dc 20506. - eric · industrial designers society of america by region, 1987 exhibit 42 growth rate...

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Chartrand, Harry HillmanArchitecture & Design Arts Occupations, 1940-1990.National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, DC.Research Div.Sep 9474p.; Annex pages contain light, broken type.Research Division, Room 617, National Endowment forthe Arts, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington,DC 20506.Reports Research/Technical (143)

MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.*Architects; Artists; *Demography; *Designers;*Economic Factors; Economic Impact; Employment;Employment Level; *Employment Patterns; EmploymentStatistics; Human Geography; Income; *InteriorDesign; Labor Market; Labor Turnover; *TrendAnalysis; Unemployment

Using data from federal government records andprofessional membership organizations, this study examines trends indemographics, education, employment, and earnings of architects andindividuals in design arts occupations between 1940-1990. Findingsindicate that: (1) participation in architecture and designoccupations has increased slightly as a percentage of the experiencedlabor force and (2) significantly as part of the arts labor force.(3) The majority of participants in these occupations are between25-44 years of age. (4) Architecture and design occupations remainpredominantly white, male professions. (5) Only in the decoratorprofession does participation by women exceed that of men. (6) The

Northeast and Midwest have lost their historic dominance in thearchitecture and design professions. (7) College experience hasincreased for participants in these professions. (8) The percentageof self employed architects has decreased, the percentage of selfemployed designers has increased. High levels of part time employmentamong decorators and designers reflect the large percentage of womenin these professions. (9) Architectural receipts of $10 billion andgraphic arts receipts of $3.2 billion were recorded in 1987. (10)

Median income of architects and those in design professions was abovethat of the labor force average in 1989. Aspects of professionalismand competition, design deficits, and aesthetic utopian attitudes arediscussed. Contains charts, statistical tables, and 58 references.(NP)

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ARCHITECTURE & DESIGNARTS OCCUPATIONS1940-1990

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Harry Hillman ChartrandSeptember 13, 1994

Produced under contract for the National Endowment for

the Arts,

BEST COPY ffA1L4BLE

ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN ARTS OCCUPATIONS1940-1990

Table of Contents

PageIntroduction 1

Visual Ecologists 1

Eviderce 1

Difficulties 2

TRENDS 5

Growth Rates 5

Comparative Occupational Groups 5

Overview 6

ARCHITECTS 8Definition & Membership 8

Architects 8Landscape Architects 8Membership 9

Age 10Ethnicity & Race 11

Residence 14Sex 15Education 17

Requirements 17Attainment 18Degrees & Enrollment 19

Employment 21Class of Worker 21Unemployment Rates 22Full-Time Employment 22By Industry 23Establishments 23

Income 26Full-Time 26Household 26

DESIGNERS 29Definition & Membership 29

Industrial Designers 29Interior Designers 29Set Designers 29Fashion Designers 29Textile Designers 30Floral Designers 30Membership 30

- I -

Page

Age 30Ethnicity & Race 32Residence 34Sex 35Education 38

Requirements 38Attainment 38Degrees & Enrollment 40

Employment 42Class of Worker 42Employment Rates 43Full-Time Employment 44By Industry 44Establishments 46

Income 48

Conclusions 51Summary FindingsProfessionalization & Competition 52

Engineer, Architect, Designer, Decorator 52Design Deficit 53Design Rights 54Aesthetic Utopians 55

Forecasts 55Architects 55Landscape Archiects 56Designers 56

References 56

Statistical Appendix

List of ExhibitsExhibit 1 Growth Rate of Census Experienced Civilian Labor Force, 6

Professional Specialty Workers, All Artists, Architects,Decorators & Designers, 1940-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 2 Census Architects, Decorators & Designers as Percent of 7Professional Specialty Workers, 1940, 1970 & 1990

Exhibit 3 Architects by Membership Organization, 1990 9

Exhibit 4 Growth Rate of Census Architects by Age Category, 1 0

1940-1990 & 1970-1990Exhibit 5 Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by Age, 11

Category, 1940, 1970 & 1990Exhibit 6 Growth Rate of Census Architects by Selected Ethnic & 12

Racial Categories, 1970-1990Exhibit 7 Hispanics as a Percent of Census Architects, 12

Categories, 1970, 1980 & 1990Exhibit 8 Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by Selected 13

Racial Category, 1940, 1970 & 1990Exhibit 9 American Institute of Architecture Members Reporting by 1 3

Selected Racial Category, 1989Exhibit 10 Growth Rate of Census Architects by Region 14

1940-1990 & 1970-1990

COPY AVAILABLE

Exhibit 11 Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by Region, 151940, 1970 & 1990

