,688 slums in urban areas of which 50.6%
of urban slums have been declared as "notified slums."
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Among the urban poor, the slum dwellers are the poorest. The very definition of slums points at
the acute drinking water and sanitation crisis for the slum dwellers. A slum in India is defined as
'a cluster inside urban areas without having water and sanitation access'.
The National Sample Survey Organization survey conducted in 2002 found that in 84% of the
notified slums the main water source is through tap water supply. But these numbers mask
differences across the states of India. In Bihar none of the slums get water via the tap.
In Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh less than 35% of slums get tap water. Nearly 44% of
non-notified slums do not have a drainage system of any type whereas only 15% of notified slums
do not have a drainage system.
A similar picture emerges in the case of latrines. Nearly half of the non-notified slums do not
have a latrine of any type. In contrast only 17% of notified slums do not have a latrine. However,
the past few years have seen significant improvements in water and sanitation situation in slums.
But, that is not a source of solace as there is still a vast number of slum dweller to be provided
these basic facilities. This growing slum population and the lack of basic facilities will badly
impact on India‘s overall target achievement in water and sanitation sector.
The city Varanasi is just no exception. The major problem of most of the slums of Varanasi is
access to toilet, disposal of solid as well as waste water disposal and proper housing facilities. As
per the JNNURM CDP report on Varanasi, the key issues that need to be addressed in the slums
of Varanasi are:
1. Open defecation by the slum population due to lack of provision of CTCs and IHHLs.
2. Lack of piped water supplies in the slum areas leading to high dependence on ground
water and other sources.
3. Lack of means of waste disposal leading to open dumps which leads to clogging of drains
and act as breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
4. Lack of sense of ownership among the residents due to which facilities are looked down
upon as something that has been provided by the government and that it is the
government‘s responsibilities to ―run‖ the CTCs.
5. Provision of CTCs and water supply lines to slum dwellers.
This assessment paper deals with the major problems with special emphasis on the sanitation
related problems of two selected slums of Varanasi, Sweeper‘s Colony and Harijan Basti, located
at Durgakund and Nariya respectively.
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OBJECTIVES
Slums are a very serious issue to the present governing system especially now in this 21st century
when slogans like ―Slum Free Cities‖ are being used. Slums can never be easily done away with
instead these backward areas can be worked upon, developed and the basic facilities available (if
any) to the inhabitants can be improved. The major objectives for taking up this topic for studying
are as follows:
i. Nature and Extent of the slums in the area.
ii. To study and examine the present sanitation conditions of the slum dwellers
iii. To suggest some remedies that will help in improving the present living conditions of the
slum dwellers.
METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES
The complete study may be divided into three phases:
i. Prior to field survey- The phase prior to field survey dealt mainly with studying of
literature for background study of the topic. It involved the studying of various published
and unpublished articles on this topic, reading various Acts and policies formulated and
executed by the administration and their various reports like the JNNURM report,
Detailed Project Report of Varanasi. This phase also included the period of collection of
secondary data from various sources like the Census of India and also from various
government agencies like the District Urban Development Agency (DUDA). The area to
be studied, the sample size, the parameters to be taken into account for conducting the
study was also decided during this period.
ii. The Field Survey- During the field survey, a questionnaire was prepared for individual
household survey after which a household survey was conducted. Also, a layout map was
prepared for both the surveyed slums.
iii. Post- field survey- Finally, the post field survey phase included the evaluation of the
collected field sample, its comparison with the published data; preparing a detailed report
and the formulation of a simple, do- able proposal for the studied area.
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LIMITATIONS
Inadequacy of data- Especially due to time constraint, one of the major limitations faced
was lack of complete information or data. Often, the data available was either too old or if
a recent data, it was incomplete or not properly classified as per the requirements of the
survey.
Hesitation among slum dwellers to answer questions- This has been one of the biggest
problem while conducting the field survey. The slum dwellers often refused to answer
questions like those related to income especially. Also, the politically- powerful and the
higher income grouped slum inhabitants suppressed the views of the less powerful. These
people often tried to influence the views of the less powerful and tried to impose their own
personal view upon the others.
Time and resource constraint- The sample size of the survey had to be kept small and the
result of the data analysis may thus fail to reflect the final perspective.
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SANITATION
The Earth was home to 6 billion people in 2000: 1.1 billion of them lacked safe water and 2.4
billion lacked adequate sanitation. As a consequence, water- and sanitation-related diseases are
widespread. Nearly 250 million cases are reported every year, with more than 3 million deaths
annually—about 10,000 a day. Diarrheal diseases impact children most severely, killing more
than 2 million young children a year in the developing world. Many more are left underweight,
stunted mentally and physically, vulnerable to other deadly diseases, and too debilitated to go to
school.
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with
the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of
disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes,
domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, and greywater), industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes.
Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and
wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal
hygiene practices (e.g. simple hand washing with soap).
According to National Foundation of USA, ―Sanitation is a way of life‖. World Health
Organization, 1970, defines environmental sanitation as the control of all those factors in man‘s
physical environment which exercise or may exercise deleterious effect in his physical
development, health and survival. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic
conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human
urine and faeces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving
sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and
across communities. Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has generated a series of complex
problems ranging from housing, sanitation and environmental pollution, the quality of life
affecting the moral and social attitudes and urban life. Urban sanitation includes:
Water Supply
Safe disposal of Human Waste
Disposal of Waste Water and Solid Waste
Control of Vector of Diseases
Domestic and Personal Hygiene
Food
Housing
The problems of unsanitary conditions emerged more seriously only after 1960‘s due to fast
growth of urban population in the developing countries. Rural to urban drift for the sake of better
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income and standard of life is rapid due to which urban services face the challenge with one
additional 1085 million people requiring access to sanitary services by 2015(WHO, UNICEF,
2000).
