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Dealing with Difference Summer Institute Western Illinois University May 18, 2003 Latinos: Remaking America Marcelo M. Surez-Orozco Victor S. Thomas Professor & Co-Director Harvard Immigration Projects Harvard Graduate School of Education 511 Larsen Hall, Appian Way Cambridge, MA 02138 www.gse.harvard.edu/~hip/

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Globalization has Stimulated the Largest Migratory Flow in History The largest exodus in the history of Latin America and the Caribbean has been structured by globalizations emerging regime. Transnational labor recruiting networks, wage differentials, family reunification (Love and Work), and the globalization of desire or the libidinal logic of capitalism are behind new migratory practices that cannot be easily contained by the state. Globalization is predicated on the 1) internationalization of production and distribution of goods and services that is fueled by growing levels of international trade, foreign direct investment, and capital market flows; 2) the emergence of borderless information and communication technologies that stimulate the traffic of data, symbols, and desire and that place a premium on knowledge intensive work; and 3) ever growing, uncontainable waves of world-wide migration. These phenomena give an unprecedented momentum to todays global order.

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Immigration Changes the World In 2003, there are 175 Million Immigrants & 16 Million Refugees Worldwide Leicester, England, will be the first European City with non-white majority Frankfurt today is 25% immigrant; Rotterdam is 45 % immigrant. Amsterdam will by yr. 2015 be 50 % immigrant China alone has over 100 million internal immigrants. Since 1990 about a million new immigrants per annum have come to the US. There are over 32.5 million immigrants, the largest number in history (larger than the entire Canadian population) but proportionally less than in the previous eras of large-scale immigration.

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Immigrants Admitted to the United States 1821-1996 Adapted from INS, 1996

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Source: Bureau of the Census

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REMARKABLY DIVERSE Economic Backgrounds Some are amongst the most educated and affluent Others have limited education and are working poor Linguistic backgrounds Over 100 languages in New York Public Schools Over 90 languages in Los Angeles Public Schools Five Top Languages: Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Tagalog Ethnicity, Race, & Color Nearly 80 % are of color

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Immigrants Admitted from Top Countries of Birth: 1990-2000

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Latino Population of the United States 1990: 249 million total population 22.4 million Latino 9% of total population 2000: 281 million total population 35.3 million Latino 12.5% of total population 1990 to 2000 change: 13.0 million 58% increase since 1990

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By 2003 Latinos are the nations largest ethnic group If we add Puerto Rico and count undocumented immigrants to the US, there are now over 43 million Latinos in the US more than there are people in Spain, Colombia, Argentina and any other Spanish speaking country except for Mexico One in six babies born today have a Latina mother By 2050 the US will have nearly 100 Million Latinos The Latino GDP at 600 billion dollars is now larger than the GDP of Spain and Mexico. By 2010 it will reach a trillion dollars.

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Census 2000: Top 10 States By Latino Population

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Census 2000: Top 10 Latino States By Percent Of Total Latino

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Census 2000: Top 10 States By Latino Percent Change

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Immigrant Children and Youth Research & Theory is largely focused on adults One in Five Children in the U.S. is the child of an immigrant -- one in four in one generation Immigrant children are now the fastest growing sector of U.S. child population School Adaptation Patterns Second Generation Improvement/Third Generation Decline Best of Times Worst of Times Prison/Princeton Yale/Jail

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Birth Outcomes of Mexican-Born, U.S.-Born Mexican American, and White Non- Latina Women in California, From Emerging Issues in Hispanic Health, National Research Council, 2002, p. 16 U.S.-Born Mexican American Women Mexican-Born Women Non-Latina White Women Infant Mortality per 1,000 live births 7.45.35.7 Low-birthweight babies (%) 6.34.05.6 Neonatal mortality per 1,000 live births 4.83.63.7 Postneonatal mortality per 1,000 live births 2.61.72.1

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TABLE 6 Lifetime Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Migrant Workers and Residents in the Mexican American Prevalence and Services Survey, Among Residents of Mexico City, and Among Respondents to the National Comorbidity Survey^ Mexican American Prevalence and Services Survey Respondents, % (SE) Comorbidity Survey Respondents, % (SE) Migrant Workers Immigrants 13 Years in U.S. U.S. Born Mexico City Responden ts % (SE) Hispanic SampleTotal Any mood disorder 5.9 (0.8)5.9 (1.4)10.8 (2.0) 18.5 (1.7) 9 0.1)20.4 (2.8)19.5 (0.6) Any anxiety disorder 12.1 (1.1)7.6 (1.2)17.1 (2.1) 24.1 (2.0) 8.3 (0.8)28.0 (2.5)25.0 (0.8) Any drug or dependence 10.0 (1.1)9.7 (2.6)14.3 (1.9) 29.3 (2.0) 11.8 (0.8)24.7 (2.7)28.2 (1.0) Any disorder 21.1 (1.5)18.4 (2.7)32.3 (2.6) 48.7 (2.3) 24.7 (51.4)51.4(2.7)48.6 (1.0) SE, standard error. ^All prevalence rates are adjusted to the National Comorbidity Surveys total age-sex distribution and are for people ages 18 to 54. SOURCE: Alderete et al. (2000). Reprinted with Permission.

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STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NEW INTER-AMERICAN IMMIGRATION SYSTEM By 2000, over 50% of All Immigrants to the USA Originated in Latin America or the Caribbean. THREE DOMINANT FEATURES: Uninterrupted flows of large scale Mexican immigration--rapidly intensifying after 1980-- structured by powerful economic forces and socio-cultural practices unaffected by unilateral policy initiatives. By 1990 there were more legal immigrants from Mexico alone than from all of Europe combined. By 2000 over 7 million Mexican immigrants were living in the USA--constituting a third of the total foreign-born population of the country. More than one quarter of all Mexican immigrants arrived in the last five years. Mexican immigrants constitute 40 percent of the Mexican-origin population of the US. About 40 percent of all undocumented immigrants in the USA today are Mexicans. Time-limited waves of large scale immigration from Central and South America--by the 1980s Central American replaces Cuba as the largest source of asylum seekers from the Spanish- speaking world. During the early 1980s well over a million Central Americans settled in the USA. Today one in every six Salvadoreans lives in the USA. (10 years = 1 mill. law). About 2 million Colombians have been displaced by the war roughly 500,000 now make the US their home. Caribbean pattern of intense circular movement--driven by transnational circuits--typified by the Dominican and PR experience in New York where they are now the largest immigrant group.

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KEY POINTS Structural demand for foreign workers remains; indeed seems to be recession proof. The recent immigration momentum, the 4th largest wave the 20 th century, seems structured by economic forces, social practices, & cultural models that are not easily contained by unilateral policy initiatives. Paradox of Transnationalism: While transforming Latin America (1million = 1 bill. law), Latinos are transforming the US

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Concluding Thoughts Current trends suggest that our country and the state of Illinois will be more diverse in the future Current trends suggest diversity will penetrate and transform all sectors of our country and your community from the research at the University, to a more global student body, and a more diverse population Current trends suggest that next generation is more likely than ever before in human history to need need the skills and sensibilities to work with others that will be of different race, color, religion, national origins, and linguistic background Diversity is at the heart of democracy's promise and it is also a most invigorating force