Exhibit 12 Percentage Distribution of Members of American Institute 15of Architecture & American Society for LandscapeArchitects by Region, 1990 & 1991

Exhibit 13 Growth Rate of Census Architects by Sex 161940-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 14 Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by Sex, 161940, 1970 & 1990

Exhibit 15 Percentage Distribution of Members of the American 16Institute of Architecture by Sex, 1987 & 1989

Exhibit 16 Growth Rate of Census Architects by Education 181940-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 17 Percentage Distribution of Architects by Education, 191940, 1970 & 1990

Exhibit 18 Percentage Distribution of Degrees Awarded in 19Architecture & Landscape Architecture, 1988-89

Exhibit 19 Percentage Distribution of Accredited Landscape 20Architecture, Programs by Type of Degree,1971, 1984 & 1990

Exhibit 20 Percentage Distribution of Faculty and Students in 20Accredited Landscape Architecture Programs, 1989-90

Exhibit 21 Growth Rate of Census Architects by Class of Worker, 211940-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 22 Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by Class of 21Worker, 1940, 1970 & 1990

Exhibit 23 Percentage Distribution of Full-Time, Part-Time & 22Unemployed Census Architects, 1980 & 1990

Exhibit 24 Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by Major 22Industries, 1990

Exhibit 25 Percentage Distribution of Architects & Landscape 23Architects in Construction, Finance & ServiceIndustries, 1987

Exhibit 26 Percentage Distribution of Architectural Establishments, 24Staff & Fees by Project Type, Source & Client,1982 & 1987

Exhibit 27 Percentage Distribution of Architectural Services 24Establishments & Receipts by Region, 1987

Exhibit 28 Percentage Distribution of American Institute of 25Architecture Firms by Region, 1989

Exhibit 29 Percentage Distribution of American Institute of 25Architecture Firms by Size of Staff, Type of Client,Source of Work, Billings & Services, 1990

Exhibit 30 Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by 26Full-Time Earnings in Year before Census, 1980 & 1990

Exhibit 31 Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by 27Household Income in Year before Census, 1980 & 1990

Exhibit 32 Median Annual Compensation of Members of the 27American Institute of Architecture by Position, 1990

Exhibit 33 Median Annual Income of Members of the American 28Society for Landscape Architects, 1989 & 1990

Exhibit 34 Growth Rate of Census Combined Decorators & Designers 31

by Age Category, 1950-1990 & 1970-1990Exhibit 35 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 31

& Designers by Age Category, 1950-1990 & 1970-1990Exhibit 36 Growth Rate of Census Combined Decorators & Designers 32

by Selected Ethnic & Racial Category,1970-1990Exhtbit 37 Hispanics as a Percent of Census Combined Decorators 33

& Designers, 1970,1980 & 1990

t)

Exhibit 38 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 33& Designers by Selected Racial Category,1970,1980 & 1990

Exhibit 39 Growth Rate of Census Combined Decorators & Designers 34by Region,1950-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 40 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 35& Designers by Region, 1950,1970 & 1990

Exhibit 41 Percentage Distribution of Members of the American 35Institute of Graphic Arts & Reporting Members of theIndustrial Designers Society of America by Region, 1987

Exhibit 42 Growth Rate of Census Combined Decorators & Designers 36by Sex,1940-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 43 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 36& Designers by Sex, 1950,1970 & 1990

Exhibit 44 Growth Rate of Census Decorators by Sex,1940-1990 & 371970-1990

Exhibit 45 Percentage Distribution of Census Decorators by Sex, 371950,1970 & 1990

Exhibit 46 Growth Rate of Census Designers by Sex, 371940-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 47 Percentage Distribution of Census Designers by Sex, 371950,1970 & 1990

Exhibit 48 Growth Rate of Census Combined Decorators & Designers 39by Education, 1950-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 49 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 39& Designers by Education, 1950,1970 & 1990

Exhibit 50 Percentage Distribution of Degree Awarded in Design,1988-89 40

Exhibit 51 Percentage Distribution of Graduate Design Programs,1988-89

Exhibit 52 a) Percentage Distribution of Bachelor of Fine Arts 41Enrollment & Degrees by Design Programs, 1987

b) Percentage Distribution of Masters Enrollment & 42Degrees by Design Programs, 1987

Exhibit 53 Percentage Distribution of Members of the American 42Institute for Graphic Arts by Education, 1987

Exhibit 54 Growth Rate of Census Combined Decorators & Designers 43by Class of Worker,1960-1990 & 1970-1990

Exhibit 55 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 43& Designers by Class of Worker, 1960,1970 & 1990

