debate preparation guidelines was the ... - sharpschool
TRANSCRIPT
AP US HistoryMr. Bugge/Mrs. Modzelewski
Chapter 13Debate Assignment
Homework Preparation
DEBATE PREPARATION GUIDELINES
Was the Mexican War an Exercise in American Imperialism?
On Monday, October 26 you will be participating in a debate to facilitate your ability to interprethistorical events. The topic to be debated will be, “Was the Mexican War an Exercise inAmerican Imperialism?”
You have been provided with an essay on the topic to assist you in your preparation. Pleaseconsult the first page of the essay to determine whether you will be arguing “YES” or “NO”.
Homework (to be checked at the beginning of class):
• Read your assigned article.• Create a list of the arguments presented by the author. This is not to be a general
summary of the article, but a detailed listing of the points made by the author.• Anticipate at least three arguments you think the opposing team will make to defend their
position, AND develop a rebuttal to each that could be used in the debate.
On Monday, you will have 15 minutes with your group to prepare for the debate.Rules and procedures for the debate will be provided at that time.
Points will be awarded to each team throughout the debate based on the quality of argumentspresented. A winning team will be determined at the end of the debate.
YES
Rod
olfo
Acu
ña/2
37
the
Un
ited
Stat
esdi
dno
tac
tb
enev
ole
ntly
tow
ard
Mex
ico,
Nor
thA
mer
ican
sco
mm
itte
dat
roci
ties
,an
d,w
hen
they
coul
d,M
exic
ans
resp
onde
d.E
vent
ually
,th
eT
reat
yof
Gua
dalu
peH
idal
goen
ded
the
Mex
ican
-Am
eric
anW
ar,a
nd
nort
hern
Mex
ico
beca
me
part
ofth
eN
orth
Am
eri
can
empi
re.
The
trea
ty,h
owev
er,
did
not
stop
the
bitt
erne
ssor
the
viol
ence
be
twee
nth
etw
ope
ople
s.In
fact
,it
gave
birt
hto
ale
gacy
ofha
te.
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
TO
TH
EIN
VA
SIO
NO
FT
EX
AS
Ang
loju
stif
icat
ions
for t
heco
nque
stha
veig
nore
dor
dist
orte
dev
ents
that
led
upto
the
init
ial
clas
hin
1836
.To
Ang
lo-
Am
eric
ans,
the
Tex
asW
arw
asca
used
bya
tyra
nnic
alor
,at
best
,an
inco
mpe
tent
Mex
ican
gove
rnm
ent
that
was
anti
thet
ica
lto
the
idea
lsof
dem
ocra
cyan
dju
stic
e.T
hero
ots
ofth
eco
nflic
tact
uall
yex
tend
edba
ckto
asea
rly
as17
67,
whe
nB
enja
min
Fra
nkli
nm
arke
dM
exic
oan
dC
uba
for
futu
reex
pans
ion.
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
fili
bust
ers*
plan
ned
expe
diti
ons
into
Tex
asin
the
1790
s.T
heL
ouis
iana
Pur
chas
e,in
1803
,st
imul
ated
U.S
.am
biti
ons
inth
eS
outh
wes
t,an
dsi
xye
ars
late
rT
hom
asJe
ffer
son
pred
icte
dth
atth
eS
pani
sht
bord
erla
nds
“are
ours
the
firs
tm
om
ent
war
isfo
rced
upon
us.”
The
war
wit
hG
reat
Bri
tain
in18
12in
tens
ifie
dA
nglo
-Am
eric
ande
sign
son
the
Spa
nish
terr
itory
.Fl
orid
ase
t the
patt
ern
for
expa
nsio
nist
acti
viti
esin
Tex
as.I
n18
18se
vera
lpos
tsin
east
Flo
rida
wer
ese
ized
inun
auth
oriz
ed,
but
neve
rof
fici
ally
cond
emne
d,U
.S.
jrd1
tary
expe
diti
ons.
Neg
otia
tion
sth
en
Afi
kbus
ter
isan
adve
ntur
erw
hoen
gage
sin
ban
ecti
onis
tor
revo
luti
onar
yac
tivi
tyin
afo
reig
n
inpr
ogre
ssw
ith
Spa
infi
nally
term
inat
edin
the
Ada
ms-
Oni
s,or
Tra
nsco
ntin
enta
l,T
reat
y(1
819)
,in
whi
chS
pain
cede
dF
lori
dato
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esan
dth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
,in
turn
,ren
ounc
edits
clai
mto
Tex
as.T
exas
itsel
fwas
part
ofC
oahu
ila.
Man
yN
orth
Am
eric
ans
still
clai
med
that
Tex
asbe
long
edto
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es,
repe
atin
gJe
ffer
son’
scl
aim
that
Tex
as’s
boun
dary
exte
nded
toth
eR
IoG
rand
ean
dth
atit
was
part
ofth
eL
ouis
iana
Pur
chas
e.T
hey
cond
emne
dth
eA
dam
sO
nis
Tre
aty.
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
sco
ntin
ued
pre
ten
sion
sto
Tex
asan
dm
ade
fora
ysin
toT
exas
sim
ilar
toth
ose
they
had
mad
ein
toFl
orid
a.In
1819
Jam
esL
ong
led
anab
orti
vein
vasi
onto
esta
blis
hth
e“R
epu
blic
ofT
exas
.”L
ong,
like
man
yA
ng
los,
beli
çved
that
Tex
asbe
long
edto
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esan
dth
at“C
ongr
ess
had
nori
ght
orpo
wer
tose
ll,ex
chan
ge, o
rre
lin
quis
han
‘Am
eric
anpo
sses
sion
.”In
spit
eof
the
host
ility
,th
eM
exic
ango
vern
men
tope
ned
Tex
as,p
rovi
ded
that
sett
lers
agre
edto
cert
ain
cond
itio
ns.
Mos
esA
usti
nw
asgi
ven
perm
issi
onto
settl
ein
Tex
as,
but
hedi
edsh
ortl
yaf
terw
ards
,an
dhi
sso
nco
ntin
ued
his
vent
ure.
InD
ecem
ber
1821
Ste
phen
Aus
tin
fourd
edth
ese
ttle
men
tof
San
Félip
ede
Aus
tin.
Lar
genu
mbe
rsof
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
sen
tere
dT
exas
inth
e18
20s
asre
fuge
esfr
omth
ede
pres
sion
of18
19.I
nth
e18
30s
entr
epre
neur
sso
ught
topr
ofit
from
the
avai
labi
lity
ofch
eap
land
.B
y18
30th
ere
wer
eab
out
20,0
00se
ttle
rs,
alon
gw
ith
som
e2,
000
slav
es.
Settl
ers
agre
edto
obey
the
cond
itio
nsse
t by
the
Mex
ican
gove
rnm
ent—
that
all
imm
igra
nts
beC
atho
lics
and
that
they
take
anoa
thof
alle
gian
ceto
Mex
ico.
How
ever
,A
nglo
-Am
eric
ans
beca
me
rese
ntfu
lw
hen
Mex
ico
trie
dto
enfo
rce
the
agre
emen
ts.
Mex
ico,
intu
rn,
beca
me
in-
YES
Rod
olf
oA
cuña
LE
GA
CY
OF
HA
TE
:T
HE
CO
NQ
UE
ST
OF
ME
XIC
O’S
NO
RT
HW
ES
T
AN
OV
ER
VIE
W
The
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
inva
ded
Mex
ico
inth
em
id-n
inet
eent
hce
ntur
ydu
ring
ape
riod
ofdr
amat
icch
ange
.R
apid
tech
nolo
gica
lbre
akth
roug
hstr
ansf
orm
edth
eN
orth
Am
eric
anna
tion
,fro
ma
farm
soci
ety
into
anin
dust
rial
com
peti
tor.
The
proc
ess
conv
erte
dN
orth
Am
eric
ain
toa
prin
cipa
lin
the
wor
ldm
ark
etpl
ace.
The
war
sw
ith
Mex
ico,
sym
ptom
sof
this
tran
sfor
mat
ion,
stem
med
from
the
need
toac
cum
ulat
em
ore
land
,to
cele
brat
ehe
roes
,and
topr
ove
the
nati
on’s
pow
erby
mil
itar
ysu
peri
orit
y.T
his
[sel
ectio
n]ex
amin
esth
eli
nkbe
twee
nth
eT
exas
(183
6)an
dth
eM
exic
an(1
845—
1848
)W
ars.
Itan
alyz
esN
orth
Am
eric
anag
gres
sion
,sho
win
gho
wE
uro
pean
peop
les
know
nas
“Am
eric
ans”
acqu
ired
wha
tis
toda
yth
eS
outh
wes
t.T
hew
ords
“exp
ansi
on”
and
“inv
asio
n”ar
eus
edin
terc
hang
eabl
y.T
heN
orth
Am
eric
anin
vasi
ons
ofM
exic
oar
eeq
uate
dw
ith
the
forg
ing
ofE
urop
ean
empi
res
inA
sia,
Afr
ica,
and
Lat
inA
mer
ica.
The
urge
toex
pand
,in
the
case
ofth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
,w
asno
tbas
edon
the
need
for
land
—th
eL
ouis
iana
Pur
chas
e,ce
ntra
lIl
linoi
s,so
uthe
rnG
eorg
ia,
and
Wes
tV
irgi
nia
lay
vaca
nt.
Rat
her,
the
mot
ive
was
prof
it—
and
the
war
spr
oved
prof
itab
le,
wit
hth
eE
uroa
mer
ican
nati
onse
izin
gov
erha
lfof
Mex
ico.
