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    Home > Law Enforcement Technology

    Death notification: Breaking the badnewsWhy does so little training exist for the most grim job in lawenforcement?

    From the March 2008 Issue

    By Douglas Page

    A suicide driver traveling at high speed crosses the center divideintentionally and rams head-on into an 18-wheeler in the pre-dawn hours of a

    Sunday on a rural highway.

    A 54-year-old pedestrian is run over and killed in a crosswalk returningfrom lunch early on a Tuesday afternoon in front of her urban office.

    A high school basketball player is stabbed to death outside a busysuburban pizza house on a Friday night after a game.

    All of these events have two things in common. Someone died violentlyand unexpectedly, and police officers will most likely be required to make thedeath notification to the next-of-kin. About 45,000 people are killed inautomobile accidents in the United States every year, another 32,000 commitsuicide and 17,000 more are victims of homicide.

    Death notification is considered by police officers to be the least desirablejob they have. It is also the one for which they are the least trained.

    The Association for Death Education and Counseling, a 2,000-memberorganization composed of mental and medical health providers, educators,clergy and others, recently funded a University of Georgia study to evaluatethe effectiveness of educating law enforcement officers in death notification.

    Principal investigator Brandon Register states he hopes results of the studywill compel lawmakers and police departments to reevaluate the way in whichdeath notifications are performed, which will aide both officers and the public.

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    eath notification: Breaking the bad news from Law Enforcement Technology at Officer.com

    Emotional drain

    Performing death notifications is physically and emotionally exhausting.

    Officers are expected to express the right words, anticipate andunderstand family emotions, and respond with empathy. The delivery of anotification will likely remain etched in the family memory forever. It alsostays with the officer; most can remember their first notification, in detail,years later.

    When done wrong, notifications leave families with the perception thatpolice officers are callous, thoughtless and insensitive. A 2001 University ofFlorida study found that 41 percent of death notifiers had received neitherclassroom nor experiential training in death notification, although 70 percenthad performed at least one notification.

    "Death notification is one of the toughest things to hand somebody in lawenforcement, and a lot of officers are simply thrown into it," says Rick Tobin,CEO of TAO Emergency Management Consultants in Spring Branch, Texas."They can cause a lot of harm when they do or say the wrong things."

    Notifications should be done in person, in time, in pairs, in plain languageand with compassion.

    One of the biggest taboos committed in death notification is the use of thetelephone, which is sometimes used to make notification if the victim's familyresides outside the jurisdiction.

    "Using the phone to make death notification is cold-hearted and a sign ofintellectual laziness," says Joseph Morgan, an assistant professor of criminal

    justice and forensics at North Georgia College and State University. "For allyou know, the survivor might have a heart condition, be suicidal or eightmonths pregnant."

    Morgan trains students to arrange for in-person notification by the localpolice department or medical examiner if the survivor lives far away. If that

    proves impossible, he teaches them to at least arrange for them to be onstandby while you talk to the family on the phone.

    Death notification is important for both practical and humanitarian reasons.

    "Humanitarian because this is the worst news any family will ever hear,"says Laurence Miller, a clinical and forensic psychologist in Boca Raton,Florida. "Practical, because family members who feel they were treated fairlyand sensitively by law enforcement during notification are more likely to becooperative in any subsequent investigation or criminal proceedings."

    Negative perception of police resulting from a botched notification can beovercome with adequate training, but no formal national death notification

    standards exist. Most police departments are left to devise their own polices.

    The Texas Municipal Police Association, for instance, reports they do nothave a protocol or training specific to death notifications. "Most departmentsdevelop policies internally," says executive director Chris Heaton.

    The International Association of Chiefs of Police (theiacp.org) does provide

    a model death notification policy, but does not track how many agencies haveactually adopted it.

    Policies vary

    Death notification practices vary depending on geographic location. The

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    http://theiacp.org/http://theiacp.org/
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    eath notification: Breaking the bad news from Law Enforcement Technology at Officer.com

    medical examiner or coroner's office may make notifications in larger urbanareas, but there are far more officers than medical examiners so notificationsoften fall to police.

    If the officers are fortunate, the departments that employ them will haveprovided adequate death notification training. Training doesn't makenotification any easier, but it might keep officers from making matters worsefor themselves and the families of the victim.

    Too few police agencies, however, provide any formal death notification

    training. The focus of law enforcement is on solving crime. Not many policedepartments have a specific policy regarding notification of next of kin.

    "A lot of people in public safety, especially in higher ranking positions, givedeath notification lip service, but it really is the redheaded stepchild becauseit's the dirty job no one wants to do," Morgan says. Death notification is alarge component of the death investigation course he teaches at NorthGeorgia College and State University. He also teaches a death notificationclass twice a year at the Northeast Alabama Law Enforcement Academy of theJacksonville University. Morgan's death notification course is one of what heestimates is fewer than 15 nationwide.

    Since so few death notification classes exist, too many officers are forcedto learn death notification practices on the job, usually from older, more

    experienced officers who have been through the drill many times.

    "It may be better now, but when I was on the street we received littletraining on death notification," says Troutdale, Oregon, Chief of Police DaveNelson. "Mostly, it was on-the-job training. We'd get the most experienceddeputy we could to go with us and take two deputies and a member of theclergy to do the notification."

    Role of chaplains

    Most police departments these days have police chaplains available to helpmake notifications. The International Conference of Police Chaplains (ICPC)estimates 65 to 70 percent of all departments, including all large urbanagencies, now have chaplains assigned to them.