Exhibit 56 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 44& Designers by Full-Time, Part-Time & Unemployed,1980 & 1990

Exhibit 57 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 44& Designers by Major Industries, 1990

Exhibit 58 Percentage Distribution of Designers by Selected Industriesfor Selected Yearsa) Construction, Finance & Service Industries 1987 45b) Non-Manufacturing Industries, 1988 45c) Manufacturing Industries, 1989 46

Exhibit 59 Percentage Distribution of Census Graphic Design Services 46Establishments & Receipts by Region, 1987

Exhibit 60 Percentage Distribution of Reporting Industrial Design 47Society of America Groups and Design Employees

by Region, 1987Exhibit 61 Percentage Distribution of Respondents to an American 47

Institute of Graphic Arts Survey by Region, 1987

1

Exhibit 62 Percentage Distribution of Industrial Design Society of 48America Groups by Practice, Billings & DesignEmployees, 1989

Exhibit 63 Percentage Distribution of Members of the American 48Institute of Graphic Arts by Employment Status, 1987

Exhibit 64 Percentage Distribution of Members of the American 48Institute of Graphic Arts by EmployingOrganization, 1987

Exhibit 65 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 49& Designers by Full-Time Earnings in YearBefore Census, 1980 & 1990

Exhibit 66 Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators 49& Designers by Household Income in Year BeforeCensus, 1980 & 1990

Exhibit 67 Median Annual Compensation of Members of the 50Industrial Design Society of America by Position, 1990

Exhibit 68 Percentage Distribution of Members of the American 50Institute of Graphic Arts by Professional Income, 1986

Exhibit 69 The American Arts Industry: Exports & Imports, 1982 54

Introduction

Visual EcologistArchitects and designers are the

visual ecologists of our society. It is theywho cultivate the images and forms thatshape the human as opposed to thenatural environment. It is they who takethe insights and findings of the fine artsand apply them to our daily lives:

from the skylines of our cities to theclothes on our backs and the shoes onour feet;

from our shopping centers and gasstations to the packages of cereal on ourbreakfast tables;

from the houses in which we live andthe furniture on which we sit to themagazines we read and the sets, propsand costumes of TV sitcoms we watch;

from the coffee makers we pour andthe household utensils we use to thecars we drive and the offices andfactories in which we work to thechurches and temples in which we pray;it is architects and designers who shape,color and mold the pattern of modernlife. It is they who contribute what theancient Greeks called kosmos: the rightordering of the multiple parts of theworld.

Even the words and sayings ofarchitects and designers form part ofour contemporary vocabulary. It wasLouis Sullivan, architect of the firstskyscraper the Wainwright Building inSt. Louis (1890), who said: "Form followsFunction." It was Frank Lloyd Wrightwho coined the phrase: "OrganicArchitecture". It was Mies van der Rohe,godfather of the 'International Style',who is credited with saying: "Less isMore". Such sayings have grown intoprecepts guiding our sense of the rightordering of the human environment.

1

In addition to architects anddesigners, two related occupations areinstrumental in shaping the humanenvironment: urban planners andpreservationists. If architects anddesigners are concerned about thepresent, preservationists are concernedwith conserving the past, for example,Williamsburg, while planners areconcerned with the shape of the futurehuman environment.

But who are these shapers ofimage and molders of form? How oldare they? What is their race, ethnicityand sex? How and where are theyeducated? Where do they live and workand how much do they earn? And howhave they changed over time? These aresome the 'factual' questions that will, atleast partially, be addressed in thisstudy.

EvidenceTo do so two principal sets of

statistical evidence will be presentedand assessed. Of course, statistics are aan inappropriate medium to explorequality and excellence in architectureand design. Nonetheless, they doprovide a means to understand thefactual context from which quality andexcellence emerge.

But even statistics have quality.The who, what, why, when and whereof their collection, compilation anddisplay materially affects theirmeaningfulness. To paraphrase thepoet Robert Frost: Statistics require thetemporary suspension of disbelief.

The first set of statistics are fromthe Federal Government. They areproduced by the Bureau of the Census ofthe Department of Commerce; theNational Center for Education Studies of

the Department of Education; and theBureau of Labor Statistics of theDepartment of Labor. They have theadvantages of:

providing data consistent with anddirectly compatible with otheroccupations;

providing data collected at regularintervals permitting trend analysis; and,

providing large sample sizespermitting detailed analysis.

However, they also have thedisadvantages of:

providing data about primaryoccupation, i.e. where one works themost hours. Therefore, architects ordesigners who work more time in otherjobs are not included; and,

providing data of limited usefulness inaddressing questions specific toarchitects and designers.