Nor
thA
mer
ican
sfo
ught
the
Tex
asW
ar—
that
is,
U.S
.do
llar
sfi
nanc
edit,
U.S
.ar
ms
wer
eus
edon
Mex
ican
soil,
and
Eur
oam
eric
ans
alm
oste
xclu
sive
lypr
ofit
edfr
omit.
Pre
side
ntA
ndre
wJa
ckso
nap
prov
edof
the
war
and
igno
red
Nor
thA
mer
ican
neut
rali
tyla
ws.
The
so-c
alle
dR
epub
lic
held
Tex
asin
tru
stee
ship
unti
l18
44,
whe
nth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
anne
xed
it.T
his
act
amou
nted
toa
decl
arat
ion
ofw
aron
Mex
ico.
Whe
nM
exic
ore
spon
ded
bybr
eaki
ngd
iplo
mat
icre
lati
ons,
the
Nor
thA
mer
ican
sus
edth
isex
cuse
tom
anuf
actu
reth
ew
ar.
Man
yN
orth
Am
eric
ans
ques
tion
edth
em
oral
ity
ofth
ew
arbu
tsu
ppor
ted
thei
rgo
vern
men
tbec
ause
itw
asth
eir
coun
try,
righ
tor
wro
ng.
Thi
s[s
elec
tion]
does
not
focu
son
the
war
s’ba
ttle
sor
hero
es,
but
onho
wN
orth
Am
eric
ans
rati
onal
ized
thes
ein
vasi
ons
and
have
deve
lope
dhi
stor
ical
amne
sia
abou
tits
caus
esan
dre
sult
s.W
aris
neit
her
rom
anti
cno
rju
st,
and
Exc
erpt
edfr
omR
odol
foA
cuña
,O
ccup
ied
Am
eric
a:A
His
tory
ofC
hica
nos,
3rd
ed.
(Har
per
&R
ow,
1988
).C
opyr
ight
©19
88by
Rod
olfo
Acu
na.
Rep
rint
edby
perm
issi
onof
Add
ison
-Wes
ley
Edu
cati
onal
Pub
lish
ers,
Inc.
Not
esom
itte
d.
236
238
I11
.W
AS
TH
EM
EX
ICA
NW
AR
AN
EX
ER
CIS
EIN
AM
ER
ICA
NIM
PE
RIA
LIS
M?
YE
SR
od
olf
oA
cuñ
a/
239
crea
sing
lyal
arm
edat
the
floo
dof
imm
igr
ants
from
the
U.S
.M
any
sett
lers
cons
ider
edth
ena
tive
Mex
ican
sto
beth
ein
trud
ers.
Ina
dis
pute
wit
hM
exic
ans
and
Indi
ans,
asw
ell
asw
ith
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
sett
lers
,Hay
den
Edw
ards
arbi
trar
ily
atte
mpt
edto
evic
tse
ttle
rsfr
omth
ela
ndbe
fore
the
conf
lict
ing
clai
ms
coul
dbe
sort
edou
tby
the
Mex
ican
auth
orit
ies.
As
are
sult
Mex
ican
auth
orit
ies
null
ifie
dhi
sse
ttle
men
tco
ntr
act
and
orde
red
him
tole
ave
the
ter
rito
ry.
Edw
ards
and
his
foll
ower
sse
ized
the
tow
nof
Nac
ogdo
ches
and
onD
ecem
ber
21,
1826
,pr
ocla
imed
the
Rep
ubli
cof
Fre
doni
a.M
exic
anof
fici
als,
supp
orte
dby
som
eA
nglo
-Am
eric
ans
(suc
has
Ste
phen
Aus
tin)
,su
ffoc
ated
the
Edw
ards
revo
lt,
How
ever
,man
yU
.S.n
ewsp
aper
spl
ayed
upth
ere
bell
ion
as“2
00M
enA
gain
sta
Nat
ion!
”an
dde
scri
bed
Edw
ards
and
his
foll
ower
sas
“apo
stle
sof
dem
ocra
cycr
ushe
dby
anal
ien
civi
liza
tion
.”In
1824
Pre
side
ntJo
hnQ
uinc
yA
dam
s“b
egan
putt
ing
pres
sure
onM
exic
oin
the
hope
ofpe
rsua
ding
her
tore
ctif
yth
efr
ontie
r.A
nyof
the
Tex
anri
vers
wes
tof
the
Sab
ine—
the
Bra
zos,
the
Col
orad
o,th
eN
uece
s—w
aspr
efer
able
toth
eSa
bine
,th
ough
the
Rio
Gra
nde
was
the
one
desi
red.
”In
1826
Ada
ms
offe
red
tobu
yT
exas
for
the
sum
of$1
mil
lion
.W
hen
Mex
ican
auth
orit
ies
refu
sed
the
offe
r,th
eU
nite
dSt
ates
laun
ched
anag
gres
sive
fore
ign
polic
y,at
tem
ptin
gto
coer
ceM
exic
oin
tose
lling
Tex
as.
Mex
ico
coul
dno
tco
nsol
idat
eits
con
trol
over
Tex
as:
the
num
ber
ofA
nglo
-A
mer
ican
sett
lers
and
the
vast
ness
ofth
ete
rrit
ory
mad
eit
anal
mos
tim
poss
ible
task
.A
nglo
-Am
eric
ans
had
alre
ady
cre
ated
apr
ivil
eged
cast
e,w
hich
depe
nded
ingr
eat
part
onth
eec
onom
icad
vant
age
give
nto
them
byth
eir
slav
es.W
hen
Mex
ico
abol
ishe
dsl
aver
y,on
Sep
tem
ber
15,
1829
,E
uroa
mer
ican
sci
rcum
vent
edth
ela
wby
“fre
eing
”th
eir
slav
esan
dth
ensi
gnin
gth
emto
lifel
ong
cont
ract
sas
inde
ntur
edse
rvan
ts.
Ang
los
rese
nted
the
Mex
ican
orde
ran
dco
nsid
ered
itan
infr
inge
men
ton
thei
rpe
rson
allib
ertie
s.In
1830
Mex
ico
proh
ibit
edfu
rthe
rA
nglo
-A
mer
ican
imm
igra
tion
.M
eanw
hile
,A
ndr
ewJa
ckso
nin
crea
sed
tens
ions
byat
tem
ptin
gto
purc
hase
Tex
asfo
ras
muc
has
$5m
illio
n.M
exic
anau
thor
itie
sre
sent
edth
eA
ngl
o-A
mer
ican
s’re
fusa
lto
subm
itto
Mex
ican
law
s.M
exic
om
oved
rein
forc
emen
tsin
toC
oahu
ila,
and
read
ied
them
inca
seof
trou
ble.
Ang
los
view
edth
ism
ove
asan
act
ofho
stili
ty.
Ang
loco
loni
sts
refu
sed
topa
ycu
sto
ms
and
activ
ely
supp
orte
dsm
uggl
ing
activ
ities
.W
hen
the
“war
part
y”ri
oted
atA
nahu
acin
Dec
embe
r18
31,i
thad
the
popu
lar
supp
ort
ofA
nglo
s.O
neof
itsle
ader
sw
asSa
mH
oust
on,
who
“was
akn
own
prot
égé
ofA
ndre
wJa
ckso
n,no
wpr
esid
ent
ofth
eU
nite
dS
tate
s....
Hous
ton’
sm
otiv
atio
nw
asto
brin
gT
exas
into
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes.
”...
TH
EIN
VA
SIO
NO
FT
EX
AS
Not
all
the
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
sfa
vore
dth
eco
nflic
t.A
usti
n,at
firs
t,be
long
edto
the
peac
epa
rty.
Ulti
mat
ely,
this
fact
ion
join
edth
e“h
awks
.”E
ugen
eC
.B
arke
rst
ates
that
the
imm
edia
teca
use
ofth
ew
arw
as“t
heov
erth
row
ofth
eno
min
alre
publ
ic[b
yS
anta
Ann
a]an
dth
esu
bst
itu
tion
ofce
ntra
lize
dol
igar
chy,
”w
hich
al
lege
dly
wou
ldha
vece
ntra
lize
dM
exic
anco
ntro
l.B
arke
radm
its
that
“ear
nest
pat
riot
slik
eB
enja
min
Lun
dy,
Will
iam
Elle
ryC
hann
ing,
and
John
Qui
ncy
Ada
ms
saw
inth
eT
exas
revo
luti
ona
disg
race
ful
af
fair
prom
oted
byth
eso
rdid
slav
ehol
ders
and
land
spec
ulat
ors.
”
Bar
ker
para
llel
sth
eT
exas
fili
bust
eran
dth
eA
mer
ican
Rev
olut
ion,
stat
ing:
“In
each
,th
ege
nera
lca
use
ofre
volt
was
the
sam
e—a
sudd
enef
fort
toex
tend
impe
rial
auth
orit
yat
the
expe
nse
oflo
cal
priv
ileg
eA
ccor
ding
toB
arke
rin
both
inst
ance
sth
ece
ntra
lgo
vern
men
tsat
tem
pted
toen
forc
eex
isti
ngla
ws
that
conf
lict
edw
ith
the
illeg
alac
tiviti
esof
som
eve
ryar
ticu
late
peop
le.
