Infant and Toddler Development Part 2: The First Six Months Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service November 4, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m.

Infant and Toddler DevelopmentPart 2: The First Six Months

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension ServiceCore In-Service November 4, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m.

Debbie Richardson, M.S.Parenting Assistant Extension SpecialistHuman Development & Family ScienceOklahoma State University

IntroductionWelcome

Centra Instructions

Overview of In-service

Resource Materials11/4/2008Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson2Growth charts

2In-Service ObjectiveExtension Educators will be able to describe growth, tasks, behaviors, and abilities of infants from birth through six months including physical, cognitive, sensory, and social development.

11/4/2008Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson3Focus on normative or typical development.3Infant DevelopmentGeneral AreasSensory (sight, hearing, etc.) Gross motor (head control, sitting, walking) Fine motor (holding a spoon, pincer grasp) Language Social

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4Infant DevelopmentDepends on traits he/she was born with (nature) and what he/she experiences (nurture).All areas of development are linked. Each depends on and influences the others.What children experience, including how their parents respond to them, shapes their development as they adapt to the world.Relationships are the foundation of a childs healthy development.

11/4/20085Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonDevelopmental Growth Sequence

Cephalo-caudal: proceeds head to footControl hands before feetThink before actingGets teeth before he walks

Proximal-distal: proceeds from center outwardTrunk , then arms, then hands & feetLarge muscles to small muscles

Simple to complex: Talks, reads, writesLifts head, sits up, creep, crawl, walk, runFeed from bottle before eating finger foods11/4/20086Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonDevelopmental MilestonesPhysical or behavioral signs of development or maturation of infants and children. General guidelinesevery babys growth is unique and all grow and develop at different rates.Grow in spurts - a new behavior may appear one day and disappear for several days or weeks. A child may also regress.

11/4/20087Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonRolling over, crawling, walking, and talking are considered developmental milestones and provide important information regarding the child's development.

Premature babiesadjust age by counting it to be closer to to when he was supposed to be born. Often involves subtracting # of weeks born early from chronological age (time since his birth date). Like birhtdate if born full-term.

Once this timing is accounted for, so-called delays in development for many premature babies turn out not to be delays after all.

Likewise, some babies are really older when born and development may appear more mature.7Sensory DevelopmentAll senses are developed by 7th month in utero.From birth, an infant learns about people and things through the use of 5 senses: touch, sound, smell, taste, and sight. Responsive to touch, temperature change, and pain.At birth, can identify people by their odor and show responses to pleasant or unpleasant smells.By 2 weeks, can distinguish between sweet and bitter taste; prefers sweet vs. sour.

11/4/2008Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson8Responsiveness supports babys exploration of the environment.

8Hearing

Turns eyes and head in general direction of sound as young as 3 days old. Prefers low-frequency, rhythmic sounds and human voice. Selectively listens to higher-pitched voices.By 3 weeks, recognizes voices go with particular people. Vestibular (inner ear; balance) - responds to rocking, changing positions. By 2 months, head turns side to side with sound at ear level.By 3 months, determines where sounds are coming from; turns head to sounds.

11/4/20089Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson9VisionNewborn sees within range of 812; slightly blurred. Can track an object moving horizontally about 6 above.One eye may wander or both eyes dont move together smoothly. Unable to perceive depth. Can see light and dark contrasts, but cannot really distinguish color. By 6 weeks, smoothly moves eyes together to follow an object.By 2 months, both eyes can converge on objects up to 24.tracks moving objects up to 180o; prefers facesDifferentiates patterned stimuli from plain; discriminate colors.

11/4/200810Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonVision is least developed sense at birth.10VisionBy 3-4 months:distinguishes objects from backgrounds with minimal contrast; gains ability to see detail. accommodates, focuses eyes with changing object distance.By 4-6 months: vision is clearerperceives relative distancescolor vision develops.turns head toward bright colors and lights.

