debate: claims. claims each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Debate: Claims
![Page 2: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Debate Triangle
Clai
ms
REASONING
Evidence
![Page 3: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Claims• Each claim is a statement within the
argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the audience to the debater’s conclusion.
• Think of claims as the structural framework of your argument.
![Page 4: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Claims…but claims don’t stand alone in bringing the audience to the conclusion. Each claim needs to be accepted as both relevant and true to create an effective argument – to prove the conclusion true.
![Page 5: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A true claim is one which is proven accurate through evidence and reasoning.
A relevant claim is one which leads logically to the conclusion, relating directly to it.
![Page 6: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Claims
Only occasional claims do not need evidence to be accepted as true. These claims are called prima facie, or, (true) at first sight.
Examples…
![Page 7: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Claims• An argument with a conclusion that follows
logically from its claims is a valid argument.
• An argument with a claim that is not relevant (even just one) is deemed an invalid argument, and immediately loses its persuasiveness.
![Page 8: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Claims• An argument built of all claims that are
accepted as relevant and true (i.e. the argument is already valid) is a sound argument.
• An argument with a claim that is not accepted as true is deemed unsound argument and it no longer proves the conclusion true.
![Page 9: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Meaning…Valid: The conclusion follows logically from its claims.
Sound: All claims are true and arrive logically at the conclusion.
![Page 10: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Create a new argument of your own…
![Page 11: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
…Now exchange arguments with a neighbor and assess for validity and soundness.
![Page 12: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
There are three types of claims:
• Claims of Fact
• Claims of Value
• Claims of Policy
![Page 13: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Factual Claims
• First, before we look at a definition, it is important to note that there is a difference between a “fact” and a “claim of fact.” • Remember, a claim is an opinion …
and therefore debatable.
![Page 14: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
while, a Fact is …
• 1. something that actually exists; reality; truth (ex: There is a U.S. flag in this classroom.)
• 2. something known to exist or to have happened (ex: space travel is now a fact.)
• 3. a truth known by actual experience or observation; something known to be true (ex: Scientists gather facts about plant growth. )
And thus, not open for debate.
![Page 15: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Factual Claims
Claims of Fact make inferences* about past, present or future conditions or relationships.
• *Inferencea. The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from
premises known or assumed to be true.b. The act of reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence.
![Page 16: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
There are 3 types of Factual Claims:
• Claim of Historical Fact
• Claim of Predictive Fact
• Relational Claim of Fact
![Page 17: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Claim of Historical Fact
Makes some sort of claim about the past
For example:
• The Earth has historically experienced global temperature fluctuations.
![Page 18: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Claim of Predictive Fact
Makes a claim about trends or relationships in the future.
For example:
• The Earth will continue to become warmer.
• People will adapt to a warmer climate.
![Page 19: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Relational Claim
Attempts to establish some kind of relationship in the present.
For example:
• Greenhouse gases are the cause for the Earth’s global warming.
• Travelling by bus combats global warming.
![Page 20: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Value Claims
Value claims suggest the worth or merit of an idea, object or practice, or suggest that something is morally right or wrong.
For example:
• It is wrong to drive a high-emissions vehicle.• The Earth is too beautiful to lose to global
warming.• Opponents of global warming are good people.
![Page 21: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Policy Claims
Policy claims call for a specific course of action through through policy – rules, laws, conduct, etc.
*This might mean passing, implementing, removing, or modifying an existing policy.
For example:
• Washington State must use only electricity produced from wind power by 2021.
• Electric cars will be given their own lane on all Interstate Highways.
![Page 22: Debate: Claims. Claims Each claim is a statement within the argument that the arguer needs accepted. These statements are given to logically lead the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649ea15503460f94ba49b7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Don’t forget…
Claims are not just what you use to make up your argument, your conclusion is itself a claim – your main claim.
That means that a given argument is one of fact, value, or policy, depending on its conclusion – what you are arguing for.