The second set of data are frommembership organizations including theAmerican Institute of Architects, theAmerican Society for LandscapeArchitects, the Industrial DesignersSociety of America, the AmericanInstitute of Graphic Arts, and theAmerican Planning Institute. These dataseries have the advantages of:

providing data about those personsgenerally accepted as 'professionals' intheir field; and,

providing data that is useful inaddressing questions specific to suchprofessionals.

However, they also have thedisadvantages of:

providing data that is not necessarilycompatible with other occupations;and,

providing data that is not necessarilycollected on a regular basis limitingtrend analysis.

2

Both data sets have been primarilycollected from databases and specialstudies conducted or commissioned bythe Research Division of the NationalEndowment for the Arts. These includethe biennial Source Book of ArtsStatistics.

In addition, two special data setswere provided by George Wassal andNeil Alper of Northeastern University inBoston (1940 Census of Population data)and by Deirdre Gaquin of Washington(1990 Census of Population data).

DifficultiesIt important at the outset to note

definitional difficulties in comparingCensus of Population data with thatfrom the Bureau of Labor and fromrepresentative organization. In the caseof architects, for example, the Census ofPopulation's Classified Index ofIndustries and Occupations identifies 13job titles inouding landscape architects.Census of Population data is presentedfor a// 13 types of 'architect'. In the caseof Bureau of Labor Statistics data,architects and landscape architects arereported separately as are data from theAmerican Institute of Architects and theAmerican Society for LandscapeArchitects. In all cases, however, marineand naval architects are excluded.

For designers, the situation isworse. The Census of Population for1980 and 1990 identifies at least 98occupational titles under the heading'Designer' ranging from windowtrimmers to industrial designers toflower arrangers to fashion designers.By contrast, the Occupational Handbook1992-93 of the Department of Labornotes that design is not one but anumber of occupations including sixwhich are formally defined:

a) Industrial Designers: who developand design manufactured products likecars; appliances; computers; medical,office and recreation equipment; andchildren's toys. They combine artistictalent with market research on productuse, marketing, materials andproduction methods to create the mostfunctional and appealing design andmake products competitive in themarketplace;b) Interior Designers: who plan spaceand furnish interiors of homes, hotels,offices, public buildings, restaurants,stores and theaters. With a client'stastes and needs in mind they prepareworking drawings and specifications forinterior construction, furnishings,lighting and finishes including crownmoldings, coordinating colors andselecting furnishings floor coverings andcurtains. The also plan additions andrenovations. They must design inaccordance with federal, state and localbuilding codes;c) Set Designers: who study scripts,confer with directors and conductresearch to determine appropriate stylesthen design sets for film, television andtheater;d) Fashion Designers: who designwearing apparel and accessories;e) Textile Designers: who design fabricsfor garments, upholstery, rugs and otherproducts using their knowledge ofmaterials and fashion trends; and,0 Floral Designers: who cut and arrangefresh, dried or artificial flowers andfoliage into designs expressing thesentiments of the sender.

For purposes of the 1940 to 1990analysis, Citro and Gaguin (1987) andGauguin (1990), using crosswalksbetween previous Census categories,

3

were able to distinguish Census ofPopulation designers from decorators.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics, onthe other hand, distinguishes betweenDesigners; Interior Designers; andMerchandising Displayers and WindowTrimmers. As well, distinct data isavailable for graphic and industrialdesigners from the representativeassociations. Educational data providesthe finest degree of distinction betweenthe various design disciplines.

In addition, Census of Populationdata for different years have beenderived from different sample sizes. Forexample, the special 1940 Census dataprovided by Wassal and Alper is basedon a 1% sample of the population. Dataprovided by Citro and Gaquin (1987) forthe 1950 through 1980 Census is derivedfrom a 5% sample while some Censusdata for 1970, 1980 and 1990 (Ellis,Beresford 1994) have been derived froma 16.7% sample. At times this willgenerate apparent anomalies for dataconcerning the same year. Accordingly,the reader is cautioned that analysis willbe somewhat jerky, bouncing from onedata definition and sometimes samplesize to another.

For purposes of this study urbanand regional planners are presented as aseparate group only in the statisticalappendix. Data presented was derivedfrom the Bureau of Labor Statistics,Department of Education and theAmerican Planning Association. NoCensus of Population data was availablefor purposes of this study and,accordingly, no trend analysis waspossible.

In the case of preservationists, theCensus does not identify a distinctoccupational category. Further nomembership data is available.Preservation is, at present, mainly a

speciality practiced by architects,designers and planners. Accordingly, noseparate trend analysis was possible.