11/4/2008Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson11ReflexesEnable baby to react to environment. Instinctual and serve as protectionAll infants born with same reflexes but responses are individual.Born with over 70 identified reflex behaviors.Most will disappear between 3 to 6 months.Most important associated with breathing & feeding. Crying often seen as reflex that alerts others of needs.11/4/200812Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson12ReflexesBabinski: Toes fan outward when sole of foot is stroked. Palmar grasp: Infant closes hand, "grips" your finger. Rooting and sucking: When cheek, mouth, lips touched, turns head in search of nipple, mouth open, ready to suck. Hand to mouth: When cheek or palm of hand is stroked, mouth roots and arm flexes to suck fist.Blinking: Tightly shuts eyes to bright lights or loud noise.

11/4/200813Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonInvoluntary movements built into a babys nervous system.

Refer to illustrations.

Some reflexes simply disappear with development while others may develop into purposeful actions as babies gain control over their bodies. Each have functions.

Babinski fades between 8-12 months.

Grasping reflex becomes less strong about 4 months as develop more voluntary control and eventually fine motor abilities later on.

Rooting and sucking reflexes become less strong at 3 months as start gaining voluntary control.Sucking hand helps suck and swallow any mucus that might have been clogging upper airways.

Blinking is permanent.

Tonic neckfencing position; difficult to turn over an outstretched arm. Disappears around 4 months.13ReflexesPlacing: Leg extends (pushes away) when stimulate sole of foot.Stepping: When held upright and feet placed on a surface, lifts one leg then other like walking steps. Moro (startle): Extends arms, legs, & arches back, then bends and pulls them in toward body, with brief cry; triggered by loud sounds, sudden moves.Tonic neck: Arm extends in direction infant gazes, while opposite arm and leg flex inward.Head lift: Lifts & turns head to side when on belly.

11/4/200814Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonMoro reflex disappears by 5 months.

Stepping reflex disappears about 3 months. Debated whether this reflex is important to later walking.

Sneezing, coughing, yawning, or short quick breaths can be a reflex action to increase oxygen content in the blood or to clear breathing passages.

14Newborns-Neonates

Ave weight: 5-10 lbs.Ave. length: 18-22 inchesIn first few days, lose about 6-10% of weight and regains or surpasses birth weight within 10-14 days. Head is relatively large, of total length.Skull bones are separated, not fused:allows bones to slide over each other passing through birth canal accommodates rapid brain growthsoft spots on top of head fontanelsAll 20 baby teeth and a few permanent teeth are developing below gum.

11/4/200815Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonFirst month

The "sutures" or anatomical lines where the bony plates of the skull join together can be easily felt in the newborn infant. The diamond shaped space on the top of the skull and the smaller space further to the back are often referred to as the "soft spot" in young infants.

Appearance at birth refer to online

15Newborns-Neonates

Cannot support head without help; unable to support when pulled to a sitting position.Can slightly lift and turn the head Keeps hands fisted or slightly open, but cant hold object.Arms and legs are flexed into body, although can move and thrust all limbs.Few expressions when awake.Make cooing, crying and grunting sounds.11/4/200816Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonExperience only emotions of contentment and distress.

When talked to by familiar caregiver, an interchange takes place that involves looking, listening, vocalizing, and motor movement.

Discovers that she can calm herself by sucking thumb and looking at parents face or matching mobileself-soothing

Gaze aversion infant shifts attention away when aroused to point of distress. 16Newborns-Neonates

Tells parent voice from strangers. Makes eye contact.Very brief memory.Experience only emotions of contentment and distress.When talked to by familiar caregiver, an interchange takes place that involves looking, listening, vocalizing, and motor movement.Discovers self-soothing - can calm self by sucking thumb and looking at parents face or matching mobile.Gaze aversion shifts attention away when aroused to point of distress. 11/4/2008Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson17

Second Month

Briefly holds rattle or other object then drops.Roll part way from side to back.Closure of posterior fontanelle (back of head). Stepping and grasp reflexes disappear.Strengthening neck muscles; less head lag. On tummy, able to lift head almost 45 degrees. Less flexing of the arms and legs while on tummy.

11/4/200818Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonSecond Month

Coos and makes small throat sounds like gurgling.Smiles spontaneously; establishes eye contact.Crying becomes differentiated. Recognizes mother. Reacts to sight of breast/bottle.Makes vocal response to familiar voices. Learning to regulate their eating and sleeping patterns, and emotions which helps them feel content, safe and secure. Joy becomes a differentiated emotion.