The World Bank estimates that almost 26% of the global urban population, over 400 million
people, lack access to the simplest latrines (World Bank, 2000).
At the same time many low income settlements lack adequate drainage and solid waste collection
services. The legal sanitation problems have drawn our attention to the environment of untreated
urban waste which pollutes ground water and surface water.
Importance of Sanitation:
Health- Good sanitation is a pre- requisite of healthy cities, protecting people from a range
of excreta related diseases, which are likely to be chronic in some areas, and have the
potential to reach epidemic proportions in the absence of adequate household waste
disposal arrangements.
Convenience and Privacy- People living in poor or unserviced areas are likely to value the
increased convenience and privacy associated with improved sanitation.
Livelihood- Healthy people are stronger and less likely to be absent from work because of
sickness and therefore benefit from increased earnings and reduced expenditure on health
care.
Environment- Discharge of untreated excreta into the environment causes widespread
pollution. A failure to develop effective solutions to excreta disposal stores up massive
environmental problems for the future which once started are difficult and expensive to
reverse.
Economy- The positive impact of improved sanitation on individual livelihoods and the
environment helps to maintain wider economy so that improved sanitation has potential
economic for both individual households and economy as a whole.
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VARANASI
Varanasi (popularly called Banaras or Kashi), records a settlement history since 800 BC.
However, the present city has grown mostly during the early 18th
century. Varanasi acquired the
status of a million plus city in 1991 and recorded a population of 1,231,220 in 2001, thus ranked
23rd
in the hierarchy of million plus cities in India. There are 3000 Hindu sanctuaries, 1350
Muslim shrines. Existence of 6 universities and 300 similar institutions makes the place a ―City of
Learning‖.
The city has two remnants of a holy past: the first being Rajghat plateau, where the archeological
findings of wares date back to the period of very existence of urban settlement and the second is
Sarnath, where Buddha gave his first sermon, ―Turning the wheel of law‖ in 528 BC. Later during
3rd century King Ashoka built a monastery township there, which continued its existence till 12th
century and was later destroyed. Since ancient times the natural and cultural landscapes of the city
have retained an active social role in contemporary society closely associated with the traditional
way of life. The city is a place of pilgrimage and thus a major tourist spot all over the world.
According to the Tourist Bureau of Varanasi, approximately 680.5 thousand tourists visited the
city in the year 2010. The city still survives with all its traditions in spite of several downfalls and
upheavals. Being the holiest city of Hinduism, the impact of the religion is found everywhere in
the city – the clanging of the bells, the chant of Sanskrit hymns, and the colored powders that are
sold in a myriad roadside shops which later decorate the foreheads of the devotee gives the city an
aura of its own. Apart from these, silk weaving and sari making, metal, wood and terracotta
handicrafts, toy making, particular painting forms, etc., comprise the continuity of historical and
cultural tradition. Varanasi is famous for its fairs and festivals with respect to variety, distinction,
time, sacred sites, performers, viewers and sideshows.
The vividness and multiplicity, diversity and unity are easily envisioned in its religion, culture,
society and economy- altogether making a cultural mosaic, in which festivities and performances
play a major role in maintaining its intangible heritages.
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Location and Extent
Varanasi city located in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India lies between the 25015‘ to 25
022‘ North
latitude and 82057‘ to 83
001‘ East longitude. The River Ganga flows south to North having the
world famous Ghats on its left bank.
Map 1- Location Map of Varanasi
Source- JNNURM Report
The highest flood level of river Ganga was 73.90m (1978) and the lowest river water level is
approximately 58m. It is at an elevation of 80.71 meters above mean sea level.
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Physiography and Drainage
Geologically it is situated in the fertile alluvial Gangetic plains and is under laid with sediments
deposited in successive stages. Layers of clay, fine sand, and clay mixed with kankar and stone
Map 2- Physiographic and Drainage Map of Varanasi
Source, James Princep, 1879
bazari is met with during drilling operations. A ridge runs almost 200m to 400m away from the
western bank of Ganga and the area between the river and the ridge slopes towards the river
Ganga. The general ground level varies from RL 71 m to 80m. The city is 76.21m above the sea
level. The highest level is found in the north- eastern position over the area known as the Rajghat
plateau with a height of 83.29m above the mean sea level. The city has three typical high points
almost like the three prongs of Shiva‘s ‗Trishula‘. The opposite bank of Ganga is characterized by
low lying area. So, thus there is very little possibility of the expansion of Varanasi on the opposite
banks of Ganga further the abnormality in the physiographic of the city poses many problems in
the planning and development of the city particularly with regard to water supply and drainage.
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With vast expanse of gently undulating plain, most of the area beyond the ridge slopes towards
the river Assi in the South and towards Varuna River in the North. Ganga is the main river
flowing along the city of Varanasi, and is joined by two tributaries namely, Varuna and Assi.
Varuna continues to flow but river Assi has turned into a nalla and very little water flow through
it except during the rainy season. There are numerous streams that join these rivers at different
places; many of which appear near Main River and flow only as a sub-surface flow.
Climate
Though latitudinal situated in sub-tropical continental interior region, the climate of Varanasi as
that of entire India is mainly controlled by monsoon which indicates a seasonal rhythm of
weather. This seasonal change in atmospheric conditions results in availability of ground and
surface water condition and also the quality of drinking water.