Having presented the hardevidence concerning architecture anddesign occupations, the concludingsection of the study will provide asummary assessment of the evidence inlight of some of the principal factorsaffecting the employment and earningsof architecture and design occupations.While not exhaustive, it is hoped thatthe study will provide interested readerswith a firm grounding concerning the'factual' context from which quality andexcellence in architecture and designemerge.

To the professional statisticians ofthe Federal government, the staff ofrepresentative organizations and theResearch Division of the NEA whoselong term efforts provided the evidencepresented in this report, many thanksand encouragement are offered. In asociety in which: "If you're not counted,you don't count!", their ongoing effortsaid and assist materially ir making thecase for the arts before the court ofpublicopinion.

4

TRENDS

A 'trend' refers to the generaldirection of a phenomenon over time.For purposes of this study, this meansthe general direction of demographiccharacteristics, education, employmentand earnings of architects anddesigners. Because of the previous workof Citro and Gaquin (1987) togetherwith special tabulations of the 1940Census (Wassal, Alpert) and the 1990Census (Gaguin), generally this means aconsistent 60 year trend line for theperiod 1940 to 1990.

Growth RatesWhen discussing trends for a

demographic or economic variable, aconvenient summary measure is theaverage rate of growth. Given theextensive use of growth rates used inthis report, a brief aside is in order.

Growth rates have three strengths.First, while one can not compare applesand oranges, one can quite properlycompare the rate of growth of applesand oranges. Second, growth rates, as asingle number, provide a succinctsummary of trends. Third, theoretically,growth rates can be used to projecttrends into the future, assuming thefuture reflects the past.

Nonetheless, all growth rates,regardless of technique, must be used infull recognition that the actual timepath may be quite different fromassumed constant growth over time, anassumption of all techniques.

Furthermore, the reliability of agrowth rate increases with the timespan covered, i.e. the longer thetimeframe the more reliable the growthrate, e.g. a 60 year growth rate is morereliable than a 30 year growth rate, allthings being equal.

5

For purposes of this study, growthrates have been calculated using threemethods:

end-points (EP) by subtracting thefirst or base observation from the lastand dividing by the base;

log-linear regression (LLR) of allobservations; and,

restricted least squares (RLS) of allobservations restricting the sum ofthe residuals to zero.

Only the RLS is reported because itis considered the best single indicator ofthe trend. Descriptive reference is,however, made to the other twoestimates. Consider a 6% RLS growth inthe production of oranges between1940 and 1990 while the EP was 7%; andthe LLR was 12%. This is described as:oranges grew at 6% a decade (RLS) butthe trend accelerated at the end of theperiod (7% EP) while the trend wasrelatively unstable (because thedifference between the RLS and LLRwas five percent or more).Comparative Occupational Groups

Before beginning trend analysisthere are three other occupationalgroups that need to be defined. Theseare:

the experienced civilian labor force;professional specialty workers; andall artistsThe experienced civilian labor

force (ECLF) consists of all employed andunemployed persons with recent civilianwork experience. Professional SpecialtyWorkers (PSW) includes artists, athletes,astronomers, dentists, engineers,lawyers, miners, nurses, physicians,physicists, optometrists, reporters, socialworkers, etc. All Artists include actorsand directors; announcers; architects,

authors; dancers; designers; musiciansand composers; painters, sculptors,craft-artists and artist printmakers;photographers; teachers of art, dramaand music in higher education; as wellas artists, performers and relatedworkers not elsewhere classified.

Trends in architect and designerdemographics, education, employmentand income will be compared with thesethree groups. In addition, selected dataconcerning Australian and Canadianarchitects and designers is compared inthe concluding section with Americanexperience (Appendix, Series 14 & 15).

OverviewBetween 1940 and 1990 a growth

rate for the Experienced Civilian LaborForce (ECLF) could not be calculatedbecause compatible data from the 1940Census was not available. Between 1950and 1990, however, the ECLF grew at anaverage rate of 21.5% per decade from58,118,310 in 1950 to 123,473,499 in1990. The trend was stable throughoutthe period. Between 1970 and 1990, theECLF grew at an average rate of 24.3%each decade from 80.1 million to 123.5million.

Between 1940 and 1990, ProfessionalSpecialty Workers (PSW), includingartists, grew at an average rate of 37.7%each decade from 3.2 million to 16.6million workers (Exhibit 1). The trendaccelerated at the end of the period andwas somewhat unstable. Between 1970and 1990, PSW grew at an average rateof 21.5% each decade from 11.7 millionto 16.6 million workers.

