deadly quarrels
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/6/2019 Deadly Quarrels
1/7
From Inter-personal Fights to Inter-
State Conflicts (War)
Generalizations On Human
Conflicts conflicts differ in their complexity andimportance, in the strategies to which they give
rise, and in the solutions to which they lead(contention or yielding or conflict-avoidance or
problem-solving)Conflicts at theinterpersonal, intergroup, inter-organizational,
and international level are not the same.Nevertheless, we believe it is possible to developgeneralizations that cut across, and shed light
on, most or all conflicts
Pruitt and Kim, 2004
Linking all Human Conflicts
In his studies of war and violence,Lewis Richardson linkedinternational and domestic conflictsin his data set of DeadlyQuarrels. By deadly quarrels, hemeant any human quarrel whichcaused deaths to their participants.This definition directs the study ofhuman conflict beyondinternational wars alone andsuggest that any dead quarrel iswithin the ambit of conflict-studies,whether it is war, between states,
civil wars within states, violencebetween criminal bands, guerrillawar and even murders.
Implications Influenced by psychology and
disdainful of the study of
international politics, Richardson
saw all human killings, whether it
is an act of an individual crime,
revolution, or war, as steaming
from one causehuman
aggression. Therefore, for
Richardson, the only difference
between wars and other forms of
deadly quarrels are their magnitudein terms of numbers of casualties
(deaths and wounded)
Implications of the Definition There is some presumption that
violent (deadly conflicts) havesome characteristics in commonwhich are not shared with non-deadly conflicts such as loversquarrel, strikes, trade wars.
Quarrels which result in deathinvolve moral issues of a differentorder of magnitude from thosewhich is not. Thus, at theindividual level, murder isconsidered a crime in mostsocieties. However, at theinternational level, large-scalemurders like war and evengenocide are tolerated and evenloried.
Pattern of Escalation from
Stability to Deadly Quarrel
Peaceful
stable
situation
Political
tension
situation
Political
Crisis
Low-
Intensity
conflict
High-
Intensity
conflict
Political
stability
legitimacy
Systemic
strain/
Political
Cleavage
Erosion of
the regime
legitimacy/
emergence
of faction
Open
hostility/
repression,
Destruction
of human
lives/
properties
-
8/6/2019 Deadly Quarrels
2/7
What are deadly quarrels?
Conflicts that involved thedeliberate infliction ofphysical injury or deathon one person or group ofpeople by another.
Among states, violence isi n t e r p r e t e d a s a ninstrument with which toachieve something else, isbased on the notion thatv i o l e n c e i s u s e dinstrumentally for therational pursuit of a goal.
Elements of Deadly Quarrel
They involve the use of force or coercionand should be distinguished from non-
violent conflicts such as strikes, trade wars,
sanctions, or trade embargo.
They result to deaths or injuries.
Social Situations That Result to Deaths
Accident a situationthat caused deathswithout any intention.
Genocidedeliberateattempt by one group ofpeople to physicallyeliminate another. Theviolence is inflicted byanother with very little
reciprocal violence bythe weaker side.
Situations
S o ma t i c V i o l e n c e t h e
unavoidable deaths caused by the
structure of society, i.e. inequality
in resources, lack of medical
services , epidemic , famine ,
pestilence.
Types of Conflict(According to the use of Violence)
Face-to Face Murder,gang
wars,criminal acts.
Family quarrel,lovers quarrel
Political (Impersonal) Interstate wars,
revolutionary guerrilla
warfare.
Strike, trade-wars,diplomatic negotiations,
Inter-State Conflicts
War is organized violence carried on bypolitical units against each other.
This definition of war as a contest ofarms between sovereign states is derived
from the post-1448 experience, as well
from the Cold War.
-
8/6/2019 Deadly Quarrels
3/7
War as Organized Violence
War is ordered activity with rules andcustoms.
War is not random violence, it is focusedand directed.
It is a collective and social, not an individualactivity.
War as a Form of Violence
It is carried out in the name of an organizedand legitimate political unit.
It should be employed by the state againstanother state.