Table 1- Climatic condition of Varanasi, 2005
Month
Temperature
(in degree Celsius) Relative Humidity (%)
Wind
Velocity
(in knots)
Rainfall
(in mm) Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum
January 20.85 9.4 72.87 45.24 4.01 4.61
February 25.54 12.08 64.00 55.62 4.30 3.74
March 32.26 19.24 48.03 42.11 3.86 0.31
April 39.45 21.34 38.38 24.21 4.42 0.01
May 42.04 29.87 40.09 26.61 4.72 0.01
June 43.34 28.45 57.83 39.66 5.97 2.58
July 35.36 25.85 83.43 63.20 6.86 57.69
August 33.36 24.87 90.18 68.19 5.03 76.97
September 33.62 25.60 74.33 62.10 5.69 51.42
October 32.40 19.60 67.99 44.21 3.02 1.36
November 28.01 15.95 66.58 44.81 2.73 16.64
December 25.62 10.67 71.74 36.08 3.54 8.73
Source- Unpublished Data from BHU Observatory
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The climate is of moderately extreme type with an annual range of temperature about 32°C. The
climate of the town is of tropical nature with temperature varying from 5°C in winter to 45°C in
summer. While the winter is characterized by
Fig. 1- Line Graph Showing the monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature of
Varanasi
westerly and the monsoon are by easterly humid winds. The mean monthly temperature of rainy
Fig.2- Line Graph Showing the Monthly Wind Velocity in Varanasi
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Fig.3- Bar Graph Showing the Mean Monthly Rainfall of Varanasi
season is about 25 degree. By mid June rainy season sets in and continue till September. The
annual rainfall varies from 680mm to 1500mm with large proportion (about 85 %) is occurring
Fig. 4- Line Graph Showing the Monthly Relative Humidity in Varanasi
during the months of July to September. The relative humidity in Varanasi varies from 9.4% in
January to 90.18% in August.
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Population
The city spreads over an area of 84.55 sq. km. supporting a population of 1.23 million as per the
2001 Census with a growth rate of 25.57%. Varanasi city has shown a constant increase in the
population with varying rate of increase from decade to decade. In last seven decades the
population has grown almost six folds, with increase in population from 207,650 in 1931 to
1,202,443 in year 2001. Yet, it must be stated that the growth of the city has been quite a slow one
compared to the growth of the other large cities of the country. The city ranks 23rd
among the
metropolitan cities of India and it entered the million plus cities group in the year 1991.
At present the Varanasi Urban Agglomeration spreads over 144.96 sq. km. with a density of 7081
persons/ sq. km. According to the 2001 Census, of the total population of the city, only 26% was
employed, in which industry and manufacturing recorded 10.72%, trade and commerce- 6.8%,
and other services- 5%. Also, it must be noted that 46% males and only 9% females were found to
be employed under the category of working population.
As per the 2001 Census, the sex ratio of the city is 908 females per 1000 males which are lower
than the national average of 933 females per 1000 males.
The literacy rate in urban agglomeration is 61.6 percent, while in municipal area it is 61 percent
according to 2001 census. There has been wide difference in male and female literacy rate. About
67 percent males are literate while only 54 percent of females are literate in the city of Varanasi.
One of the inevitable results of urbanization is slums and the cities slum population stands at 462,
701 which is 37.58% of the cities total population. The city has 210 slum pockets spread all over
the city.
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Slums of Varanasi
Varanasi has 227 slums spread all over the city, both on government and private lands. Total
population in slums is about 457,613, which is about 38% of the total population.
Map 3- Slum Map of Varanasi
Source- JNNURM Report, 2005
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Sl.No. Name of the Slum Name of the
CDC Unit
Number of
Households
Total
Population
1 Sigra Harijan Basti Chandua Harijan Basti
Vama
232 1271
2 Lahartara Baliya 847 4216
3 Lahartara Nayi Basti Kabirmath 307 1441
4 Lahartara Misirpur 300 1682
5 Chittupura 555 2959
6 Chittupur Dayanagar
Mangalmay
74 281
7 Chandua 1182 4014
8 Madhopur 342 2068
9 Shivpurwa Jayprakashnagar 83 492
10 Lakhrao
Jodhishakti
571 2533
11 Chhoti Patua 307 1470
12 Bari Patua 458 2209
13 Tulsipur Harijan Basti 325 1760
14 Shivratanpur 829 4145
15 Goenka Gali
Gyanvapi
150 775
16 Nariya Harijan Basti Saketnagar 1477 8473
17 Bhogavir 383 1975
18 Bhikharipur
Alakananda
15 96
19 Chitipura 72 509
20 Newada Nat Basti Patel Basti Madhurpur 465 3023
21 Bajardiha
Varanasi
1208 5728
22 Murgiya 230 1052
23 Sarainandan 857 5557
24 Farooqinagar 335 1934
25 Jolha 615 3784
26 Makdumbaba 52 359
27 Sundarpur Ma Saraswati 235 1139
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Sl.
No.
Name of the Slum Name of the
CDC Unit
Number of
Households
Total
Population
28 Sundarpur Harijan Basti
Ma Saraswati
150 745
29 Batuapura 200 976
30 Sarainandan Khurd 140 719
31 Sarainandan Shukulpura 251 1226
32 Guddarpur 220 1182
33 Jiwadhipur 110 575
34 Tadia Sundarpur 101 480
35 Sarainandan A B C D E 806 4033
36 Ranipur
Sabla
1062 4928
37 Tulsipur Harijan Basti Panch Pandav 174 758
38 Shivpurwa 435 2199
39 Jokha 358 1790
40 Adityanagar I
Shivangi
469 1888
41 Adityanagar II 518 2043
42 Karmajitpur 448 1928
43 Karaundhi 801 4049
44 Ghasiari Tola
Ma Durga
217 1230
45 Durgakund 354 1973
46 Nababganj 617 2524
47 Shukulpura 907 4742
48 Nagwa
Alka
987 5058
49 Tahirpur Nagwa 42 196
50 Sonbhadra Shiwala 626 3284
51 Bhadauni Daoriabir 527 2854
52 Mallahi Tola 35 227
53 Birdopur Rani
Lakshmibai
376 1908
54 Bari Gaibi 504 2591
55 Vinayaka Harijan Basti 200 945
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Sl.
