dc motors

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

DC Motors

Instructor Name: (Your Name)

8CHAPTER


Learning Objectives

• List the components of a typical starting (cranking) motor

• Describe how interacting magnetic fields cause the armature in an electric motor to rotate

• Explain why a starter motor draws less current as motor speed increases

• List the advantages and disadvantages of a gear reduction starter motor


Learning Objectives• Measure cranking circuit resistance using

the voltage drop method• Troubleshoot the cause of a no-crank

problem• Disassemble a starter motor, test the

internal components, and reassemble• Perform a rapid assessment of a trucks

electrical system• Explain how rotational direction is

reversed with a permanent magnet motor


Introduction

• Electric motors are used extensively on modern trucks, windshield wipers, heating and A/C, some hydraulic ABS systems

• The starting or cranking motor is the largest• Electric motors convert electrical energy into

mechanical energy• Almost all motors used on trucks uses

brushes to contact the rotating elements, hence the name brushed DC motors


Important Facts

Two magnetic fields that interact with each other combine to form a single magnetic field. If the arrows on the magnetic lines of force of both magnetic fields are pointing in the same direction, the resulting magnetic field is strengthened. If the arrows on the magnetic lines of force are pointing in opposite direction, the resulting magnetic field is weakened.


Interaction of Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Figure 8-3 (A) Current-carrying conductor placed in magnetic field causes an interaction between magnetic fields; conductor is compelled to move from strong magnetic field to weak field. (B) Current-carrying conductor formed into a loop is compelled to rotate around its axis to move from strong field to weak field.


Important Facts

Conductors that are carrying current are compelled (want) to move out of a stronger magnetic field into a weaker magnetic field.


Components of a Simple Electric Motor

• Armature – The conductive loop that rotates inside an electric motor

• Split Ring Commutator – Provides connection to both ends of the armature loop through brushes and allow it to rotate.

• Pole Shoes – Electromagnets that surround the armature.

• Field Coils – Copper wire wrapped around pole shoes that create the electromagnet


Brushed DC Motor

Figure 8-4 Brushed DC motor; current flow through armature reverses directions every 180 degrees of rotation.


Magnetic Field Developed By Pole Shoes

Figure 8-5 Magnetic field developed by pole shoes.


Armature Windings and Commutator Segments

Figure 8-6 Armature windings and commutator segments.


Cutaway View of Starter Motor

Figure 8-8 Cutaway view of a starter motor.


Four Insulated Field Coils with Brushes

Figure 8-11 Four insulated field coils with brushes.


Pole Shoes and Field Coil Inside Iron Housing

Figure 8-12 Pole shoes and field coils installed in iron housing.


Interaction of Magnetic Fields Results in Armature Rotation

Figure 8-13 Interaction of magnetic fields results in armature rotation.


Series Wound Motor

Figure 8-14 Series-wound motor.


Shunt Wound Motor

Figure 8-15 Shunt-wound motor.


Compound Wound Motor

Figure 8-16 Compound motor.


Starter Drive Components• Pinion Gear – Small diameter gear that acts

as the starter output gear• Ring Gear – Part of the engine fly wheel,

pinion gear engages the ring gear to rotate the engine

• One Way or Over Riding Clutch – Prevents destruction of the armature due to rapid acceleration by ring gear

• Solenoid – An electromechanical device used to engage the pinion gear to the ring gear


Figure 8-17 Solenoid with coil not energized.

Solenoid

Figure 8-18 Solenoid with coil energized.


Shift Lever Type Drive

Figure 8-19 Shift-lever-type drive.


Drive Mechanism

Figure 8-20 Drive mechanism.


Roller Clutch Permits One-Way Drive

Figure 8-21 Roller clutch permits one-way drive.


Crank Inhibit Circuit

Figure 8-22 Crank inhibit circuit.


Gear Reduction Starter Motor Cut-Away

Figure 8-23 Gear-reduction starter motor cutaway.


Testing Cranking System Resistance• Connect carbon pile resistor across starter

B+ and ground terminal• Connect DMM across battery terminals• Briefly load carbon pile to 500A, note

battery terminal voltage• Connect DMM across the starter B+ and

ground terminal. Do not connect to carbon pile clamps.

• Briefly load carbon pile to 500A, note starter terminal voltage


Testing Cranking System Resistance (continued)

• Subtract the loaded starter terminal voltage from the loaded battery terminal voltage. The result is the amount of voltage that is dropped on the positive and negative cranking circuit battery cables.


Measuring Cranking System Resistance

Figure 8-24 Measuring cranking circuit resistance by loading to 500A and measuring voltage drop on circuit.


