dead zone of visual attention revealed by change blindness igor s. utochkin higher school of...
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DEAD ZONE OF VISUAL ATTENTION REVEALED BY CHANGE BLINDNESS
Igor S. UtochkinHigher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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Two patterns of attentional allocation around a focus
Focus
Periphery Periphery
Gradient pattern (Castiello & Umiltà, 1990; Downing, 1988; Downing & Pinker, 1985; Eriksen & Hoffman, 1972; Eriksen & St. James, 1986; LaBerge, 1983; Mack & Rock, 1998, etc.)
Focus
Periphery Periphery
Inhibitory-surrounds pattern (Bahcall & Kowler, 1999; Cave & Zimmerman, 1997; Caputo & Guerra, 1998; Cutzu & Tsotsos, 2003; Mounts, 2000a, b; Müller et al., 2005; Thakral & Slotnick, 2010, etc.)
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What does determine pattern of allocation?
Task difficulty (Thakral & Slotnick, 2010);
Attentional saliency of a centrally attended item (Müller, Mollenhauer, Rösler & Kleinschmidt, 2005);
Attentional set towards central and peripheral items (focused vs. divided attention) (Müller et al., 2005)
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Limitation of previous results
Gaze fixation;
Simplistic arrays of discrete objects;
Brief trials;
Attentional salience is controlled through external attentional capture
What about natural perception?
Active looking;
Complex continual layouts of various objects;
Prolonged observation;
Internal control of attentional salience through interests is available
Change blindness paradigmSpatial allocation of attention appears necessary to perceive changes (Kahneman et al., 1992; Rensink, 2000; Rensink et al., 1997; Tse, 2004);
Direct manipulations with interests are available (Rensink et al., 1997; Jones et al., 2003; Werner & Thies, 2000)
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Experiment 1
Standard change detection task under flicker conditions: find a single changing detail in a picture as soon as possible and identify it (miss responses are allowed)
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Stimulation
12 natural scenes with one attractive object or its part
Central interests (CI)
Marginal interests (MI)
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Three change instances per a picture
CENTRAL CHANGE
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CENTRAL CHANGE
NEAR CHANGE
Three change instances per a picture
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CENTRAL CHANGE
NEAR CHANGE FAR CHANGE
Three change instances per a picture
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Design
Independent Variable: Change location (Central vs. Near vs. Far)
Dependent Variables:Search time;Miss rate;Misidentification rate (successful detection but incorrect recognition)
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Results
Miss rate Misidentification rateA ‘dead zone’ surrounds center of interest
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Is attention to CI what actually causes dead zone pattern?
CIMI MI
If this is the case…
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Experiment 2
Looking for a marginal change (near or far) in the presence of a once noticed central change
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Results
A ‘dead zone of attention’ surrounds center of interest
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Experiment 3
Both marginal changes (near AND far) compete for prior detection
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Results
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Thank you for your Attention!
For more information about this study see:Utochkin, I.S. (in press). Hide-and-seek around center of interest: Dead zone of attention revealed by change blindness. Visual Cognition.