Between 1940 and 1990, All Artists(AA), including architects, decoratorsand designers, grew at an average rateof 41.3% each decade from 386,300 to1.7 million workers. The trenddecelerated at the end of the period and

was somewhat unstable. Between 1970and 1990, All Artists grew at an averagerate of 57.1% each decade from 11.7million to 16.6 million workers.

Between 1940 and 1990, the numberof architects grew at an average rate of62.1% each decade from 20,10C to157,759. The trend decelerated at theend of the period and was somewhatunstable. Between 1970 and 1990,architects grew at an average rate of60.1% each decade from 56,125 to157,759.

Exhibit 1Growth Rates for Census Experienced Civilian Labor Force,

Professional Specialty Workers, All Artists, Architects.Decorators & Designers1940-1990 & 1970-1990

tabor ;orce

PriW

All Artists

Arch.tects

Decorators &Designers

labor Force

PSW

All Artists

Architects

Decorators &Designers

25 50 75 100

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHhIII

1940-1990

21 5's

37 7,4,

41 3,6

62 1,e

72 94

25 50 75 100

1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 ri

1 1 1 1

I

1 11940-19901 1

24 3.6

2* 56

57 ,

60 1:6

/8 9'6

1 1 1 1

Source: Appendlr, rabie 51.1I roerienced Civilian labor Force growth rate 1950-'990

psw Professional SoecialT,i WorKers

Until 1980, decorators and designerswere recognized as distinct occupationalcategories in the Census of Population.Drawing upon Citro and Gaguin (1987),the distinction is maintained wheneverpossible. Between 1940 and 1990, the

combined category decorators anddesigners grew at an average rate of72.9% each decade from 47,300 to600,810. The trend decelerated at theend of the period and was relativelyunstable. Between 1970 and 1990,decorators and designers grew at anaverage rate of 78.9% each decade from185,954 to 600,810.

Between 1940 and 1990, decoratorsincreased at an average rate of 66.4%each decade from 22,700 in 1940 to240,800 in 1990. The trend deceleratedat the end of the period and wasrelatively unstable. Between 1970 and1990, decorators increased at anaverage rate of 82.1% each decade from74,004 in 1970 to 240,800 in 1990.

Between 1940 and 1990, designersincreased at an average rate of 77.4%each decade from 24,600 in 1940 to360,000 in 1990. The trend deceleratedat the end of the period and wasrelatively stable throughout. Between1970 and 1990, designers increased at anaverage rate of 76.9% each decade from111,950 in 1970 to 360,000 in 1990.

The total number of artists, as apercent of all professional specialtyworkers, declined from 12% in 1940 to6% in 1970 but then increased to 10% in1990. Architects also declined as apercent of professional specialtyworkers from 0.6% in 1940 to 0.5% in1970 and then increased to 1% in 1990.Decorators and designers, however,increased as a percent of all professionalspecialty workers throughout the periodfrom 1.5% in 1940 to 1.6% in 1970 to3.6% in 1990.

As a percent of all artists, architectsincrease from 3.6% in 1940 to 5.% in1970 to 9.4% in 1990. Decorators and

designers increased from 12.2% in 1940to 27.7% in 1970 to 35.8% in 1990.

Exhibit 2Census Architects, Decorators & Designers as

Percent of Professional Specialty Workers1940, 1970 & 1990

Architects20.100 or 0 6's

4. Decorators & Designers

All Artists(mcl ArchitertS.

DecoratorS &iesigners)386.300

or 12%

Jai: 5 47.300 Or 1 54

All ProfessionalSpecialty Workers(Ind All Artists)

3,191,900

1940

Decorators22 700

Or 0 7%

Designers24.600

Or 0 8%

Architects56.125 or 0 5%

3116 Decorators &Designers40

185.954 or 1 6%

Decofators74.004

Or 0 8%

Designers111.950or 1 0%

All Artists(incl Architects,

Decorators &Designers)621,604

or 6%

9MOMMX. MO011INI.MAMR

or.

All Artistsmcl Architects.

Decrators &i;esigriers)1 677 264

of 10'5

All ProfessionalSpecialty Workers

(Inc! All Artists)11,666,966

1970

Architects157.759 or 1 0%

..111111AMINNEOMMOR

.I NOM.411k3

Decorators& Designers600.810 or 3 6%

All ProfessionalSpecialty Workers

(Intl All Artists)16,620,806

1990

Decorators240.800or 1 5%

Designers360.000or 2 Pt

iource eq..Noench. 4. 'able 5,1

7 m. tAii.V AVAILABLE

ARCHITECTS

Definition &MembershipTo provide a basic understanding of

architectural occupations descriptionsderived from the OccupationalHandbook 1992-93 will be provided for'Architects' and 'Landscape Architects'(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1993).Architects

With respect to 'architects', theHandbook notes that architects providea variety of services to individuals andorganizations and may be involved in allphases from initial discussion of generalideas with clients through constructionsrequiring a variety of skills includingdesign, engineering, managerial andsupervisory.