Bar
ker
furt
her
just
ifie
dth
eA
nglo
-Am
eric
ans’
acti
ons
byob
serv
ing:
“At
the
clos
eof
sum
mer
in18
35th
eT
exan
ssa
wth
emse
lves
inda
nger
ofbe
com
ing
the
alie
nsu
bjec
tsof
ape
ople
tow
hom
they
deli
bera
tely
beli
eved
them
selv
esm
oral
ly,
inte
llec
tual
lyan
dpo
liti
call
ysu
peri
orT
hera
cial
feel
ing
inde
edun
derl
ayan
dco
lore
dT
exan
-Mex
ican
rela
tion
sfr
omth
ees
tabl
ishm
ent
ofth
efi
rst
Ang
lo-
Am
eric
anco
lony
in18
21.”
The
conf
lict,
acco
rdin
gto
Bar
ker,
was
inev
itab
lean
d,co
nseq
uent
ly,j
ustif
ied.
Tex
ashi
stor
yis
am
ixtu
reof
sele
cted
fact
and
gene
rali
zed
myt
h.M
any
his
tori
ans
adm
itth
atsm
uggl
ers
wer
eup
set
wit
hM
exic
os
enfo
rcem
ent
ofhe
rim
port
law
sth
atE
uroa
mer
ican
sw
ere
angr
yab
out
eman
cipa
tion
law
s,an
dth
atan
incr
easi
ngnu
mbe
rof
the
new
ar
riva
lsfr
omth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
acti
vely
agi
tate
dfo
rind
epen
denc
e.B
utde
spit
eth
ese
adm
issi
ons,
man
yhi
stor
ians
like
Bar
ker
refu
seto
blam
eth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
.A
usti
nga
veth
eca
llto
arm
son
Sep
tem
ber
19,
1835
,st
atin
g,“W
aris
our
only
reco
urse
.T
here
isno
othe
rre
med
y.”
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
sen
joye
dve
ryre
alad
vant
ages
in18
35.
The
yw
ere
“def
endi
ng”
terr
ain
wit
hw
hich
they
wer
efa
mili
ar.
The
5,00
0M
exic
ans
livi
ngin
the
terr
itor
ydi
dno
tjoi
nth
em, b
utth
eA
nglo
popu
lati
onha
dsw
elle
dto
alm
ost
30,0
00.
The
Mex
ican
nati
onw
asdi
vide
d,an
dth
ece
nter
sof
pow
erw
ere
thou
sand
s
ofm
iles
from
Tex
as.
From
the
inte
rior
ofM
exic
o,S
anta
Ann
ale
dan
arm
yof
abou
t6,
000
cons
crip
ts,
man
yof
who
mha
dbe
enfo
rced
into
the
arm
yan
dth
enm
arch
edhu
ndre
dsof
mil
esov
erho
t,ar
idde
sert
land
.M
any
wer
eM
ayan
and
did
not
spea
kS
pani
sh.
InF
ebru
ary
1836
the
maj
orit
yar
rive
din
Tex
as,
sick
and
ill-
prep
ared
tofi
ght.
InSa
nA
nton
ioth
edi
ssid
ents
took
refu
gein
afo
rmer
mis
sion
,th
eA
lam
o.T
hesi
ege
bega
nin
the
firs
tw
eek
ofM
arch
.In
the
days
that
foll
owed
,th
ede
fend
ers
infl
icte
dhe
avy
casu
alti
eson
the
Mex
ican
forc
es,
but
even
tual
lyth
eM
exic
ans
won
out.
Asc
ore
ofpo
pula
rbo
oks
have
been
wri
tten
abou
tM
exic
ancr
uelt
yin
rela
tion
toth
eA
lam
oan
dab
out
the
hero
ics
ofth
edo
omed
men
.T
here
sult
was
the
crea
tion
ofth
eA
lam
om
yth.
With
inth
ebr
oad
fram
ewor
kof
wha
tac
tual
lyha
ppen
ed—
187
fili
bust
ers
barr
icad
ing
them
selv
esin
the
Ala
mo
inde
fian
ceof
Sant
aA
nna’
sfo
rce,
whi
ch,
acco
rdin
gto
Mex
ican
sour
ces,
num
bere
d1,
400,
and
the
even
tual
triu
mph
ofth
eM
exic
ans—
ther
eha
sbe
enm
ajor
dist
orti
on.
Wal
ter
Lor
d,in
anar
ticle
enti
tled
“Myt
hsan
dR
ealit
ies
ofth
eA
lam
o,”
sets
the
reco
rdst
raig
ht.T
exas
myt
holo
gypo
rtra
ysth
eA
lam
ohe
roes
asfr
eedo
m-
lovi
ngde
fend
ers
ofth
eir
hom
es;s
uppos
edly
they
wer
eal
lgoo
dT
exan
s.A
ctua
lly,
two-
thir
dsof
the
defe
nder
sha
dre
cent
lyar
rive
dfr
omth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
,an
don
lya
half
doze
nha
dbe
enin
Tex
asfo
rm
ore
than
six
year
s.T
hem
enin
the
Ala
mo
wer
ead
vent
urer
s.W
illia
mB
arre
tT
ravi
sha
dfl
edto
Tex
asaf
terk
illin
ga
man
,ab
ando
ning
his
wif
ean
dtw
och
ildr
en.
Jam
esB
owie
,an
infa
mou
sbr
awle
r,m
ade
afo
rtu
neru
nnin
gsl
aves
and
had
wan
dere
din
toT
exas
sear
chin
gfo
rlo
stm
ines
and
mor
em
oney
.T
hefa
ding
Dav
eyC
rock
-
240
I11.
WA
ST
HE
ME
XIC
AN
WA
RA
NE
XE
RC
iSE
INA
ME
RIC
AN
IMP
ER
IAL
ISM
?Y
ES
Rod
olfo
Acu
ñaI2
41
ett,
ale
gend
inhi
sow
nti
me,
foug
htfo
rth
esa
keof
figh
ting
.M
any
inth
eA
lam
oha
dco
me
toT
exas
for
rich
esan
dgl
ory.
The
sede
fend
ers
wer
eha
rdly
the
sort
ofm
enw
hoco
uld
becl
assi
fied
aspe
acef
ulse
ttle
rsfi
ghti
ngfo
rth
eir
hom
es.
The
folk
lore
ofth
eA
lam
ogo
esbe
yond
the
lege
ndar
yna
mes
ofth
ede
fend
ers.
Acc
ordi
ngto
Lor
d,it
isri
ddle
dw
ith
dra
mat
icha
lf-t
ruth
sth
atha
vebe
enac
cept
edas
hist
ory.
Def
ende
rsar
epo
rtra
yed
asse
lfle
sshe
roes
who
sacr
ific
edth
eir
lives
tobu
ym
ore
tim
efo
rth
eir
com
rade
s-in
-ar
ms.
As
the
stor
ygo
es,
Will
iam
Bar
-re
tT
ravi
sto
ldhi
sm
enth
atth
eyw
ere
doom
ed;
hedr
ewa
line
inth
esa
ndw
ith
his
swor
d,sa
ying
that
all
who
cros
sed
itw
ould
elec
t to
rem
ain
and
figh
tto
the
last
.S
uppo
sedl
yal
lth
em
enth
ere
vali
antl
yst
eppe
dac
ross
the
line,
wit
ha
man
ina
cot b
eggi
ngto
beca
rrie
dac
ross
it.C
ou
nt
less
Hol
lyw
ood
mov
ies
have
dram
atiz
edth
ebr
aver
yof
the
defe
nder
s.In
real
ity
the
Ala
mo
had
little
stra
tegi
cva
lue,
itw
asth
ebe
stpr
otec
ted
fort
wes
tof
the
Mis
siss
ippi
,an
dth
em
enfu
llyex
pect
edhe
lp.
The
defe
nder
sha
d21
cann
ons
toth
eM
exic
ans’
8or
10.
The
yw
ere
expe
rtsh
oote
rseq
uipp
edw
ith
rifl
esw
ith
ara
nge
of20
0ya
rds,
whi
leth
eM
exic
ans
wer
ein
adeq
uate
lytr
aine
dan
dar
med
wit
hsm
ooth
-bor
em
uske
tsw
ith
ara
nge
ofon
ly70
yard
s.T
heA
nglo
sw
ere
prot
ecte
dby
the
wal
lsan
dha
dcl
ear
shot
s,w
hile
the
Mex
ican
sad
vanc
edin
the
open
and
fire
dat
conc
eale
dta
rget
s.In
shor
t,il
l-pr
epar
ed,
ill-
equi
pped
,an
dill
-fed
Mex
ican
sat
tack
edw
ell-
arm
edan
dpr
ofes
sion
also
ldie
rs.
Inad
diti
on,
from
all
reli
able
sour
ces,
itis
doub
tful
whe
ther
Tra
vis
ever
drew
alin
ein
the
sand
.Sa
nA
nton
iosu
rviv
ors,
fem
ales
and
nonc
omba
tant
s,di
dno
tte
llth
est
ory
unti
lm
any
year
sla
ter,
whe
nth
eta
leha
dga
ined
curr
ency
and
the
myt
h
was
lege
nd.
Pro
babl
yth
em
ost
wid
ely
circ
ulat
edst
ory
was
that
ofth
ela
stst
and
ofth
eag
ing
Dav
eyC
rock
ett,
who
fell
“fig
htin
glik
ea
tiger
,”ki
lling
Mex
ican
sw
ith
his
bare
hand
s.T
his
isa
myt
h;se
ven
ofth
ede
fend
ers
surr
ende
red,
and
Cro
cket
tw
asam
ong
them
.T
hey
wer
eex
ecut
ed.
And
,fi
nally
,on
em
an,
Lou
isR
ose,
did
esca
pe.
Tra
vis’
sst
and
dela
yed
San
taA
nna’
sti
met
able
byon
lyfo
urda
ys,
asth
eM
exic
ans
took
San
Ant
onio
onM
arch
6,18
36.
