• Cemeteries- Christians, Jews, Muslims– Egyptian pyramids/Taj Mahal

• Cremation- Hindus/Buddhists/ Kovacs

Death by Religion! No pun intended…

Cremation near Taj Mahal

RECAP!

Buddhism

• First universalizing religion (India)• Siddhartha Guatama (budda)• Diffusion

– India, China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, SE Asia-Silk road • Branches

– Theravada-Monks-cite Buddha's wisdom– Mahayana- meditation and prayer- cite Buddha’s compassion– Vajrayan- Practice Rituals “Tantras”– Lamaism- Leader Dalai Lama

• Pilgrimages

Christianity• Second universalizing religion (largest in #’s)• Bethlehem/ Jesus Christ• Diffusion

– Expansion and relocation from Palestine– Roman Empire adopted and extended– Colonial Missionaries– Different branches different parts of the world i.e. Roman Catholic Latin

America• Branches

– Roman Catholic– Protestant– E Orthodox

• Other– Churches– Take up a lot of burial space

Islam• Third universalizing religion• Mecca, Saudi Arabia/ Muhammad• Diffusion

– Muhammad took to Media, Saudia Arabia– Diffusing which caused Christians to take back land Muslims were diffusing to

• Branches– Sunni 85% Muslims– Shiite majority in Iraq and Iran although minority overall

• Strict believers that only direct descendants of Muhammad should rule

• Other• Koran/ Mosque• Pilgrimages if afford• 5 pillars

Sikhism

• Smaller universalizing religion• Pakistan/Guru Nanak• Diffusion

– Pakistan to N India– Global diaspora (scattering of ethnic groups)

• Other– Guru Granth Sahib holy book– Monotheistic– Holy site Golden Temple– Sikhs and Hindus in India Sikhs want independent country

Hinduism

• Ethic religion (India) closely identified with Indian origins

• India, Sri Lanka, UK, US, Canada• Ancient scripture Vedas no holy book• Reincarnation• Caste System (social hierarchy into which ppl are born)• Gandhi was Hindu• Cremation• Bathing in the Ganges River/Pilgrimage is holy

Judaism• Modern Day Palestine- Abraham• Diffusion

– Roman empire destroyed Jerusalem all around world– Diaspora (scattering of a ethnic group)

• Branches– Orthodox Judaism– Reform Judaism– Conservative Judaism

• Other– Torah (old testament) Talmud (historical teaching passed down 1 generation

to the next)– Synagogue– Jerusalem’s western wall

E Asian Ethnic Religions

• Shintoism• Taoism (Daoism)• Confucianism• Shamanism• Animism• Secularism- indifferent to religion or rejecting all

together. Movement away from control of life by a religion.

• Theocracy-government run by religion

Variations in Distribution of Religions (1)

• Origin of religions– Origin of universalizing religions– Origin of Hinduism

• Diffusion of religions– Diffusion of universalizing religions– Lack of diffusion of ethnic religions

• Ethnic religions diffuse if migration is for economic reasons and their not forced to adopt universalizing religions

Diffusion of Religions• Universalizing- specific hearths• Ethnic religions- clusters

• Relocation-migration – Palestine-Missionaries-sea routes, military, communication

networks• Expansion- “snowballing” [hierarchical- key leaders, or

contagious- wide spread]– Daily interactions between believers in town and non believers

in countryside. Conversion of indigenous peoples and intermarriage.

Diffusion of Universalizing Religions

Fig. 6-4: Each of the three main universalizing religions diffused widely from its hearth.

Diffusion of Christianity

Fig. 6-5: Christianity diffused from Palestine through the Roman Empire and continued diffusing through Europe after the fall of Rome. It was later replaced by Islam in much of the Mideast and North Africa.

Diffusion of Islam

Fig. 6-6: Islam diffused rapidly and widely from its area of origin in Arabia. It eventually stretched from southeast Asia to West Africa.

Diffusion of Buddhism

Fig. 6-7: Buddhism diffused gradually from its origin in northeastern India to Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and eventually China and Japan.

Shintoism & Buddhism in Japan

Fig. 6-8: Since Japanese can be both Shinto and Buddhist, there are many areas in Japan where over two-thirds of the population are both Shinto and Buddhist.

Variations in Distribution of Religions (2)

• Holy places– Holy places in universalizing religions– Holy places in ethnic religions

• The calendar– The calendar in ethnic religions– The calendar in universalizing religions

Organization of Space• Places of worship

– Christian worship– Places of worship in other religions

• Sacred space– Disposing of the dead– Religious settlements– Religious place names

• Administration of space– Hierarchical religions (IMPERIALISM)– Locally autonomous religions

Place Names in Québec

Fig. 6-12: Place names in Québec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.

Roman Catholic Hierarchy in U.S.

Fig. 6-13: The Catholic church divides the U.S. into provinces headed by archbishops. Provinces are divided into dioceses, headed by bishops.