No.
Name of the Slum Name of the
CDC Unit
Number of
Households
Total
Population
56 Shankuldhara
Rani
Lakshmibai
108 615
57 Manikpur 110 515
58 Sudamapur 403 2237
59 Khojawa 453 2505
60 Jodhipur 442 2128
61 Tadia Chakbihi Gadighat
Sarang Talab
400 2117
62 Mawaiya 421 2433
63 Sarang Talab 126 663
64 Singhpur Harijan Basti 135 738
65 Khajuhi 328 1955
66 Baripur 237 1447
67 Dhurhupur 230 1474
68 Pahariya 429 2206
69 Haveliya 197 1269
70 Pagalkhana Chamroiya
Vamangi
101 473
71 Pandeypur 340 1738
72 Lalupur Pisanhariya 66 310
73 Ramrepur 303 1682
74 Taktakpur 233 1077
75 Daulatpur 263 1332
76 Aktha 543 2664
77 Parshurampur 297 1708
78 Benipur 340 1747
79 Sariya Uttari
Vishal
563 3158
80 Sariya Dakshini 1061 3707
81 Saraiya Bharoti 600 3452
82 Saraiya Malibagh 976 3395
83 Rajbhandar 770 2692
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Sl.
No.
Name of the Slum Name of the
CDC Unit
Number of
Households
Total
Population
84 Gilatbazar Khatikana
Gangotri
122 654
85 Ambedkar Mahaldithori Mahal Ardali
Bazar
120 631
86 Kahjuri Pakkibazar 327 1841
87 Suarbadwa Sigraul 132 714
88 Goldhar Kachehri Kasai Basti 410 2268
89 Nadesar Chamrotia Rajabazar 1129 5963
90 Pulkohna
Sarnath
278 1552
91 Rasulgar 214 1119
92 Dayanagar 250 1346
93 Dindayalpur 440 2463
94 Ruppanpur 240 1433
95 Pulkohna Rajbhar Basti 497 1914
96 Konia
Bania
1261 6976
97 Konia Satti 525 2944
98 Palangshahid 355 2081
99 Konia Mahmoodpura 147 865
100 Dalhigarhi
Chaman
417 2415
101 Amanullapura 622 3205
102 Kamalgarha 635 4401
103 Oripura 576 3209
104 Phulbaria Dhobiana 311 1681
105 Indrapur
Utthan
305 1842
106 Indrapur Harijan Basti 61 372
107 Kadipur 218 1273
108 Lakshmanpur 271 1357
109 Kathvatia 188 1040
110 Shivpur Harijan Basti Muslim Basti 246 1343
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Sl.
No.
Name of the Slum Name of the
CDC Unit
Number of
Households
Total
Population
111 Chuppepur
Utthan
261 1331
112 Ustarpukha 83 455
113 Tarna 90 474
114 Chhatripur 103 530
115 Sheopur Koth Panchkoshi 487 2575
116 Bharlai 406 2154
117 Shuddipur 284 1657
118 Bhagatpur 122 677
119 Hukulganj
Akshay
400 2406
120 Hukulganj Lachhipura 349 2109
121 Dhelvaria 1301 6782
122 Mallahi Tola Ghosabad 380 2191
123 Nakshighat
Aman
1148 5816
124 Amarpur Batlohia 1666 9742
125 Shakkar Talab 1210 7078
126 Shailputri 986 5043
127 Sarsauli
Kalyan
466 2327
128 Anaula 261 1540
129 Narayanpur 577 2787
130 Mirapur Bashi 724 3859
131 Navalpur 708 3176
132 Parmanandpur 106 534
133 Maheshpur 164 930
134 Gilatbazar Kushpal 280 1321
135 Nayi Basti Hukulganj
Jagriti
611 3258
136 Bandhvanala 1120 6875
137 Nanhupur 79 396
138 Paigampur 515 2717
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Sl.
No.
Name of the Slum Name of the
CDC Unit
Number of
Households
Total
Population
139 Bakrabad
Nari Seva
637 3304
140 Rasulpura 850 4805
141 Kazi Shaddullahpura 1500 6696
142 Teliabagh Bari Maldahiya
Vijyoti
547 2740
143 Jagatganj 850 3848
144 Lakshmighat 293 1412
145 Varunapul 220 1125
146 Nadesar 823 4173
147 Pathani Tola Chottha Lal Khan
Azad
1244 6576
148 Alampura 379 2066
149 Sugga Garai 379 2337
150 Chandupura 118 685
151 Ansarabad Teliana
Sagar
240 1162
152 Kajjakapura 64 303
153 Jalalipura Alaipura 1028 6219
154 Lat Bhairav Saraiya 475 2660
155 Kazipura Khurd Jwahir Nagar
Kal Bhairav
896 4920
156 Pitarkunda Matakund 310 1789
157 Lallapura Muslim Basti Lahangpura 232 1324
158 Sonia Best Sonkar Basti 565 2833
159 Trilochan Bazar
Ma Ganga
94 510
160 Prahladghat Kayasth Tola 285 1595
161 Phatak Taki Ali Khan Pucca Ghat 108 660
162 Naya Mahadev Bhaisasur 289 1508
163 Rajmandir Uchva Gali 29 144
164 Rajghat 94 450
165 Bhadau Ghasiari Tola 612 3605
166 Telianala 101 576
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Sl.
No.