At
firs
t,th
est
and
atth
eA
lam
odi
dno
tev
enha
vepr
opag
anda
valu
e.A
fter
war
ds,
Hou
ston
’sar
my
dwin
dled
,w
ith
man
yvo
lunt
eers
rush
ing
hom
eto
help
thei
rfa
mil
ies
flee
from
the
adva
ncin
gM
exic
anar
my.
Mos
tA
nglo
-A
mer
ican
sre
aliz
edth
atth
eyha
dbe
enba
dly
beat
en.
Itdi
d,ne
vert
hele
ss,
resu
ltin
mas
sive
aid
from
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
inth
efo
rmof
volu
ntee
rs,
wea
pons
and
mon
ey.
The
cry
of“R
emem
ber
the
Ala
mo”
beca
me
aca
llto
arm
sfo
rA
nglo
-A
mer
ican
sin
both
Tex
asan
dth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
.A
fter
the
Ala
mo
and
the
defe
atof
anot
her
garr
ison
atG
olia
d,so
uthe
ast
ofSa
nA
nton
io,
San
taA
nna
was
infu
llco
ntro
l.H
era
nSa
mH
oust
onou
tof
the
terr
itor
yno
rthw
est
ofth
eSa
nJa
cint
oR
iver
and
then
cam
ped
anar
my
ofab
out
1,10
0m
enne
arSa
nJa
cint
o.T
here
,he
skir
mis
hed
wit
hH
oust
onon
Apr
il20
,18
36,
but
did
not
follo
wup
his
adva
ntag
e.P
redi
ctin
gth
atH
oust
onw
ould
atta
ckon
Apr
il22
,S
anta
Ann
aan
dhi
str
oops
sett
led
dow
nan
dre
sted
for
the
anti
cipa
ted
batt
le.
The
filib
uste
rs,
how
ever
,at
tack
eddu
ring
the
sies
taho
uron
Apr
il21
.S
anta
Ann
akn
ewth
atH
oust
onha
dan
arm
yof
1,00
0,ye
the
was
lax
inhi
spr
ecau
tion
ary
defe
nses
.T
hesu
rpri
seat
tack
caug
hthi
mto
tall
yof
fgu
ard.
Sho
uts
of“R
emet
hber
the
Ala
mo!
Rem
embe
rG
olia
d!”
fille
dth
eai
r,H
oust
on’s
succ
essf
ulsu
rpri
seat
tack
ende
dth
ew
ar. H
eca
ptur
edS
anta
Ann
a,w
hosi
gned
the
terr
itor
yaw
ay.A
ltho
ugh
the
Mex
ican
Con
gres
sre
pudi
ated
the
trea
ty,
Hou
ston
was
elec
ted
pres
iden
tof
the
Rep
ublic
ofT
exas
.Fe
wM
exic
anpr
ison
ers
wer
eta
ken
atth
eba
ttle
ofS
anJa
cint
o,T
hose
who
surr
ende
red
“wer
ecl
ubbe
dan
dst
abbe
d,so
me
onth
eir
knee
s.T
hesl
aughte
r...
beca
me
met
hodi
cal:
the
Tex
anri
flem
enkn
elt
and
pour
eda
stea
dyfi
rein
toth
epa
cked
,jo
stli
ngra
nks.
”T
hey
shot
the
“Mes
kins
”dow
nas
they
fled
.T
hefi
nal
coun
tsh
owed
630
Mex
ican
sde
adve
rsus
2T
exan
s.E
ven
San
taA
nna
was
not
let
off
ligh
tly;
acco
rdin
gto
Dr.
Cas
ta.n
eda,
Sant
aA
nna
“was
mer
cile
ssly
drag
ged
from
the
ship
heha
dbo
arde
d,su
bjec
ted
tom
ore
than
six
mon
ths’
men
talt
ortu
rean
din
dign
itie
sin
Tex
aspr
ison
cam
ps.”
The
Eur
oam
eric
anvi
ctor
ypa
ved
the
way
for
the
Mex
ican
-Am
eric
anW
ar.O
ffi
cial
lyth
eU
nite
dS
tate
sha
dno
tta
ken
side
s,bu
tm
en,
mon
ey,
and
supp
lies
pour
edin
toai
dfe
llow
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
s.U
.S.
citi
zens
part
icip
ated
inth
ein
vasi
onof
Tex
asw
ith
the
open
supp
ort
ofth
eir
gove
rnm
ent.
Mex
ico’
sm
inis
ter
toth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
,M
anue
lE
duar
doG
oro
stiz
a,pr
otes
ted
the
“arm
ing
and
ship
men
tof
troo
psan
dsu
ppli
esto
terr
itor
yw
hich
was
part
ofM
exic
o,an
dth
edi
spat
chof
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
troo
psin
tote
rrit
ory
clea
rly
defi
ned
bytr
eaty
asM
exic
ante
rri
tory
.”G
ener
alE
dmun
dP.
Gai
nes,
So
uth
wes
tco
mm
ande
r,w
asse
ntin
tow
este
rnL
ouis
iana
onJa
nuar
y23
,18
36;
shor
tly
ther
eaft
er,h
ecr
osse
din
toT
exas
inan
ac
tion
that
was
inte
rpre
ted
tobe
insu
ppo
rtof
the
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
fili
bust
ers
inT
exas
:“T
heJa
ckso
nA
dmin
istr
atio
nm
ade
itpl
ain
toth
eM
exic
anm
inis
ter
that
itm
atte
red
little
whe
ther
Mex
ico
ap
prov
ed,
that
the
impo
rtan
tth
ing
was
topr
otec
tth
ebo
rder
agai
nst
Indi
ans
and
Mex
ican
s.”
U.S
.ci
tize
nsin
and
out
ofT
exas
loud
lyap
plau
ded
Jack
son’
sac
tions
.T
heM
exic
anm
inis
ter
resi
gned
his
post
inpr
otes
t.“T
hesu
cces
sof
the
Tex
asR
evol
utio
nth
rust
the
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
fron
tier
upag
ains
tth
eFa
rS
outh
wes
t,an
dth
ere
gion
cam
eat
once
into
the
scop
eof
Ang
loam
biti
on.”
TH
EIN
VA
SIO
NO
FM
EX
ICO
Inth
em
id-1
840s
,M
exic
ow
asag
ain
the
targ
et.
Exp
ansi
onan
dca
pita
list
de
velo
pmen
tm
oved
toge
ther
.T
hetw
oM
exic
anw
ars
gave
U.S
.co
mm
erce
,in
dust
ry,
min
ing,
agri
cult
ure,
and
stoc
k-ra
isin
ga
trem
endo
usst
imul
us.
“The
trut
his
that
[by
the
1840
s]th
ePa
cifi
cC
oast
belo
nged
toth
eco
mm
erci
alem
pire
that
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esw
asal
read
yb
uil
din
gin
that
ocea
n.”
The
U.S
.po
pula
tion
of17
mil
lion
peo
ple
ofE
urop
ean
extr
acti
onan
d3
mil
lion
slav
esw
asco
nsid
erab
lyla
rger
than
Mex
ico’
s7
mil
lion
,ofw
hich
4m
illi
onw
ere
Indi
anan
d3
mil
lion
rnes
tizo
and
Eur
opea
n.T
heU
nite
dS
tate
sac
ted
arro
gant
lyin
for
eign
affa
irs,
part
lybe
caus
eits
citi
zens
be
liev
edin
thei
row
ncu
ltur
alan
dra
cial
supe
rior
ity.
Mex
ico
was
plag
ued
wit
hfi
nanc
ial
prob
lem
s,in
tern
alet
hnic
con
flic
ts,a
ndpo
orle
ader
ship
.Gen
eral
anar
chy
wit
hin
the
nati
onco
nspi
red
agai
nst
itsco
hesi
vede
velo
pmen
t.B
y18
44w
arw
ith
Mex
ico
over
Tex
asan
dth
eS
outh
wes
tw
ason
lya
mat
ter
oftim
e.Ja
mes
K.
Polk
,w
host
rong
lyad
vo
cate
dth
ean
nexa
tion
ofT
exas
and
expan
sion
ism
inge
nera
l,w
onth
epr
esid
ency
byon
lya
smal
lm
argi
n,bu
thi
sel
ecti
onw
asin
terp
rete
das
am
anda
tefo
rna
tion
alex
pans
ion.
Out
goin
gP
resi
dent
242/
11.
WA
ST
HE
ME
XIC
AN
WA
RA
NE
XE
RC
ISE
INA
ME
RIC
AN
IMPE
RIA
LIS
M?
YES
Rod
olfo
Acu
ña/2
43
Tyl
erac
ted
byca
llin
gupon
Con
gres
sto
anne
xT
exas
byjo
int r
esol
utio
n;th
em
ea
sure
was
pas
sed
afe
wda
ysbe
fore
the
inau
gura
tio
nof
Pol
k,w
hoac
cept
edth
ear
rang
emen
t.In
Dec
embe
r18
45,
Tex
asbe
cam
ea
stat
e.M
exic
opro
mptl
ybr
oke
off
dipl
omat
icre
lati
ons
wit
hth
eU
nite
dS
tate
s,an
dP
olk
orde
red
Gen
eral
Zac
hary
Tay
lor
into
Tex
asto
“pro
tect
”th
ebo
rder
.T
helo
cati
onof
the
bo
rder
was
indo
ubt.