The architect and client must firstdiscuss purposes, requirements andbudget. Based on these discussions, thearchitect prepares a report specifyingrequirements and then preparesdrawings presenting ways of meeting aclient's needs.

After initial proposal are discussedand accepted, the architects developsfinal construction documents showingthe building's appearance includingdrawings of structural systems: air-conditioning, electrical, heating,plumbing and ventilation systems andsometimes landscape plans. Architectsalso specify building materials andsometime interior furnishings. Theymust follow building codes, zoningbylaws, fire regulations and otherordinances such as access for thehandicapped. Throughout process, thearchitect makes necessary changes.

The architect may assist in gettingconstruction bids, selecting a contractorand negotiating contracts and may beengaged to ensure contractors follow

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the design, use specified materials, andmeet quality standards. The job is notcompleted until all construction isfinished, required tests performed andconstruction costs paid.

Architects design a variety ofbuildings such as offices, apartments,schools, churches, factories, hospitals,houses and airports as well as multi-building complexes such as urbancenters, college campuses, industrialparks and entire communities. Inaddition to design, architects may adviseon selection of building sites, cost andland-use studies and long-range landdevelopment.

Some specialize in one type ofbuilding, in construction managementor management of their own firm doinglittle design work. They often work withengineers, urban planners, interiordesigners and landscape architects.Landscape Architects

With respect to 'landscapearchitects', the Handbook notes thatlandscape architects design residentialareas, parks, college campuses,shopping centers, golf courses,parkways and industrial parks to befunctional as well as beautiful andcompatible with the naturalenvironment. They plan buildinglocations, roads and walkways;arrangements of flowers, shrubs andtrees. They also redesign streets to limitcar traffic and improve pedestrian accessand safety. Natural resourceconservation and historical preservationare other activities where landscapearchitects apply knowledge of theenvironment as well as design.

They may be hired by organizationslike real estate developers starting new

projects and municipalities constructingairports or parks. Often they areinvolved from project conception andwork with architects and engineersdetermining the best arrangement ofroads and buildings. They develop plansindicating new topology, vegetation,walkways and landscape amenities.

They discuss with clients the purposeof the project and funds available. Theyanalyze site elements such as climate,soil, slope, drainage and vegetation;observe the fall of sunlight; and accessexisting buildings, roads, walkways andutilities. They then prepare preliminaryplans which are subject to change.Many now use CADD and videosimulators to help clients accessproposals.

Working with other professionalsthrough out the design phase, once thedesign is complete they draw updetailed plans including written reports,sketches, models, photographs, land-usestudies, and cost estimates. If the plan isapproved, they then prepare workingdrawings showing existing andproposed features, outline methods ofconstruction and materials required.

While many supervise installation oftheir design, some are involved inconstruction but this is generally doneby a contractor or developer.

Some work on a variety of projects;others specialize, e.g residential,historical, restoration, waterfrontimprovements, parks, playgrounds orshopping centers. Others work inregional planning and resourcedevelopment, feasibility, environmentalimpact and cost studies; or siteconstruction. Yet others teach at thecollege or university level.

Few specialize in design forindividual homeowners because projectsare too small to be profitable.

Residential work generally represents asmall amount of work done bylandscape architects. Some nurseriesoffer design services but performed byless qualified professionals. Some workfor government agencies doing nationalparks, government buildings or otherpublic facilities. They also prepareenvironmental impact statements andstudies on environmental issues likeland-use planning.Membership

While Census data does notdistinguish between types of architects,two data sets provide a more detailedview of the profession. The first is fromthe American Institute of ArchitectsAIA (Appendix, Series 4). The second isfrom the American Society of LandscapeArchitects ASLA (Appendix, Series 6).

Exhibit 3Architects by Membership Organization

1990

120.000 CENSUS ARCHITECTS

57.759

100.000

80.000

60.000

40.000

20.000

AmricanInstitute ofArchitects56.802 or

6 0%

AmericanSociety ofLandscapeArchitects10.443 or

6.6%

Census Non.Members90 514 or

57 4

Source Append. A. Table 51-1,54-1 8, 56.1assuming no joint membership

If one accepts the 1990 Census countof 157,759 architects in the experiencedcivilian labor force and, further, thatmembership in the two organizations ismutually exclusive (which is notnecessarily true) then the 56,802 AIAmembers represented 36.0% of all

architects and 10,443 ASLA members,6.6%. The remaining 90,514 or 57.4%of Census architects were not affiliatedwith either organization (Exhibit 3).