Name of the Slum Name of the
CDC Unit
Number of
Households
Total
Population
167 Golaghat Kameshwar Mahadev Ma Ganga
372 2026
168 Bachui Tola Lalghat 150 1012
169 Manikarnika
Vishwanath
173 811
170 Khadi Talab 100 614
171 Sarai Gobardhan 97 578
172 Lahangpura Aurangabad 232 1952
173 Jangambari Dashashwamedh 474 2286
174 Ramapura 352 1843
175 Sonapura 301 1480
176 Mirbagh Khatikan 200 843
177 Beniabagh Harijan Basti 140 848
178 Faridpur 182 894
179 Matakund Lallapura Khurd
Vindhyavasini
219 1221
180 Sonia Best Amarnagar Harijan Basti 105 608
181 Lallapura Muslim Basti Nayi Pokhri 624 3471
182 Lallapura Bara Chakra 625 3633
183 Kazipura Khurd Sonia 457 2455
184 Machhodri Park
Baba Sheikh
95 482
185 Salempura 400 2911
186 Hasanpura 444 3348
187 Kudman Shahid 938 5067
188 Katuapura 542 3039
189 Koyla Bazar 102 633
190 Kameshwar Mahadev Trilochan Bazar 120 612
191 Ausanganj Rajapura
Ma
Dhupchandi
273 1450
192 Piyariya Pokhri 176 945
193 Bunkar Colony Nayi Basti Nati Imli 315 1588
194 Senpura 395 2495
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Sl.
No.
Name of the Slum Name of the
CDC Unit
Number of
Households
Total
Population
195 Teliabagh
Ma
Dhupchandi
382 2161
196 Chhoti Maldahiya 173 1831
197 Nawapura Daranagar 360 1798
198 Narharpura 128 740
199 Labour Colony (Dhupchandi) 278 1588
200 Adampura
Benazir
86 455
201 Omkaleshwar 385 2044
202 Chhittanpura 650 4161
203 Nawapura 126 727
204 Phulwaria 192 1181
205 Bandhu Kachhibagh
Kashi
487 2429
206 Usmanpura 309 1994
207 Bakriakund 489 3084
208 Khwajapura 380 2072
209 Jainpur Chohra 549 3533
210 Salarpur 647 2843
Source- DUDA, 2006
The total population of the slums is concentrated mainly in the central city and peripheral
development. 50% of total slums are located in central city while 37% in peripheral area. The
population in slums varies from 200 to almost 9000 people with varied densities. The number of
BPL families comprises nearly 20% of the total slum population while the number of
Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) households is more in Central city than peripheral areas.
Nearly 59.5% of the population in these slums belongs to the SC category. The total number of
households is nearly 57.02 covering approximately 1372.6 hectares of land (approximately 17%)
in the city. The average gross density in slum areas is approximately 330 persons/ hectares in the
city area. The average household size in slums is approximately 8 as compared to the city‘s
average of 7.3. this is comparatively high. The average income of a slum household ranges from
Rs. 100- 150 per day. The table below provides an overview of slums in Varanasi
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URBAN SLUMS IN VARANASI
Indicators Numbers
Total Slum Population (Census 2001) 457613
Average Household Size (Census 2001) 8
Total Number of Households (Census 2001) 57202
Total BPL Population (SUDA) 96344
Total Number of BPL Households 12043
Source: Census 2001; SUDA, Varanasi
These 227 slums have formulated 21 Community Development Centre (CDC), where one CDC
consists of 2000 families or 10,000 population, which are responsible for the overall development
of the slums along with SUDA. Rapid growth of slums in Varanasi has put a lot of pressure on the
existing land resources and infrastructure and has led to deterioration of its physical environment.
Factors that have contributed to slum development in Varanasi include migration of people in
search of jobs, availability of cheap living alternatives such as outside temples where they get
good food from the offerings of the pilgrim or tourists. The existing tourist base of the city creates
opportunities for employment generation, especially for unskilled labour.
Majority of the slums have poor water supply and sanitation facilities; most are either un- sewered
or partially sewered, with disposal of household waste water and solid wastes taking place
directly into open drains. This phenomenon has adversely affected drainage system in these areas
and has led to extensive water- logging. The poor environmental conditions within the slum areas
have adversely affected the health of the residents. Financial constraints on the part of civic
authorities and unauthorized nature of the slums have also contributed to non- delivery and partial
delivery of basic amenities.
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District Urban Development Agency
The institutional responsibility for slum improvement vests with the State Urban Development
Agency (SUDA), the apex policy- making and monitoring agency for urban areas in the state. It
executes various government schemes for urban renewal like- Balmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna,
Integrated Urban Sewerage Plan, National Slum Development Program, etc. SUDA executes all
its programs using beneficiaries for prioritization of needs and execution of schemes.
Fig. 5- Chart Showing the Administrative Structure of DUDA
District Urban Development Agency (DUDA) has been constituted for effective execution of the
SUDA undertakings in all the districts of the state, which includes the respective districts of the
state, which includes development of slum communities, construction of community toilets,
assistance in construction of household latrines, creation of awareness etc. The main aim of
DUDA is poverty alleviation through employment generation. DUDA also works for provision of
sewers, tube- wells etc in slum localities. DUDA has also taken up a series of activities for
infrastructure improvement in slums. DUDA coordinates with CDSs for community participation
in various initiatives undertaken by DUDA in these communities.
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The Slums: Sweeper’s Colony and Harijan Basti
As stated earlier, Varanasi has 210 slums divided into 36 Community Development Samities. Of
these 210 slums, two slums were surveyed- The Sweeper‘s Colony and Harijan Basti located at
Durgakund and Nariya respectively.