The
No
rth
Am
eric
ans
clai
med
itw
asat
the
Rio
Gra
nde,
bu
tba
sed
onhi
stor
ical
prec
eden
t,M
exic
oin
sist
edit
was
150
mil
esfa
rthe
rno
rth,
atth
eN
uece
sR
iver
.T
aylo
rm
arch
edhi
sfo
rces
acro
ssth
eN
uece
sin
toth
ed
isp
ute
dte
rrit
ory,
wan
ting
topr
ovok
ean
atta
ck.
InN
ovem
ber
1845
,P
olk
sent
John
Sli
dell
ona
secr
etm
issi
onto
Mex
ico
tone
goti
ate
for
the
dis
pu
ted
area
.T
hepr
esen
ceof
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
troo
psbet
wee
nth
eN
uece
san
dth
eR
ioG
rande
and
the
anne
xati
onof
Tex
asm
ade
nego
tiat
ions
anab
surd
ity.
The
yre
fuse
dto
acce
ptP
olk’
sm
inis
ter’
scr
eden
tial
s,al
though
they
did
offe
rto
give
him
anad
hoc
stat
us.
Sli
dell
decl
ined
anyt
hing
less
than
full
reco
gnit
ion
and
retu
rned
toW
ashi
ngto
nin
Mar
ch18
46,
conv
ince
dth
atM
exic
ow
ou
ldha
veto
be“c
hast
ised
”be
fore
itw
ould
nego
tiat
e.B
yM
arch
28,
Tay
lor
had
adva
nced
toth
eR
ioG
rande
wit
han
arm
yof
4,00
0.P
olk,
ince
nsed
atM
exic
o’s
refu
sal
tom
eet
wit
hS
lide
llon
his
term
san
dat
Gen
eral
Mai
rano
Par
edes
’sre
affi
rmat
ion
ofhi
sco
untr
y’s
clai
ms
toal
lof
Tex
as,
bega
nto
draf
thi
sde
clar
atio
nof
war
whe
nhe
lear
ned
ofth
eM
exic
anat
tack
onU
.S.
troo
psin
the
dis
pu
ted
terr
itor
y.P
olk
imm
edia
tely
decl
ared
that
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
had
bee
npr
ovok
edin
tow
ar,
that
Mex
ico
had
“she
dA
mer
ican
bloo
du
po
nth
eA
mer
ican
soil
.”O
nM
ay13
,18
46,
Con
gres
sde
clar
edw
aran
dau
thori
zed
the
recr
uitm
ent
and
supply
ing
of50
,000
troo
ps.
Yea
rsla
ter,
Uly
sses
S.G
rant
wro
teth
athe
beli
eved
that
Pol
kpr
ovok
edth
ew
aran
dth
atth
ean
nexa
tion
ofT
exas
was
,in
fact
,an
act
ofag
gres
sion
.H
ead
ded:
“Ih
ada
ho
rror
ofth
eM
exic
anW
ar...
only
Ih
adno
tm
oral
cour
age
enou
ghto
resi
gn
....
Ico
nsid
ered
my
supre
me
du
tyw
asto
my
flag
.”T
hepo
orly
equip
ped
and
poor
lyle
dM
exic
anar
my
stoo
dli
ttle
chan
ceag
ains
tth
eex
pans
ion-
min
ded
Ang
los.
Eve
nb
efo
reth
ew
arP
olk
pla
nned
the
cam
paig
nin
stag
es:
(1)
Mex
ican
sw
ould
becl
eare
dou
tof
Tex
as;
(2)
Ang
los
would
occu
pyC
alif
orni
aan
dN
ewM
exic
o;an
d(3
)U
.S.
forc
esw
ould
mar
chto
Mex
ico
Cit
yto
forc
eth
ebe
aten
gove
rnm
ent
tom
ake
peac
eon
Pol
k’s
term
s.A
ndth
atw
asth
ew
ayth
eca
mpa
ign
basi
call
yw
ent.
Inth
een
d,at
are
lati
vely
smal
lcos
t in
men
and
mon
ey,
the
war
net
ted
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
hu
ge
terr
itor
ial
gain
s.In
all,
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
took
over
1m
illi
onsq
uare
mil
esfr
omM
exic
o.
TH
ER
AT
ION
AL
EF
OR
CO
NQ
UE
ST
Inhi
sO
rigi
nsof
the
War
with
Mex
ico:
The
Polk
-Sto
ckto
nIn
trig
ue, G
lenn
W. P
rice
stat
es:
“Am
eric
ans
have
foun
dit
rath
erm
ore
diff
icul
tth
anoth
erpe
ople
sto
deal
rati
onal
lyw
ith
thei
rw
ars.
We
have
thought
ofou
rsel
ves
asun
ique
,an
dof
this
soci
ety
assp
ecia
lly
pla
nned
and
crea
ted
toav
oid
the
erro
rsof
all
othe
rna
tion
s.”
Man
yA
nglo
-Am
eric
anhi
stor
ians
have
atte
mpte
dto
dism
iss
itsi
mpl
yas
a“b
adw
ar,”
whi
chto
okpl
ace
du
rin
gth
eer
aof
Man
ifes
tD
esti
ny.
Man
ifes
tD
esti
nyh
adits
root
sin
Pu
rita
nid
eas,
whi
chco
ntin
ueto
infl
uenc
eA
nglo
-Am
eric
anth
ought
toth
isda
y.A
c-
cord
ing
toth
eP
urit
anet
hic,
salv
atio
nis
dete
rmin
edby
God
.The
esta
blis
hmen
tof
the
Cit
yof
God
onea
rth
isno
ton
lyth
ed
uty
ofth
ose
chos
enpe
ople
pre
des
tined
for
salv
atio
nb
ut
isal
soth
epr
oof
ofth
eir
stat
eof
grac
e.A
nglo
-Am
eric
ans
beli
eved
that
God
had
mad
eth
emcu
stod
ians
ofde
moc
racy
and
that
they
had
am
issi
on—
that
is,
that
they
wer
epre
des
tined
tosp
read
itspr
inci
ples
.A
sth
eyo
ung
na
tion
surv
ived
its
infa
ncy,
esta
blis
hed
its
pow
erin
the
defe
atof
the
Bri
tish
inth
eW
arof
1812
,ex
pan
ded
wes
twar
d,an
den
joye
dboth
com
mer
cial
and
indust
rial
succ
ess,
its
sens
eof
mis
sion
heig
hten
ed.
Man
yci
tize
nsbe
liev
edth
atG
odhad
des
tined
them
toow
nan
doc
cupy
all
ofth
ela
ndfr
omoc
ean
tooc
ean
and
pole
topo
le.
The
irm
issi
on,
thei
rde
stin
ym
ade
man
ifes
t,w
asto
spre
adth
epr
inci
ples
ofde
moc
racy
and
Chr
isti
anit
yto
the
unfo
rtu
nat
esof
the
hem
isph
ere.
By
dism
issi
ngth
ew
arsi
mpl
yas
par
tof
the
era
ofM
anif
est
Des
tiny
the
apol
ogis
tsfo
rth
ew
arig
nore
the
cons
eque
nces
ofth
edo
ctri
ne.
The
Mon
roe
Doc
trin
eof
the
1820
sto
ldth
ew
orld
that
the
Am
eric
asw
ere
nolo
nger
open
for
colo
niza
tion
orco
nque
st;
how
ever
,it
did
not
say
anyt
hing
abou
tth
atli
mit
atio
nap
plyi
ngto
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
Upper
most
inth
em
inds
ofth
eU
.S.
gove
rnm
ent,
the
mil
itar
y,an
dm
uch
ofth
epu
blic
was
the
acqu
isit
ion
ofte
rrit
ory
No
one
ever
inte
nded
tole
ave
Mex
ico
wit
houte
xtra
ctin
gte
rrit
ory.
L.a
ndw
asth
em
ain
mot
ive
for
the
war
.
Thi
sag
gres
sion
was
just
ifie
dby
arh
etor
icof
peac
e.C
onsi
der,
for
exam
ple,
Pol
k’s
war
mes
sage
ofM
ay11
,18
46,
inw
hich
hega
vehi
sre
ason
sfo
rgo
ing
tow
ar:
The
stro
ngde
sire
toes
tabl
ish
peac
ew
ith
Mex
ico
onlib
eral
and
hono
rabl
ete
rms,
and
the
read
ines
sof
this
Gov
ern-
men
tto
regu
late
and
adju
stou
rbound
ary
and
othe
rca
uses
ofdi
ffer
ence
with
that
pow
eron
such
fair
and
equi
tabl
epr
inci
ples
asw
ould
lead
tope
rman
ent
rela
tions
ofth
em
ostf
rien
dly
natu
re,in
duce
dm
ein
Sept
embe
rla
stto
seek
reop
enin
gof
dipl
omat
icre
latio
nsbe
twee
nth
etw
oco
untr
ies.
The
Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
heco
ntin
ued,
had
mad
eev
ery
effo
rtno
tto
prov
oke
Mex
ico,
but
the
Mex
ican
gove
rnm
enth
adre
fuse
dto
rece
ive
anA
nglo
-Am
eric
anm
inis
ter.
Pol
kre
view
edth
eev
ents
lead
ing
toth
ew
aran
dco
nclu
ded:
As
war
exis
ts,
and
notw
iths
tand
ing
all
our
effo
rts
toav
oid
it,
exis
tsby
the
act
ofM
exic
ohe
rsel
f,w
ear
eca
lled
upon
byev
ery
cons
ider
atio
nof
duty
and
patr
iotis
mto
vind
icat
ew
ithde
cisi
onth
eho
nor,
the
righ
ts,a
ndth
ein
tere
sts
ofou
rco
untr
y.