War as Organized
I t s h o u l d b eorganized violencewaged by a sovereignstate.
The concept of war was anoutcome of a long historicalprocess of limiting the wide-
scale use of violence.
Assumptions about War
War is learned. War is a result if a long-term process. There is no
such thing as an accidental war.
War is a product of interactions and not a result ofsystemic factors.
War is a means of making political decision. War is a multi-causal phenomenon.
War is Learned War can be conceived as a
learned behavior in twosenses:
A collective learned to makewar as a general practice thatis available to them as ameans of resolving disputes;
War is an appropriateresponse to other humancollectives given a particularsituation.
War Results from a long-term
Process of Political Interactions
Wars are generatedfrom long-term political
relationship that has
become intractable,
conflictive, hostile, and
eventually violent.
-
8/6/2019 Deadly Quarrels
4/7
Wars are Products of Political
Interactions, not Simply of Systemic
Conditions Wars become more likely when
the sequence of diplomatic
actions fail to resolve highly
salient issues, resulting in an
increase in the level of
conflictive actions, and which inturn increase psychological
hostility between political actors.
This process produces a kind of
relationship between two
countries that is prone to
conflictive actions leading to a
militarized dispute.
Wars are Means of Resolving
Political Disputes War serves as a allocation
mechanism or a set offormal and informalrules/devices/actions formaking and
implementing politicaldecisions. It an organizedforce that resolves issueson the basis of the powerand determination of thecontending politicalactors.
Wars are Multi-Causal Phenomena
Wars can be generated byseveral distinct causalpaths or causal sequences.This accounts for theneed to understand thevarious typologies of war.Understanding the causesof wars requirescomprehending two setsof causality: a) necessary
(underlying); and b)sufficient (triggering).
Assumptions General
Typologies of War There are different types
of war.
Wars of rivalry (PeerConflicts)/wars of
inequality (Unequal
Conflict).
Institutionalized(limited)Wars/Total war
Limited versus Total Wars
Features Limited Wars National/Total
Issues and Stakes Fought generally overmarginal borderquestions andcomparatively minorchanges in thedisposition of stakes
(economic, strategic,or colonial advantages)
Far-reaching territorialand ideologicaldemands, hegemonicclaims, or fundamentalchanges in the globalorder, and the rules of
the global society.
Wars of Inequality Relative Parity among the
Parties can be measured in
terms of
Capabilityamount ofresources the belligerents
can utilize to achieve its
strategic goals.
Reputation and statusPertains to the parties
respective positions in the
global hierarchy of power.
-
8/6/2019 Deadly Quarrels
5/7
Typologies of War Wars of Equality Wars of
Inequality
(asymmetric)
Institutionalized/
Limited Wars
China-U.S. War during
the Korean War;
China-Soviet Union
1969; Crimean WarRussia, France, and
U.K. Japan-China War
of 1896. UK-Argentina
1982;India-China 1962
China-Vietnam War of
1979;
Soviet Union-Finland
1939-40; U.S.-North
Korea 1950-1953.
Anatomy of a Militarized Interstate Conflict
The External Environment( Stability, norms,power distribution, alignment pattern, third party)
Characteristics of a Dispute (Issue and pattern ofevolution)
Characteristics of the disputants (proximity,power/capabilities, domestic stability, ties, role,
prior conflict experience, and risk propensity)
Issues that Generated Wars(1648-1991)
PeriodGeneral Characteristics of
Wars
Issues that Generated Wars
Immediate post-Westpahalia
1648-1700
States were willing to limit
their claims and the use of force
for its sake.
Territorial (12%)
Commercial Navigation (8%)
Dynastic (7%)
Strategic (5%)
State Survival (5%)
The Classical Balance of
Power System
1715-1814
War became then primarily of
a great power activity and
became intermingled.
Territory (39%)
Commercial Navigation (13%)
Dynastic Issues (8%)
Strategic Territory (6%)
The Concert of Europe & thePeriod of Congress
1815-1914
There was an attempt to createa system to check or regulate
ambitions but this had little
i m p a ct o n t h e n a t i o n a l
liberation movements.