Map 4- Satellite Imagery Showing the Location of the Two Surveyed Slums
Source- Google Earth
The Sweeper‘s Colony located at Durgakund in ward Assi has a total of 354 households housing
1973 persons. The slum located within a residential area in built on a private land owned by the
Raja of Amethi. About 84% of the surveyed houses of the slum are semi- permanent in
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Map 5- Satellite Imagery Showing the Sweeper’s Colony, Durgakund
Source- Google Earth
nature i.e., bricked walls with thatched, tiled or plastic and tin sheets used as roofs. The slum
lacks any proper drainage system as well as permanent roads. The roads of the slum are
permanent in nature made of clay and stones mostly. The roads become muddy and suffer from
water logging during the rainy season. Most of the slum dwellers work as permanent or as
temporarily employed sweepers in Varanasi Nagar Nigam (VNN) or at Banaras Hindu University
(BHU). Some of them are also employed as waste collectors at a private waste collection agency,
A2Z.
Harijan Basti in Nariya like the Sweeper‘s Colony is also located within a residential area but on a
municipal land which was left for waste dumping purposes. All the houses in the slums are
permanent houses. Some houses are even two to three storied. The roads
Map 6- Satellite Imagery Showing Harijan Basti, Nariya
Source- Google Earth
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are permanent in nature made of cement tiles and the slum has its own drainage and sewer system
joined with the city‘s main drainage system. The total population of the slum is 8473 residing
in1477 households.
Housing Conditions
Housing, one of the basic needs of every individual is mainly semi- permanent and permanent in
nature at the Sweeper‘s Colony and Harijan Basti respectively. About 90% of the houses in
TYPE OF HOUSES
House Type Sweeper‘s Colony Harijan Basti
Permanent 6 38
Temporary 2 2
Mixed 43 2
Source- Field Survey
Harijan Basti are permanent houses while about 84% of the houses in Sweeper‘s Colony belong
to the mixed type i.e. permanent brick wall with a temporary roof composed mainly of tiles, tin
and plastic sheets. The permanent houses in Harijan Basti have been built under the Swarna Awas
Yojna, a slum housing policy implemented by the Uttar Pradesh government.
Fig. 6- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Types of Houses in the Surveyed Slums
Source- Field Survey
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Most of the houses in Harijan Basti are single storied with some having 2 to 3 stories too while all
Average Number of Rooms Per House
Number of Rooms Sweeper‘s Colony Harijan Basti
One Room 27 6
Two Rooms 15 11
Three Rooms 9 9
More than Three Rooms 0 16
Source- Field Survey
the houses in Sweeper‘s Colony are single storied except two houses which are two storied. The
Fig. 7-Composite Bar Graph showing the number of Rooms Per House
Source- Field survey
total number of rooms per house is unity for about 52% of the surveyed household in Sweeper‘s
Colony while the number is just 14.28% in Harijan Basti. Not a single surveyed household in
Sweeper‘s Colony had more than 3 rooms in their house. The average number of persons living
per room in the Sweeper‘s Colony is 1 while that in Harijan Basti is 3.
The layout of the houses of the two slums is also different with the only common factor being that
there is no space between two adjacent houses. The houses of the Sweeper‘s Colony lack
House in Sweeper’s Colony
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ventilation. Most of the single roomed houses do not have any windows or ventilator. The only
source of air and light circulation within the houses is the main entrance of the house.
Fig. 8- Layout of a House in Sweeper’s Colony, Durgakund
The ventilation conditions in Harijan are just certain degrees better than its counterpart at
Durgakund. Every house in Harijan Basti has at least a single window other than the main
House in Harijan Basti
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Houses in Sweeper’s Colony, Durgakund
Houses in Harijan Basti, Nariya
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Fig. 9- Layout of an House in Harijan Basti, Nariya
entrance. Most of the houses in the slum have two entrances one main and the other a back door
usually opening to another lane.
Income Pattern
Most of the slum dwellers are employed as sweeper‘s in the Varanasi Nagar Nigam or at the
Banaras Hindu University. Some are also employed as solid waste collector‘s in the NGO A2Z.
But it has been observed that most of them are employed are on a contract basis. Some of them
especially the women are involved in the handicraft industry, where they make baskets, bead
necklaces.
If one looks at the income structure, then one sees that about 29.41% of the surveyed households
in Sweeper‘s Colony have an income of less than Rs. 3000 per month though the proportion is
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Source- Field Survey
high in case of Harijan Basti where 43.24% of the surveyed households have an income of less
than Rs. 3000 per month.
Water Facilities
The municipal corporation of the city is the main water supplier to both the slums. However
presence of community wells and hand- pumps also serve as a source of water supply. 75% of the
surveyed households in Sweeper‘s Colony depend on community
Fig. 10- Pie Chart Showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Households at sweeper’s
Colony, Durgakund
Source- Field survey
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water facility like tube wells, wells and roadside water taps for their daily water related needs.
Only 1 household out of every 4 households have their own personal water facilities.
Almost 61.9% of the households have their personal water connection and that 1 household out of
every 3 household depend on community water facilities like well, hand
Fig. 11- Pie Chart Showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Households at Harijan
Basti, Nariya
Source- Field Survey
pumps, etc. Just 38.09% of the households in Harijan Basti depend on community water supply.
We find an almost complete reversal of the situation Of the Durgakund Sweeper‘s Colony in
Nariya Harijan Basti.
Fig. 12- Composite Bar Graph showing the Type of Water Facilities in Various Types of
Houses
Source- Field Survey
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Taking into account both the slums together, it has been observed that 61% of the households
having permanent houses have water facilities at their home. About 3 houses out of every 5
houses are of semi- permanent in nature and that all the temporary houses do not have any
individual toilet. They all depend on community toilet services.