His
tori
cal
dist
ance
from
the
war
has
not
less
ened
the
need
toju
stif
yU
.S.ag
gre
sso
n.
In19
20Ju
stin
H.S
mit
hre
ceiv
eda
Pul
itze
rpr
ize
inhi
stor
yfo
ra
work
that
bla
med
the
war
onM
exic
o.W
hat
isam
azin
gis
that
Sm
ith
alle
gedl
yex
amin
edov
er10
0,00
0m
anus
crip
ts,
120,
000
book
san
dpa
mph
lets
,an
d20
0or
mor
epe
riod
ical
sto
com
eto
this
conc
lusi
on.
He
was
rew
arded
for
reli
evin
gth
eA
nglo
-A
mer
ican
cons
cien
ce.
His
two-
volu
me
“stu
dy,”
enti
tled
The
War
with
Mex
ico,
used
anal
yses
such
asth
efo
llow
ing
tosu
pp
ort
its
thes
isth
atth
eM
exic
ans
wer
eat
faul
tfo
rth
ew
ar:
Att
hebe
ginn
ing
ofhe
rin
depe
nden
tex
iste
nce,
our
peop
lefe
ltea
rnes
tlyan
den
thus
iast
ical
lyan
xiou
sto
mai
ntai
nco
rdi
alre
latio
nsw
ithou
rsi
ster
repu
blic
,an
dm
any
cros
sed
the
line
ofab
surd
sen
timen
talit
yin
the
caus
e.Fr
ictio
nw
asin
evita
ble,
how
ever
.T
heA
mer
ican
sw
ere
dire
ct,
posi
tive,
brus
que,
angu
lar
and
244/
11.
WA
ST
HE
ME
XIC
AN
WA
RA
NEX
ERC
ISE
INA
ME
RIC
AN
IMPE
RIA
LIS
M?
YES
Rod
olfo
Acu
ñaI2
45
push
ing;
and
they
wou
ldno
tund
erst
and
thei
rne
ighb
ors
inth
eso
uth.
The
Mex
ica
nsw
ere
equa
llyun
able
tofa
thom
our
good
will
,si
ncer
ity.
patr
iotis
m,
reso
lute
ness
and
cour
age;
and
cert
ain
feat
ures
ofth
eir
char
acte
r and
natio
nal c
ondi
tion
mad
eit
farf
rom
easy
toge
ton
with
them
.
Thi
sat
titu
de
ofse
lf-r
ight
eous
ness
onth
epa
rtof
gover
nm
ent
offi
cial
san
dhi
stor
ians
tow
ard
U.S
.ag
gres
sion
ssp
ills
over
toth
ere
lati
onsh
ips
betw
een
the
maj
orit
yso
ciet
yan
dm
inor
ity
grou
ps.
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
sbe
liev
eth
atth
ew
arw
asad
van
tag
eou
sto
the
Sou
thw
est
and
toth
eM
exic
ans
who
rem
aine
dor
late
rm
igra
ted
ther
e.T
hey
now
had
the
bene
fits
ofde
moc
racy
and
wer
eli
bera
ted
from
thei
rty
rann
ical
past
.In
othe
rw
ords
, Mex
ican
ssh
ould
begr
atef
ulto
the
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
s.If
Mex
ican
san
dth
eA
nglo
-Am
eric
ans
clas
h,th
era
tion
ale
runs
,nat
ura
lly
itis
beca
use
Mex
ican
sca
nnot
un
der
stan
dor
appr
ecia
teth
em
erit
sof
afr
eeso
ciet
y,w
hich
must
bedef
end
edag
ains
tin
grat
es.
The
refo
re,
dom
esti
cw
ar,
orre
pres
sion
,is
just
ifie
dby
the
sam
eki
ndof
rhet
oric
that
just
ifie
sin
tern
atio
nal
aggr
essi
on.
Pro
fess
orG
ene
M. B
rack
ques
tion
shis
tori
ans
who
base
thei
rre
sear
chon
Just
inS
mit
h’s
ou
tdat
edw
ork:
“Am
eric
anh
isto
rian
sha
veco
nsis
tent
lyp
rais
edJu
stin
Sm
ith’
sin
flue
ntia
land
outr
ageo
usly
eth
noce
ntri
cac
coun
t.”
TH
EM
YI’
HO
FA
NO
NV
IOL
EN
TN
AT
ION
Mos
tst
udie
son
the
Mex
ican
-Am
eric
anW
ardw
ell
onth
eca
uses
and
resu
lts
ofth
ew
ar,
som
etim
esde
alin
gw
ith
war
stra
tegy
.O
nem
ust
gobey
ond
this
poin
t,si
nce
the
war
left
bitt
erne
ss,
and
sinc
eA
nglo
-Am
eric
anac
tion
sin
Mex
ico
are
vivi
dly
rem
embe
red,
Mex
ican
s’at
titu
de
tow
ard
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
sha
sbe
enin
flu
ence
dby
the
war
just
asth
eea
syvi
ctor
yof
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
cond
itio
ned
Ang
lo-
Am
eric
anbe
havi
orto
war
dM
exic
ans.
Fo
rtu
nat
ely
, som
eA
nglo
-Am
eric
ansco
nd
emn
edth
isag
gres
sion
and
flat
lyac
cuse
dth
eir
lead
ers
ofbe
ing
inso
lent
and
land
-hun
gry,
and
ofha
ving
man
ufa
ctu
red
the
war
.A
biel
Abb
ott
Liv
erm
ore
inTh
eW
arw
ithM
exic
oR
evie
wed
,acc
use
dhi
sco
untr
y,w
riti
ng:
Aga
in,
the
prid
eof
race
has
swol
len
tost
illgr
eate
rin
sole
nce
the
prid
eof
coun
try.
alw
ays
quit
eac
tive
enou
ghfo
rth
edu
eob
serv
ance
ofth
ecl
aim
sof
uni
vers
albr
othe
rhoo
d.T
heA
nglo
-Sax
ons
have
been
appa
rent
lype
rsua
ded
toth
ink
them
selv
esth
ech
osen
peop
le,a
nnoi
nted
race
ofth
eL
ord,
com
mis
sion
edto
driv
eou
tth
ehe
athe
n,an
dpl
ant
thei
rre
ligio
nan
din
stit
utio
nsin
ever
yC
anaa
nth
eyco
uld
subj
ugat
e....
Our
trea
tmen
tbo
thof
the
red
man
and
the
blac
km
anha
sha
bitu
ated
usto
feel
our
pow
eran
dfo
rge
t rig
ht..
..T
hepa
ssio
nfo
r lan
d,al
so, i
sa
lead
ing
char
acte
rist
icof
the
Am
eric
anpe
ople
....
The
god
Ter
min
usis
anun
know
nde
ity
inA
mer
ica.
Lik
eth
ehu
nger
ofth
epa
uper
boy
offi
ctio
n,th
ecr
yha
dbe
en,‘
mor
e,m
ore,
give
usm
ore.
’
Liv
erm
ore’
sw
ork,
publ
ishe
din
1850
,w
asaw
ard
edth
eA
mer
ican
Pea
ceS
ocie
typri
zefo
r“t
hebe
stre
view
ofth
eM
exic
anW
aran
dth
epr
inci
ples
ofC
hris
tian
ity,
and
anen
ligh
tene
dst
ates
man
ship
.”
Intr
uth
,th
eU
nit
edS
tate
sco
nduct
eda
vio
lent
and
bru
tal
war
.Z
achar
yT
aylo
r’s
arti
ller
yle
vel
edth
eM
exic
anci
tyof
Mat
amo
ros,
kill
ing
hundre
ds
ofin
noce
ntci
vili
ans
wit
hla
bom
ba(t
hebo
mb)
.M
any
Mex
ican
sju
mped
into
the
RIo
Gra
nde,
reli
eved
ofth
eir
pain
bya
wat
ery
grav
e.T
heoc
cupa
tion
that
foll
owed
was
even
more
terr
ori
zin
g.
Tay
lor
was
un
able
toco
ntr
olh
isvolu
nte
ers:
The
regu
lars
rega
rded
the
volu
ntee
rs,
ofw
hom
abou
ttw
oth
ousa
ndha
dre
ache
dM
atam
oros
byth
een
dof
May
,w
ith
impa
tien
cean
dco
ntem
pt...
.T
hey
robb
edM
exic
ans
ofth
eir
cattl
ean
dco
rnst
ole
thei
rfe
nces
for
fire
woo
dgo
tdru
nkan
dki
lled
seve
ral
inof
fens
ive
inha
bita
nts
ofth
eto
wn
inth
est
reet
s.
TH
ET
RE
AT
YO
FG
UA
DA
LU
PE
HID
AL
GO
By
late
August
1847
the
war
was
alm
ost
atan
end.
Sco
tt’s
defe
atof
San
taA
nna
ina
har
d-f
ought
batt
leat
Chu
rubu
sco
put
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
sat
the
gate
sof
Mex
ico
Cit
y.S
anta
Ann
am
ade
over
ture
sfo
ran
arm
isti
ceth
atbr
oke
dow
naf
ter
two
wee
ks,
and
the
war
resu
med
.O
nS
epte
mb
er13
1847
Sco
ttdr
ove
mto
the
city
.Alt
hough
Mex
ican
sfo
ught
vali
antl
y,th
eba
ttle
left
4,00
0de
ad,
wit
han
othe
r30
00pr
ison
ers
On
Sep
tem
ber
13, b
efor
eth
eoc
cupa
tion
ofM
exic
oC
ity
bega
n,Lo
sN
iños
Her
oes
(The
Boy
Her
oes)
leap
tto
thei
rde
aths
rath
erth
ansu
rren
der
The
sete
enag
eca
dets
wer
eF
ranc
isco
Már
quez
,A
gust
inM
elga
r,Ju
anE
scut
ia,
Fer
nand
oM
orit
esde
Oca
,Vic
ente
Suá
rez,
and
Juan
del
aBar
rera
The
ybec
ame
‘asy
mbola
nd
imag
eof
this
unri
ghte
ous
war
.”T
heM
exic
ans
cont
inue
dfi
ghti
ng.