11/4/200819Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonThird Month

Stretch arms and legs all the way out.Sits when supported and can hold head steady.Suck fingers & fists; holds up hand & looks at it.Begins to play with hands; reaches for things with both hands and tries to hold them. Holds objects longer.Roll from back to side.Makes crawling movements.Scratches surface with fingers.

11/4/200820Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonThird Month

Tracks objects in circular path. Glances between 2 objects (bell to rattle).Vocalizes more, cries less, makes louder sounds.Responds to voices; recognizes other familiar adults.Laughs out loud; squeals.Cries differently for different needs. Starts to understand cause and effect (ex. If I hit the mobile it moves or smile, coo, babble then pause and wait for a response).Imitation (e.g. sticking out tongue)

11/4/200821Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonFourth Month

10-18 lbs. and 23-27; slowing weight gain Reflexes fading - Moro, tonic neck, rooting, graspingAlmost no head lag while pulled into sitting position. Sits up straight if propped and supported. Stands with support.Can raise head 90o when placed on tummy. Rolls from side to side or front to back.11/4/200822Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonReflexes being replaced by voluntary movements.22Fourth Month

Tries to reach objects with hands. Grasp & play with rattle when placed in hands, but can't pick it up. Places and explores objects in mouth. Can hold toy and look at it steadily.Wiggles, kicks arms and legs; plays with fingers, hands, toes.Longer babbling, cooing sounds (aaah, oooh, eeeh).Laughs; Returns a smile.

11/4/200823Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonFourth Month

Responds to peek-a-boo games.Begins to show memory. Demands attention by fussing. Recognizes parent voice or touch.Repeats actions for a reaction (e.g. hitting mobile).Blows bubbles with mouth.Teething may begin.

11/4/200824Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonFifth Month

Double birth weight.May start to scoot or attempt to crawl.Able to sit alone without support for only moments at first, then up to 30 seconds or more; improving balance.Rolls from back to stomach. On tummy, can push up with arms to raise the shoulders and head above surface and look around or reach for objects.

11/4/200825Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonFifth Month

Begins to grasp blocks or cubes using the ulnar-palmar grasp technique (pressing the block into palm of hand while flexing or bending wrist in). Doesnt use thumb opposition. Bangs with a toy.Begins wanting to explore their food and help feed themselves. Understands own name.Recognizes difference between lower voice of father and higher voice of mother.Turns head toward a voice; responds to voices. Begins to initiate interactions.

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Sixth Month

Pulls self up in sitting position.Stands with support and bears almost all weight.Creeps like army crawl on tummy.Able to sit in a high chair with a straight back. Able to hold bottle for short periods.Better at reaching and grasping; can pick up a dropped object; transfers object from one hand to other.Begins to realize that if an object is dropped, it is still there and looks for it (permanence). Plays with toys.

11/4/200827Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson

Sixth Month

Teething; first tooth/teeth may appear.Can locate sounds not made directly at the ear level. Responds and vocalizes to own name.Enjoys hearing own voice and experiments with own sounds; makes sounds (vocalizes) to mirror and toys; Makes consonant sounds and sounds resembling one-syllable words. Shows pleasure/displeasure with sounds; Prefers more complex sound stimulation.

11/4/200828Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonSixth Month

Begins to imitate actions and sounds.Laughs and squeals.Recognizes parents; distinguishes mother/father.Can tell when adult is happy or angry by tone of voice.Initiates social contacts by grabbing adults hair, face, clothes, glasses.Raises arms to be picked up.Differentiates fear from discontent.Begins to fear strangers (stranger anxiety).

11/4/200829Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonCommunicationNewborns use their gestures, sounds and facial expressions to communicate their feelings and needs from day one. Socializes by watching your face and exchanging looks.Asks for a break by looking away, arching their back, frowning, or crying.11/4/200830Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonRefer to handouts on Understanding Infant Behavior, cues, etc. 30SmilingAppears at about 1 week. At 1 month, smiles are directed toward people. By about 3 months, will smile in response to a smile or attention; will smile more to a familiar face than an unfamiliar one.

11/4/2008Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson31Smiling is a basic means of communication; a way of endearing themselves to parents.