The income pattern reveals that there is an inverse relation between the income pattern and use of
Water Facility
Income (in rupees) Personal (in %)
Community (in %)
< 2500 0 13
2500- 6500 22 36
6500- 10,500 12 2
10,500- 14,500 5 3
>14,500 6 2
Source- Field Survey
community water facility. One can observe that with increasing income people have their own
personal water facility. Persons with income less than Rs. 2500 do not have their own personal
Source- Field Survey
water facility and depend on community water sources. But with people earning more than Rs.
6500 the dependence on community water supply decreases and more owning of personal water
facilities shows an increase.
Toilet Facilities
Toilet facility is one of the major problems faced by most of the slums in Varanasi and it is also a
major problem for Sweeper‘s Colony too. 76.47% of the surveyed households in Sweeper‘s
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Toilet Type Sweeper's Colony
Harijan Basti
Attached Toilet 12 42
Community Toilet 39 0
Source- Field Survey
Colony depend on community toilet facility which is the Sulabh Sauchalay but each and every
Individual Toilet in Harijan Basti
household in Nariya Harijan Basti have individual toilet. However, the community toilet do not
provide 24 hours service.
Fig. 13- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Kind of Toilet Facility Available in the
Surveyed Slums
Source- Field Survey
The toilet services are available from 6:00 a.m. in the morning to 10:00 a.m. at night, and as a
result, most of the slum dwellers prefer to openly defecate in the non- functioning hours of
Community Toilet In Sweeper’s Colony
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the community toilet. Also, it has been observed that most of the children openly defecate either
on the road or even during the working hours of the community toilet.
Two households out of every three households residing in a semi- permanent form of house,
depend on community toilet out of which, most of them being in the Sweeper‘s Colony.
A look at the income pattern shows that similar to water facility, use of toilet facilities also
changes with increasing income. Persons having higher income have individual water facility
while those with lower income depend on community toilets. This relationship is more prominent
in the Sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund because DUDA has constructed individual toilet in Harijan
Basti, Nariya. It is seen that most persons having monthly average income of more than Rs. 2500
have individual toilets.
Source- Field Survey
Fig.14- Composite Bar Graph Showing the Type of Toilet Facilities in Various Types of
Houses in the Slums
Source- Field Survey
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About 93% of the surveyed permanent houses have personal toilet facilities, of which, 95%
belong to the Harijan Basti.
SOLID WASTE AND WASTE WATER DISPOSAL
Disposal of solid waste and waste water is a major issue of both the slums. Presence of garbage in
small as well as large amounts is found in many parts of both the slums. The solid waste is not
collected regularly by the municipality but even though one finds garbage clogging some of the
drains of in the Harijan Basti, Yet they are more regularly cleaned by the municipality. Due to the
clogging of drains, both of the slums suffer from water logging when there is a heavy rainfall and
the situation worsen during the monsoon season.
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CONCLUSION
Drinking water and sanitation facilities are very important and crucial for achieving the goal for
achieving the goal of "HEALTH FOR ALL". Safe drinking water supply and basic sanitation are
so intrinsically linked to human and ecosystem health that they, along with proper hygiene form
the most essential components of a safe and healthy life.
The Urban Sanitation Programme of India has considered the following activities to improve the
sanitation conditions in the urban locales of India:
Providing reasonable level of sanitation facility to a large population.
Total elimination of dry latrines and manual scavenging.
Low cost on-site sanitation in unsewered parts of cities parts of cities, small and medium
towns.
Technological innovations to improve the re-usability of the recycled waste.
"Polluter paying" principle should be applied to finance waste disposal programmes.
Involvement of NGO's, private sector and community.
Converting all existing Dry Latrines to Low Cost Sanitary Latrines.
Recycling the treated effluents for horticulture, irrigation, and water harvesting and
transport system for solid waste disposal.
The study of the two slums of Varanasi reveals that, the serious problem of both the slums is
disposal of waste. However, the sanitation condition in Harijan Basti of Nariya stands at a far
better position than that of the situation at Sweeper‘s Colony, Durgakund. Many of the surveyed
households in Durgakund have electronic appliances like refrigerator, DVD player, and almost all
posses a television set and a mobile, yet they are reluctant to pay for the use of community toilet
and prefer openly defecating. Construction of decentralized individual toilet for every household
in Sweeper‘s Colony is not a feasible idea due to lack of space in the slum. The slum itself is very
congested and any form of newer construction within it would require a complete re- modeling of
the slums which again is not an economical idea for the inhabiting slum dwellers.
However, it becomes apparent that sanitation issues are improving rather than deteriorating. Apart
from a few outliers, most parts in Varanasi have lowered the percentage of their population
without bathroom-access since the last decade. Construction works in the form of better housing,
transport, toilet and water facilities in many parts of the city are in progress and one can be quite
hopeful that the sanitation problems in the city‘s slums are expected to lessen further in the near
future.
Though attempts are being made by the government authorities to upgrade the living environment
in the slums, the general living conditions in the most slums need seminal improvement. The lack
of formal solid waste collection facilities leads to littering and open roadside dumping of waste
and water- logging due to lack of sewerage and drainage facilities, which leads to health hazards.
So, along with all the construction work that DUDA is carrying out in the slums of Banaras, it can
also design an awareness campaign to prevent people from littering the streets.
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FMFE Recommendation
Every slum can have their own representative at the Community Development Samities
for better representation of the problems faced by every slum community.
Self- help groups may be formed among the slum dwellers so that factors like the
cleanliness of the roads, community toilet, etc of the slums can be met by themselves,
without depending on any higher authority.
Peepoo bags - A Swedish firm has come out with a solution for the perennial problem of
toilet access in the slums - Peepoo, a biodegradable toilet bag that can be used to solve the
problem of toilet in Varanasi.