The
pre
sidin
gju
stic
eof
the
Sup
rem
eC
ourt
Man
uel
dela
Peñ
a,as
sum
edth
epre
side
ncy.
He
knew
that
Mex
ico
had
lost
and
that
heh
adto
salv
age
asm
uch
asposs
ibl
e.P
ress
ure
incr
ease
d,w
ith
U.S
.tr
oops
inco
ntro
lof
muc
hof
Mex
ico.
Nic
hola
sT
rist
,se
ntto
Mex
ico
toac
tas
peac
eco
mm
issi
oner
,had
arri
ved
inV
era
Cru
zon
May
6,18
47,
bu
tco
ntro
vers
yw
ith
Sco
ttov
erT
rist
’sau
thori
tyan
dil
lne
ssde
laye
dan
arm
isti
ce,
and
ho
stil
i
ties
cont
inue
d.A
fter
the
fall
ofM
exic
oC
ity,
Sec
reta
ryof
Sta
teJa
mes
Buc
hana
nw
ante
dto
revi
seT
rist
’sin
stru
ctio
ns.
He
orde
red
Tri
stto
bre
akof
fne
goti
atio
nsan
dre
turn
hom
e.P
olk
wan
ted
mor
ela
ndfr
omM
exic
o.T
rist
,ho
wev
er,
wit
hth
esu
pp
ort
ofW
infi
eld
Sco
tt,
deci
ded
toig
nore
Pol
k’s
orde
r,an
dbeg
anne
goti
atio
nson
Janu
ary
2,18
48,
onth
eor
igin
alte
rms.
Mex
ico,
badl
ybe
aten
,her
gove
rnm
enti
na
stat
eof
turm
oil,
had
noch
oice
but
toag
ree
toth
eA
nglo
-Am
eric
ans’
prop
osal
s.
On
Feb
ruar
y2,
1848
,th
eM
exic
ans
rat
ifie
dth
eT
reat
yof
Guad
alupe
Hid
algo
,w
ith
Mex
ico
acce
pti
ng
the
RIo
Gra
nde
asth
eT
exas
bord
eran
dce
ding
the
So
uth
wes
t(w
hich
inco
rpora
ted
the
pres
ent-
day
stat
esof
Cal
ifor
nia,
New
Mex
ico,
Nev
ada,
and
par
tsof
Col
orad
o,A
rizo
na,
and
Uta
h)
toth
eU
nite
dS
tate
sin
retu
rnfo
r$1
5m
illi
on.
Pol
k,fu
riou
sab
out
the
trea
ty,
consi
der
edT
rist
“con
tem
ptib
lyba
se”
for
hav
ing
igno
red
his
orde
rs.
Yet
hehad
noch
oice
bu
tto
subm
itth
etr
eaty
toth
eS
enat
e.W
ith
the
exce
ptio
nof
Art
icle
X,
whi
chco
ncer
ned
the
rig
hts
ofM
exic
ans
inth
ece
ded
terr
itor
y,th
eS
enat
era
tifi
edth
etr
eaty
onM
arch
10,
1848
,by
avo
teof
28to
14.
To
insi
ston
mor
ete
rrit
ory
wou
ldhav
em
eant
mor
efi
ghti
ng,
and
both
Pol
kan
dth
eS
enat
ere
aliz
edth
atth
ew
arw
asal
read
yu
np
op
ula
rin
man
ycir
cles
.T
hetr
eaty
was
sent
toth
eM
exic
anC
ongr
ess
for
rati
fica
tion
;al
thou
ghth
eC
ongr
ess
had
diff
icul
tyfo
rmin
ga
quo
rum
,th
etr
eaty
was
rati
fied
onM
ay19
bya
52to
35vo
te.
Hos
tili
ties
betw
een
the
two
nati
ons
offi
cial
lyen
ded.
Tri
st,how
ever
,w
asb
ran
ded
asa
“sco
undr
el,”
be
caus
eP
olk
was
dis
appoin
ted
inth
ese
ttl
emen
t.T
here
was
cons
ider
able
support
inth
eU
nit
edS
tate
sfo
rac
quis
itio
nof
all
Mex
ico.
246
I11.
WA
ST
HE
ME
XIC
AN
WA
RA
NE
XE
RC
ISE
INA
ME
RIC
AN
iMP
ER
IAL
ISM
?Y
ES
Rod
olfo
Acu
ñaI
247
Du
rin
gth
etr
eaty
talk
sM
exic
annego
tiat
ors,
con
cern
edab
ou
t Mex
ican
sle
ftb
ehin
d,
expre
ssed
gre
atre
serv
atio
ns
about
thes
ep
eop
lebei
ng
forc
edto
“mer
ge
orb
len
d”
into
Anglo
-Am
eric
ancu
ltu
re,
The
ypro
test
edth
eex
clu
sio
nof
pro
vi
sions
that
pro
tect
edM
exic
anci
tize
ns’
rights
,la
nd
titl
es,
and
reli
gion
.T
hey
wan
ted
top
rote
ctth
eir
rights
bytr
eaty
.
Art
icle
sV
III,
IX,
and
Xsp
ecif
ical
lyre
ferr
edto
the
rig
hts
ofM
exic
ans.
Under
the
trea
ty,
Mex
ican
sle
ftbeh
ind
had
one
yea
rto
choo
sew
het
her
tore
turn
toM
exic
oor
rem
ain
in“o
ccu
pie
dM
exic
o,”
Abo
ut2,
000
elec
ted
tole
ave;
mos
tre
mai
ned
inw
hat
they
consi
der
edth
eir
land
.A
rtic
leIX
ofth
etr
eaty
gu
aran
teed
Mex
ican
s“t
heen
joym
ent
ofal
lth
eri
ghts
ofci
tize
nsof
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
acco
rdin
gto
the
prin
cipl
esof
the
Con
stit
utio
n;an
din
the
mea
ntim
esh
all
bem
ainta
ined
and
prot
ecte
din
the
free
enjo
ymen
tof
thei
rli
bert
yan
dpr
oper
ty,
and
secu
red
inth
efr
eeex
erci
seof
thei
rre
ligi
onw
ithout
rest
rict
ion.
”L
ynn
I.P
erri
go,
inT
heA
mer
ican
Sout
hwes
t,su
mm
ariz
esth
egu
aran
tees
ofA
rtic
les
VII
Ian
dIX
:“I
not
her
wor
ds,
besi
des
the
righ
tsan
dduti
esof
Am
eric
anci
tize
nshi
p,th
ey[t
heM
exic
ans]
wou
ldha
veso
me
spec
ial
priv
ileg
esder
ived
from
thei
rpr
evio
uscu
stom
sin
lang
uage
,la
w,
and
reli
gion
.”
The
omit
ted
Art
icle
Xh
adco
mpre
hens
ive
guar
ante
espr
otec
ting
“all
pri
or
and
pen
din
gti
tles
top
rop
erty
ofev
ery
des
crip
tion.”
Wh
enA
rtic
leX
was
del
eted
by
the
U.S
.S
enat
e,M
exic
anof
fici
als
pro
test
ed.
Anglo
-Am
eric
anem
issa
ries
reas
sure
dth
emb
ydra
ftin
ga
Sta
tem
ent
ofP
roto
col
onM
ay26
,18
48:
The
Am
eric
ango
vern
men
t by
suppre
ssin
gth
eX
thar
ticle
ofth
eT
reat
yof
Gua
dalu
peH
idal
godi
dno
tin
any
way
inte
ndto
annu
lth
egr
ants
ofla
nds
mad
eby
Mex
ico
inth
ece
ded
terr
itor
ies.
The
segr
ants
...pr
eser
veth
ele
galv
alue
whi
chth
eym
aypo
sses
s,an
dth
egr
ante
esm
ayca
use
thei
rle
giti
mat
e(t
itles
)to
beac
know
ledg
edbe
fore
the
Am
eric
antr
ibu
nals
.C
onfo
rmab
leto
the
law
ofth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
,le
giti
mat
etit
les
toev
ery
des
crip
tion
ofpr
oper
ty,
pers
onal
and
real
,ex
istin
gin
the
cede
dte
rrit
orie
s,ar
eth
ose
whi
chw
ere
legi
tim
ate
title
sun
der
the
Mex
ican
law
ofC
alif
orni
aan
dN
ewM
exic
oup
toth
e13
thof
May
,18
46,
and
inT
exas
upto
the
2nd
ofM
arch
,18
36.
Co
nsi
der
ing
the
Mex
ican
opposi
tion
toth
etr
eaty
,it
isdoubtf
ul
whet
her
the
Mex
ican
Congre
ssw
ould
hav
era
tifi
edth
etr
eaty
wit
ho
ut
this
clar
ific
atio
n.T
hevo
tew
ascl
ose.