    "There is still some old guard out there who think their guys can suck upeverything, but they're so far behind the curve of what's happening today itwould be funny if it weren't so reckless," says the Rev. Chuck Lorraine,executive director of the ICPC.

    How police utilize their chaplains varies from department to department.

    "I spent 25 years as a frontline chaplain in California and we were involvedin all death notifications, but we still have places in this country where somedesk sergeant makes notifications over the phone, which is ludicrous,"Lorraine says.

    Police chaplains are trained in the proper way to perform death notificationand are emotionally equipped to deal with it. The officers are there in anofficial capacity to answer questions.

    "There are resources to teach departments how to do death notificationproperly, but why have your officer involved notifications if you have achaplain that can handle it for you?" Lorraine asks.

    There are situations, however, where police chaplains are less welcome bypolice detectives, particularly after violent crimes.

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    "The problem with having chaplaincy involved in death notification after ahomicide, for instance, is you are involving a third party less acquainted withinvestigative procedures in the investigation," Morgan says. Since manyhomicides involve spouses or family members, the danger is a chaplain is nottrained to be sensitive to something the family might say or do duringnotification that could change the course of the investigation.

    "Suppose the family says something about the victim planning to visitsomeone," Morgan says. "That might not mean anything to the chaplain, butto the detective the entire case might hinge on that one piece of information so it's essential that you try to handle notification within the bubble of

    people directly involved in the case."

    Trauma intervention

    Police and hospital emergency departments in several states have begunusing volunteers from an organization called the Trauma Intervention Program(TIP) to assist with notifications. TIP (www.tipnational.org) was founded in

    San Diego in 1985 by a mental health professional named Wayne Fortin toprovide immediate support to citizens traumatized by personal tragedy.Twenty regional TIP chapters now exist in eight states (Arizona, California,Florida, Oregon, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada and Washington), servingmore than 250 communities.

    In these communities, TIP is dispatched on certain types of calls at thesame time as fire and police. The volunteer meets the police officer, goes tothe home with him or her, then the officer gives the notification and leaves. Ifit's safe, the volunteer stays with the family for the next several hours toprovide emotional and practical support, something police have little time for.

    Susan Rutherford, RN, the executive director of the Arizona TIP chapter inPrescott Valley, says her chapter responded to 314 death-related calls in2007. "Often, we end up giving notification to other arriving family memberswhen it is too difficult for the family on the scene," she notes.

    While police usually do the notifications, some police departments arebeginning to utilize TIP to make notifications because the volunteers have

    received specific death notification training whereas some police officers havenot. Nelson, for instance, says his department has the officer go out with aTIP member and the TIP volunteer makes the notification.

    "TIP volunteers are trained in crisis intervention and work out of one of thePortland fire stations," he says. Volunteers receive 55 hours of training, partof which covers death notification.

    Other assets

    Several death notification assets are available to police departmentsinterested in honing their death notification protocols.

    Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has developed a training curriculatitled "Death Notification: Breaking the Bad News With Concern for theProfessional and Compassion for the Survivor," available free of charge bycalling the Office for Victims of Crime Resource Center at (800) 627-6872.

    This four-volume MADD series contains training curricula and planningsteps for developing and conducting training seminars for those responsiblefor making death notification. The course is aimed at law enforcementpersonnel, medical professionals, crime victim advocates, members of theclergy, and funeral directors. Each volume includes suggestions for planning aseminar, tips for training adults, an annotated literature review, and copies ofthe training curriculums, overheads and handouts.

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    http://www.tipnational.org/http://www.tipnational.org/
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    Also, the ICPC has a training module available to anyone in lawenforcement on how to make death notification. Typically, the existingdepartment chaplain will use this material to teach notification techniques toofficers, but the ICPC can also dispatch trainers if departments don't havetheir own chaplains.

    Death notification procedures are also documented on the CaliforniaDepartment of Corrections and Rehabilitation Web site. Enter "OPVS (Office ofPrevention and Victims Services) Bulletin Death Notification Procedures" inany search engine for URL.

    Douglas Page writes about science, technology and medicine from PineMountain, California. He can be reached at [email protected].

    Best practices in death notifications

    Next of kin are due the respect of having the death notification done by anofficial, and to be given the news straight, with kindness.

    Notification should be done:

    q In person. Use of the telephone to make death notification is callousand insensitive. Ask yourself how you would like your family notified.

    q In pairs. Death notification is best done by two people, at least one ofwhom should be in uniform. Do not arrive in a large group. Twovehicles are best, in the event medical transport may be necessary.

    q In private. Present credentials. Ask to come inside. Do not makenotification on the porch or in a public place.

    q In plain language. Don't use medical jargon. Use simple,straightforward language to describe how, when and where the persondied. Don't be afraid to use the "D" words dead, died or death.Terms such as "expired," "passed on" or "lost" are words of denial."Expired" can be used on a drivers license but not on a person it'snot respectful.

    q In time. Make notification before the family sees it on the news. Thenget to the point. Don't drag it out. People know when police arrive attheir door at 4 a.m. it is not because they won the lottery. Say

    something like, "I'm sorry, your husband was in an auto accidenttonight. He died while paramedics were attempting to revive him." Thengive details as indicated.

    Sources: Sue Rut her fo rd , execut iv e d i rector o f t he Ar izonaT rauma I n te rven t ion Prog ram and " I n Person , I n Time : Recom mended Procedures for Death Not i f ica t ion. "

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