Peepoo Bag
The toilet bag, which has recently undergone field trials in India, Bangladesh and Kenya,
is expected to help mitigate the dreadful situation for millions, especially the women in the
slum areas, says its developer Anders Wilhelmson, an architect and professor in
Stockholm. "Peepoo is not just a toilet bag, it's a solution to human waste disposal
problem, the biggest obstacle to sanitation and public health in developing countries like
India," Wilhelmson told PTI in an email interview from Stockholm.
"It will be of great help particularly for women, who often wait all day until it is dark to go
to the toilet, increasing their chances of infections."
Camilla Wirseen, one of the founders of the Peepoo project, said the bag is designed in a
way that it is easy to use and hygienic.
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Use of Peepoo Bags
"The Peepoo is clean from the beginning and doesn't smell after use and very importantly,
it makes collection of waste very easy," Camila Wirseen said.
The innovation will prove highly beneficial to control the situation, Wilhelson said,
adding that his organization (Peepoople AB) has carried out a small ground test in Bihar
and "the response was overwhelming". Megh Pyne Abhiyan, an NGO, has carried out the
trial in three flood-hit districts of Bihar- Supaul, Khagaria, and Saharsa last year.
Once used, the 14x38 cm slim elongated bag can be knotted and buried under the earth.
With a layer of urea crystals, the waste can turn into fertilizer, killing off disease-
producing pathogens found in feces.
"Not only is it sanitary, they can reuse this to grow crops," Wilhelmson said.
"You can use it directly in a small container or Garden-in-a-Sack. It can also be processed
and mixed with topsoil and loam (clay+sand) creating a soil filled with nutrients."
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About the cost of the bag, the officials said, it will be comparable to the price of
polythenes used to collect garbage.
The market for low-cost toilets in the developing world is about a trillion dollars,
according the World Toilet Organization, a sanitation advocacy group, which has been
organizing World Toilet Summit every year since 2001. Peepoo can be a solution to the
problem of inaccessibility to toilet.
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REFERENCES
i. Chandna R.C., 2001, Population Geography, Kalyani Publishers
ii. Chatterjee, M. Searle, 1981, Reversible Sex Roles, The Special Case of Benaras
Sweepers, Pergamon Press, Oxford UK
iii. Dwivedi Amrita and Kumra, V.K., Solid Waste Management in Varanasi City,
National Geographical Journal of India, September, 2009
iv. Feedback Venture, New Delhi (2006), City Develoment Plan for Varanasi
(JNNURM) Municipal Corporation, Varanasi
v. Jha Pushpita, Unpublished Dissertation, Problem of Urban Poverty in Varanasi
District, A Study of Rajghat Area
vi. Kaish Mohd. And Singh, Abha Lakshmi, A Comprehensive Vulnerability
Assessment of the Slums of Aligarh, National Geographical Journal of India, June,
2009
vii. Khullar, D.R., 2008, Geography of India, Kalyani Publishers
viii. Kumar Pravin, Unpublished Dissertation, A Geographical study of Durgakund
Slum
ix. Mishra Preeti, Unpublished Dissertation, Urban Sanitation- A Case Study of
Nagwa Ward in Varanasi City
x. Philip Susan, Unpublished dissertation, Slums of Varanasi, A Case Study of
Bajardiha Slum Area
xi. Singh, Bhagya Lakshmi, Unpublished Thesis, Socio- Economic Conditions of
Slum Dwellers: A Case Study of Varanasi District
xii. Singh Deepti, Unpublished Dissertation, Socio- economic Condition of Manduadih
Ward of Varanasi District
xiii. Singh, Rana P. B., (2010), Varanasi, The Heritage City of India: Growth of Urban
Fabric, Visions and Strategies for Future Development, Asian Profile
xiv. Wright, Richard T. and Boorse, Dorothy F., 2010, Environmental Science,
Towards a Sustainable Future, PHI Learning Private limited, New Delhi
xv. Zorbough, H(1929), The Gold Cost and the Slums, Chicago University Press, New
York
xvi. http://hsproindia.asp?SF=19&KI=OT=5, 27/02/2011
xvii. http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/times-of-india-
the/mi8012/is20100308/urban-poor-roof-head-varanasi/ain52388753/, 27/02/2011
xviii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation, 29-04-2011
xix. http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ 29-04-2011
xx. http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/sanitation%20and%20environment.htm 29-04-2011
xxi. http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/new-solution-slum-sanitation, 28-04-2011
xxii. http://www.wastetohealth.com/odorless_public_toilet.html, 29-04-2011
xxiii. http://www.wateraid.org/india/what_we_do/7518.asp, 29- 04-2011
xxiv. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India, 29-04-2011
xxv. http://greenupgrader.com/7230/improving-sanitation-with-the-peepoo-bag/, 29-
04-2011
xxvi. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/57469/peepoo-bag-could-solve-indias.html
29-04-2011
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APPENDIX
Field Survey of the Slums
Sweeper's Colony
Harijan Basti
Total Population 282
288
Male 133
154
Female 149
134
No. of School going children
Male 23
29
Female 12
19
No. of Households 51
42 Households based on Religion
Hindu 46
23
Muslim 1
19
Christian 4
0
Kind of House
Kuchha 2
2
Pucca 6
38
Mixed 43
2
Ownership of the House
Owned 37
38
Rented 14
4
Kind of Roof
Permanent 6
38
Temporary 45
4
No. of Rooms in the House
One room 27
6
Two rooms 15
11
Three rooms 9
9
More than 3 rooms 0
16
Average 3
3
Kind of Toilet
Attached Toilet 12
42
Community Toilet 39
0
Water Facility
Personal 13
26
Community 39
16
No. of Employed Persons
Male 56
71
Female 36
2
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