Maintain integrity of integrity ofState Empire (18%)
Territorial (13%)
N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n / S t a t e
Creation (9%)
National Unification (8%)
PeriodGeneral Characteristics of
Wars
Issues that Generated Wars
Post World War I
1919-1941
There was a problem in terms
of settlement between the
belligerents of the Great War,
and the need to create
international institutions that
w o u l d g u a r a n t e e t h e
preservation of settlement and
prevent wars.
Territorial (14%)
State Survival (11%)
Enforce Treaty (9%)
Maintain Integrity of State/empire
(9%)
Commerce/resources (6%)
Post World War II
1945-1991
The forms of armed combat
have diversified to the point
where one can no longer speak
of war as a single institution of
the state system. The use of
force for political purposesrange from intifadas, terrorism,
guerrilla wars, peacekeeping,
conventional war.
Govt Composition (16%)
National Liberation (16%)
Maintain Integrity (16%)
Territorial (14%)
State/Regime Survival (12%)
National Unification (10%)
Issues
Expected-Political Utility of War
War as an instrument of nationalpolicy, a means by which a states
objective is attained.
Basic determinant of how theinternational system is shaped.
Determinant of polarity.
Expected Political Utility of War
Enforcing international law.
Preserving the balance of power.
Means of promoting changes in the
international system
-
8/6/2019 Deadly Quarrels
6/7
Led to state-formation andexpansion.
Triggered internal conflicts orrevolution.
Fostered societal learningpatterns.
Triggered non-constitutionalchanges in government anddemocratization.
War and Its Impact on Socio-Political
Conditions
- Destruction of land, labor, and capital.- Diversion of civilian skills and resources
to military purposes.
- Diversion of investments for futuregrowth purposes to more immediateconsumption.
Economic Implications of War
(Negative)
Economic Implications (Positive)
Economic growth (state expansion and level ofdevelopment)
Acceleration of technological innovation. Distribution of wealth. Centralization of the economy that can lead to
productivity gains.
The Phoenix factor.
Technology,industrializa t i o n , m a s sconscript ions , andnationalism led to theemergence of total warsin the 20th centuryFirst, Second, and the
Cold Wars.
Wars in the 20th Century: From
Institutionalized to Total War
Total Wars
Wars in the first part of the 20th century
were marked by unconditional surrender,
massive destruction, deliberate targeting
of non-military targets, and impositions of
new socio-economic systems on conquered
states by the victors.
War as a natural calamity. War as an unfortunate accident.
Changing Perception Toward Wars
War as a voluntary human activity (the ultimate contest).War as a pathological aberration that must be cured. Wasis a disease.
-
8/6/2019 Deadly Quarrels
7/7
What is peace?
Peace is not the mere absence of war.
Peace is a situation that needs to be
created. Peace must be defined as a
situation in which the probability of
war is so remote that it does not really
enter in to the calculations of any of
the states involved in the dispute.
Conditions for Peace
A higher expectation of utility and gains from peace thanwar.
A civic culture. A commitment to the peaceful resolution of disputes. An ethical code that guides international relations. Mutual legitimatization; A social-communicative process. Shared trust. A collective purpose and social identity among states
Security Community.
Changing Nature of International
Conflicts
Since 1945, there have been approximately100 wars.
Only 17 were fought by states on bothsides.
9 of these 17 wars took place in just tworegions (South Asia and the Middle East)
Transformation of War
Most conflicts are of an intra-statenature-decolonization wars, civil war,
secession wars, state terror and
terrorism.
These are considered war of the ThirdKind. They are organized violence
that have to do with ideology/or the
nature of community, rather than state
interests.
Experience with three total wars in the 20th century. The development of nuclear weapons. Stratification of the military powersthere is only one
superpower.
Conventional warfare has become a very expensiveaffair.
Emergence of global norms against territorialconquest and subjugation.
Immediate Causes of the Transformation
Revolutionary Warfare,
Secession, Civil War, and
Terrorism