31CryingVitally important means of communication from birth.Inherent biological response in most humans to crying insures the infant's survival.Do not produce tears at first. Use different cries when hungry, tired, bored, cold, pain, anger, stimulation. At 2 months, will cry when left alone. Amount of crying in the first 3 months varies in a healthy infant, from 1 - 3 hours a day. Infants who cry more than 3 hours a day are often described as having colic. Colic is rarely due to a problem with the body.

11/4/200832Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonExcessive crying can be a complex problem that deserves a medical evaluation.

326 States of Consciousness

Quiet Sleep: No movements; still & relaxed; slow regular breathing.Active Sleep: REM, eyes move beneath closed lids; twitches, facial expressions, whimpers; brain is very active, irregular breathing.Drowsiness: Between sleep and awake; still, quiet, eyes open and close; can be roused into wakefulness; may be a bit disorganized.Quiet Alert: Quiet and active to stimuli; intensely look at persons & objects; eyes open wide, bright expressions; little body movement; regular breathing.Active Alert: Highly active; bursts of uncoordinated movement; irregular breathing; face may be relaxed or tense; fussiness.Crying: Contorts face, emits distressing sounds; communicating needs; may move limbs.

11/4/200833Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonAlso referred to psychological states, in relation to how aroused and alert the infant is. Degree of wakefulness. Daily rhythms.

2 are sleeping states alternate about every 30 min.REM rapid eye movementDuring sleep, eyes are closed; are not aroused or stimulated by moderate noise or other sensations.

Drowsiness is intermediate state.

2 waking states.

In quiet alert, it is believed that quiet alert state may be when newborns come to learn about world.

In awake/active, believed this is state newborns acquire motor abilities. Active alert may appear when ready to eat or fussy.Ability to move smoothly from one state to another is one of most reliable signs of nervous system maturity and health. Heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, body movements vary with each state.

How much time newborn spends in specific states and how rapidly, predictably, and good-naturedly they shift from one state to another will vary among infants. Differences also exist across cultures.33SleepMost newborns - about 16-20 hours/day. Older infants - about 14-16 hours/day. Usually sleep in several periods during day and night ranging from less than an hour to many hours. Periods may be related to eating schedule. Sleep/wake cycles occur in random intervals of 30-50 minutes at birth and gradually increase as the infant matures.

11/4/200834Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonSleep may be one way infants take breaks from the barrage of overwhelming stimuli. Less stress.

34SleepNewborn babies do not have regular sleep patterns. After a few months, many babies develop a more set schedule. Begin to sleep longer through night, yet still often wake up. By 4 months, most will have one 5-6 hour period of uninterrupted sleep.By 1 year, usually able to sleep through night with morning and/or afternoon nap.

11/4/200835Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonEach baby is different and has his/her own habits of sleep.

Babies have different biological clocks that regulate sleeping and eating which may last for years.

Babies need adequate daytime rest. Keeping baby awake all day will not help them sleep better at night.

35Bodily FunctionsMany are not stable in the first months after birth.Variability is normal and differs from infant to infant. Stress and stimulation can affect: Bowel movements Gagging Hiccupping Skin color Vomiting Yawning Temperature control

11/4/200836Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonBodily FunctionsPeriodic breathing (starts and stops again) is normal and not a sign of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). Some will vomit after each feeding, but have nothing physically wrong with them; continues to gain weight and develop normally.Some grunt and groan distressfully while making a bowel movement but produce soft, blood-free stools, and their growth and feeding remain good. This is due to immature abdominal muscles used for pushing and does not require intervention.

11/4/2008Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson37FeedingBreast-fed infants will feed about every 2 hours.Formula-fed infants should be able to go 3 hours between feedings. During periods of rapid growth, they may feed more often.An infant who is drinking enough will produce 6-8 wet diapers in a 24-hour period.

11/4/200838Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. RichardsonGiving the child water is not necessary. 38

Wrap-upQuestions

Discussion

In-service evaluation

Follow-up

Next Session covers 6-18 months: November 13 11/4/2008Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson39Submit questions or comments about this session or for next session.

Post-session assignment: Pick one or more child development or parent ed curriculum or other learning materials. Look for and/or determine the theoretical framework(s).

Post recording of session. 39ReferencesIn addition to the provided resource materials listed on the in-service agenda, various textbooks and other reference materials used for this presentation are available upon request.

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