Determining the Source of Excessive Voltage Drop in a Cranking Circuit

• Connect carbon pile resistor across starter motor B+ and ground terminal

• Connect DMM across battery positive and starter positive terminals. Do not connect to carbon pile clamps.

• Briefly load carbon pile to 500A and note positive circuit voltage drop


Determining the Source of Excessive Voltage Drop in a Cranking Circuit

(continued)• Connect DMM across battery negative and

starter negative terminals. Do not connect to carbon pile clamps.

• Briefly load carbon pile to 500A and note negative circuit voltage drop

• The positive and negative circuit voltage drops should each be about half the maximum allowable voltage drop or 0.25V


Finding Source of High Cranking System Resistance

Figure 8-25 Finding the source of the high cranking circuit resistance.


Basic Electrical/Electronic Diagnostic Procedure Flowchart

Figure 8-29 Diagnostic flowchart.


Cranking Circuit Diagram

Figure 8-30 Cranking circuit diagram.


DMM Measuring High and Low Side of Magnetic Switch During Cranking

Figure 8-31 DMM measuring high and low side of magnetic switch coil during crank.


Voltage Measurements at Neutral Start Switch

Figure 8-32 Voltage measurements at neutral start switch.


Starter No-Load Bench-Test Setup

Figure 8-33 Starter no-load bench-test setup.


Testing For Open Field Coils

Figure 8-35 Testing for open field coils.


Testing For Shorted-to-Ground Field Coils

Figure 8-36 Testing for a shorted-to-ground field coil.


Testing Armature For Shorts-to-Ground

Figure 8-39 Testing armature for shorted-to-ground windings.


Testing Armature For Open Circuits

Figure 8-40 Testing armature for open circuits.


Energizing the Starter to Measuring Pinion Clearance

Figure 8-42 Energizing the starter motor solenoid to measure pinion gear clearance.


View Looking into a Single Loop Armature

Figure 8-46 View looking into a single-loop armature.


Armature Rotating Due to Magnetic Field Interaction and Commutation

Figure 8-47 Armature rotating due to magnetic field interactions and commutation.


CEMF in Stationary Motor and Motor at Full Speed

Figure 8-48 CEMF with motor stationary (top) and motor rotating at full speed (bottom) and the effect on current drawn by the motor.


Starter Solenoid Pull-In and Hold-In Windings

Figure 8-50 Starter solenoid hold-in and pull-in windings.


Summary

• Electric motors convert electric energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors used on trucks are a brushed DC-type motor.

• A brushed DC motor has spring loaded brushes that make contact with the commutator segments. The commutator segments are attached to loops of wire that make up the armature assembly. The armature is the rotating component of the starter.


Summary (continued) • The pole shoes are the stationary

electromagnets bolted to the motor frame. Field coils surround the pole shoes. Current flow through the field coils causes the pole shoes to be magnetized. This set up a stationary magnetic field. The stationary magnetic field interacts with the magnetic field surrounding the armature windings. The interaction causes areas of weak and strong magnetic fields inside the motor. The armature rotates to escape the strong fields.


Summary (continued)

• The commutation process describes the reversal of current flow through the armature winding at just the right time to keep the armature in a location of strong magnetic field. The current reversal causes the armature to continually rotate in an attempt to escape the strong magnetic fields.


Summary (continued)

• Counter-electromagnetic force (CEMF) is the voltage that is induced in the armature windings as they pass through the magnetic fields set up by the pole shoes. The CEMF acts as a series-opposing voltage to the battery voltage. The CEMF increases as the motor speed increases. This causes the current drawn by the starter to decrease as the motor speed increases. The highest level of current draw is when the starter motor is stationary.


Summary (continued)

• The starter motor assembly contains the pinion gear. The drive assembly assembly causes the pinion gear to be meshed with the engine ring gear when the motor solenoid is energized. The drive assembly contains a one-way clutch that permits the starter motor to drive the engine but prevent the engine from driving the starter motor.


Summary (continued)

• A positive engagement starter motor is designed not to rotate until the pinion gear is in full mesh with the ring gear. This reduces the likelihood of ring gear milling.

• The starter motor causes the drive with pinion gear to slide into mesh with ring gear and also causes the high current contacts for the starter motor to close.


Summary (continued)

• Cranking circuit resistance is determined by causing a steady known amount of current flow through the battery cables using a carbon pile resistor. The voltage dropped on the cables with the known current flowing is used to determine if cranking circuit resistance is acceptable. Low cranking circuit resistance is vital for proper engine cranking speed.


Summary (continued)

• Many smaller motors found on trucks are permanent magnet motors. The term permanent magnet refers to the pole shoes, which are constructed of material that has been magnetized. The direction of these motors can be reversed by changing the direction of current flow through the armature windings through motor voltage polarity reversal.

dc motors

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