The
Sta
tem
ent
ofP
roto
col
was
stre
ngth
ened
byA
rtic
les
VII
Ian
dIX
,w
hic
hguar
ante
edM
exic
ans
rig
hts
ofp
rop
erty
and
pro
tect
ion
under
the
law
.In
addit
ion,
court
dec
isio
ns
hav
egener
ally
inte
rpre
ted
the
trea
tyas
pro
tect
ing
land
titl
esan
dw
ater
rights
.In
prac
tice
,h
ow
ever
,th
etr
eaty
was
ignore
dan
ddur
ing
the
nin
etee
nth
centu
rym
ost
Mex
ica
nsin
the
Unit
edS
tate
sw
ere
consi
der
edas
acl
ass
apar
tfr
om
the
dom
inan
tra
ce.
Nea
rly
ever
yon
eof
the
obli
gat
ions
dis
cuss
edab
ove
was
vio
late
d,
con
firm
ing
the
pro
ph
ecy
ofM
exic
andip
lom
atM
anu
elC
resc
ion
Rej
ón,
who,
atth
eti
me
the
trea
tyw
assi
gned
,co
mm
ente
d:
Our
race
,ou
run
fort
unat
epe
ople
will
have
tow
ande
rin
sear
chof
hosp
ital
ity
ina
stra
nge
land
,on
lyto
beej
ecte
dla
ter.
Des
cend
ants
ofth
eIn
dian
sth
atw
ear
e,th
eN
orth
Am
eric
ans
hate
us,
thei
rsp
okes
men
depr
ecia
teus
,ev
enif
they
reco
gniz
eth
eju
stic
eof
our
caus
e,an
dth
eyco
nsid
erus
unw
orth
yto
form
wit
hth
emon
ena
tion
and
one
soci
ety,
they
clea
rly
man
ifes
tth
atth
eir
futu
re
expa
nsio
nbe
gins
with
the
terr
itory
that
they
take
from
usan
dpu
shin
g[s
ic]a
side
our
citiz
ens
who
inha
bit
the
land
.
As
are
sult
ofth
eT
exas
War
and
the
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
aggr
essi
ons
of18
45—
1848
,th
eoc
cupa
tion
ofco
nque
red
ter
rito
rybe
gan.
Inm
ater
ial
term
s,in
ex
chan
gefo
r12
,000
live
san
dm
ore
than
$100
mil
lion
,th
eU
nite
dS
tate
sac
quir
eda
colo
ny
two
and
aha
lfti
mes
asla
rge
asF
ranc
e,co
ntai
ning
rich
farm
land
san
d
nat
ura
lre
sou
rces
such
asg
old
,si
lver
,zi
nc,
copp
er,
oil,
and
uran
ium
,w
hich
would
mak
epo
ssib
leit
sunpre
ceden
ted
indust
rial
boom
.It
acqu
ired
port
son
the
Pac
ific
that
gene
rate
dfu
rthe
rec
onom
icex
pan
sio
nac
ross
that
ocea
n.M
exic
ow
asle
ftw
ith
its
shru
nken
reso
urce
sto
face
the
con
tin
ued
adv
ance
sof
the
Un
ited
Sta
tes.
SU
MM
AR
Y
The
colo
nial
expe
rien
ceof
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
diff
ers
from
that
ofT
hird
Wor
ldna
tion
s.It
shi
stor
yre
sem
bles
that
ofA
ustr
alia
and/o
rS
outh
Afr
ica
whe
reco
loni
zers
rele
gate
din
dige
nous
po
pu
lati
ons
tofo
urth
-cla
ssci
tize
nshi
pornoncit
izen
ship
.N
ort
hA
mer
ican
indep
enden
ceca
me
atth
eri
ght
tim
e,sl
ight
lyp
red
atin
gth
ein
du
stri
aliz
atio
nof
nin
etee
nth
-ce
ntur
yE
urop
e.It
sm
erch
ants
took
over
alu
crat
ive
trad
enet
work
fro
mth
eB
riti
sh;
the
new
Rep
ub
lic
esta
bli
shed
agovern
men
tth
atsu
pport
edtr
ade,
indu
stry
,an
dco
mm
erci
alag
ricu
ltur
eA
Nort
hA
men
can
ideo
logy
whi
chpre
sum
edth
atL
atin
Am
eric
ans
had
stol
enth
ena
me
Am
eric
aan
dth
atG
odth
ere
alto
rhad
give
nth
emth
ela
nd,
enco
urag
edco
loni
alex
pans
ion.
Mex
ico
,li
kem
ost
Thi
rdW
orld
na
tio
ns
afte
rin
dep
enden
ce,
nee
ded
ape
no
dof
stab
ilit
y.N
ort
hA
mer
ican
pene
trat
ion
into
Tex
asin
the
1820
san
d18
30s
thre
aten
edM
exic
o.T
heU
.S.
econ
omic
syst
emen
cour
aged
expa
nsio
n,an
dm
any
ofth
efi
rst
wav
eof
mig
rants
toT
exas
had
lost
thei
rfa
rms
due
toth
edep
res
sion
of18
19.
Lan
din
Tex
as,
gene
rous
lych
eap,
prov
ided
room
for
the
spre
adof
slav
ery.
Alt
houg
hm
any
Nort
hA
mer
ica
nsin
all
prob
abil
ity
inte
nded
toob
eyM
exic
anla
ws
and
mee
tco
ndit
ions
for
obta
inin
gla
ndgr
ants
,N
ort
hA
mer
ican
ethn
ocen
tric
ism
and
self
-int
eres
tso
oner
oded
thos
ein
tent
ions
.Cle
arly
land
val
ues
wou
ldzo
omif
Tex
asw
ere
par
tof
the
Un
ited
Sta
tes.
Nort
hA
mer
ican
hist
oria
nsha
vefr
equ
entl
yport
rayed
the
Tex
asin
vasi
onas
ase
cond
enco
un
ter
inth
e“A
mer
ican
War
ofIn
depe
nden
ce.”
Myt
hssu
chas
that
ofa
tyra
nnic
alM
exic
angover
nm
ent
have
just
ifie
dth
ew
ar.I
ntr
uth,
the
caus
eof
the
war
was
prof
it.
Mex
ico
did
not
inva
deT
exas
;it
belo
nged
toM
exic
o.F
ewif
any
ofth
eN
ort
hA
mer
ican
sin
Tex
ashad
been
born
ther
eor
had
live
din
Tex
asfo
rm
ore
than
five
year
s.M
osth
adju
stre
cent
lyar
rive
d.S
ome
rich
Mex
ican
ssu
pp
ort
edth
eN
ort
hA
mer
ican
sfo
rob
viou
sre
ason
s—it
was
inth
eir
econ
omic
self
-int
eres
t.A
stal
emat
ere
sult
ed,
wit
hE
uroa
mer
ican
ses
tabl
ishi
ngth
eT
exas
Rep
ubli
c.In
1844
,th
eU
nite
dS
tate
sbr
oke
the
stan
doff
and
anne
xed
Tex
as.
Pre
side
ntJa
mes
K.
Pol
km
anufa
cture
dth
ew
arw
ith
Mex
ico.
Som
eN
ort
hA
mer
ican
sop
pose
dth
ew
ar—
not
ongro
unds
that
itvi
olat
edM
exic
o’s
terr
itor
ial
inte
grit
y,but
beca
use
ofth
epr
obab
ilit
yof
the
exte
nsio
nof
slav
ery.
Man
yN
ort
hA
mer
ican
mil
itar
yle
ader
sad
mit
ted
that
the
war
was
unju
st,
and
that
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
had
com
mit
ted
anac
tof
agg
res
sion
.H
owev
er,
patr
ioti
sman
dsu
pp
ort
for
the
war
over
whe
lmed
reas
onin
the
248/
11.
WA
ST
HE
ME
XIC
AN
WA
RA
NEX
ERC
ISE
INA
ME
RIC
AN
IMPE
RIA
LIS
M?
mar
ch“T
oth
eH
alls
ofth
eM
onte
zum
as[s
ic].
”N
ort
hA
mer
ican
s,bu
oyan
tin
thei
rpr
ospe
rity
,w
ante
dto
prov
eth
atth
eU
nit
edS
tate
sw
asa
wor
ld-c
lass
pow
er.
The
war
beca
me
aP
rote
stan
tC
rusa
de.
Tex
ans
mad
eem
otio
nal
plea
sto
aven
geth
eA
lam
o.B
oth
appea
lsw
ere
inst
rum
enta
lin
arou
sing
Nort
hA
mer
ican
sto
the
call
toar
ms,
topro
ve
thei
rva
lor
and
pow
erof
the
youn
g“A
mer
ican
”dem
oc
racy
.Nort
hA
mer
ican
sold
iers
com
mit
ted
atro
citi
esag
ains
tM
exic
anci
vili
ans;
few
wer
epu
nish
ed.
The
Tre
aty
ofG
uada
lupe
Hid
algo
ended
the
war
,an
dth
eU
nite
dS
tate
sgr
abbe
dov
erha
lfof
Mex
ico’
sso
il.T
hew
arpro
ved
cost
lyto
Mex
ico
and
toM
exic
ans
left
behi
nd.
Acc
ordi
ngto
the
trea
ty,
Mex
ican
sw
hoel
ecte
dto
stay
inth
eco
nque
red
terr
itor
yw
ould
beco
me
U.S
.ci
tize
nsw
ith
all
the
righ
tsof
citi
zens
hip.
How
ever
,th
eT
reat
yof
Guad
alupe
Hid
algo
,lik
eth
ose
sign
edw
ith
the
indi
geno
uspe
ople
ofN
ort
hA
mer
ican
,dep
ended
onth
ego
odfa
ith
ofth
eU
nite
dS
tate
san
dits
abil
ity
toke
epit
sw
ord.