In what follows data from all federalsources (Census of Population, Census ofService Industries, Department ofEducation, and Occupational Employ-ment System from the Bureau of LaborStatistics) are reported as well as datafrom representative associations for aset of factors. These include:

AgeEthnicty & Race

SexEducation

EmploymentIncome.

Only summary findings are presentedin this report, The statistical appendixprovides, in most cases, a much richerfield of data for further analysis.

AgeData concerning the age distribution

of architects is available only from theCensus of Population. Accordingly, allarchitects are reported includinglandscape architects.

Between 1940 and 1990, architects ofall ages increased at an average rate of62.1% each decade from 20,100 in 1940to 157,759 in 1990. The trend decreasedat the end of the period and wasrelatively stable. Between 1970 and1990, they increased at an average rateof 60.1% each decade from 56,125 in1970 to 157,759 in 1990.

Between 1940 and 1990 architectsaged 16 to 24 years at an average rate of57.1% each decade from 700 in 1940 to7,245 in 1990. The trend inc.eased atthe end of the period and was unstableBetween 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 29.6% each decade

from 3,175 in 1970 to 7,245 in 1990. As apercent of all architects, they increasedfrom 3.5% in 1940 to 5.6% in 1970 butdeclined to 4.5% in 1990 (Exhibit 5).

Exhibit 4Growth Rate of Census Architects

by Age Category1940-1990 & 1970-1990

10

66.24

25.34

35-44

45.55

55.64

65 «

lI

66.24

25-34

3544

15-55

55.64

65

25 50 75 100

1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 111

\

1 1 1 1 I 1 1 11940-19901 1

25 50

62 e

57 ¶ e

71 8 6

78 8'6

43

46 3 e

35 1 n

I 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 11940-19901 1 I 1 1 1 1

60 1%

29 be,

62 3%

92 6%

40 6%

44 0%

4 Vt

Source. Append., Table 51.1

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsaged between 25 and 34 years increasedat an average rate of 71.6% each decadefrom 4,500 in 1940 to 53,032 in 1990.The trend decelerated at the end of theperiod but was relatively stable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 62.3% each decadefrom 15,300 in 1970 to 53,032 in 1990.As a percent of all architects theyincreased from 22.4% in 1940 to 27.7%in 1970 to 33.6% in 1990.

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsaged between 35 and 44 years increasedat an average rate of 78.9% each decadefrom 5,100 in 1940 to 52,256 in 1990

Exhibit 5Percentage Distribution of Census Architects

by Age Category1940, 1970 & 1990

bS rS

: 635 3r 6i 2. rs

Or 5 6,n

Sj.b.4 Yrs

' 250 or'1 9,,

A t I

56 125 .

45.54 yrs900 Or

21 2', 1970

25.34 Yrs'5 30027 74,

35-44 rrs15 500 >,27 rt

1990

Source Append., a. r, c 3. 3

The trend decelerated at the end of theperiod and was relatively unstable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 92.6% each decadefrom 15,500 in 1970 to 52,256 in 1990.As a percent of all architects they

BEST Copy AVAILARLE

increased from 25.4% in 1940 to 27.7%in 1970 to 33.1% in 1990.

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsaged between 45 and 54 years increasedat an average rate of 43.6% each decadefrom 6,300 in 1940 to 24,266 in 1990.The trend decelerated at the end of theperiod and was relatively unstable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 40.6% each decadefrom 11,900 in 1970 to 24,266 in 1990.As a percent of all architects theydecreased from 31.3% in 1940 to 21.2%in 1970 to 15.4% in 1990.

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsaged between 55 and 64 years increasedat an average rate of 46.3% each decadefrom 2,200 in 1940 to 15,438 in 1990.The trend was relatively stable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 44.0% each decadefrom 7,250 in 1970 to 15,438 in 1990. Asa percent of all architects they increasedfrom 11.2% in 1940 to 12.9% in 1970but then decreased to 9.8% in 1990.

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsaged over 65 years increased at anaverage rate of 35.1% each decade from1,300 in 1940 to 5,522 in 1990. Thetrend decreased slightly at the end ofthe period and was relatively stable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 47.0% each decadefrom 2,625 in 1970 to 5,522 in 1990. As apercent of all architects they decreasedfrom 6.5% in 1940 to 4.7% in 1970 to3.5% in 1990.

1 1

Ethnicity & RaceData concerning ethnicity and race

of architects is presented from the 1970,1980 and 1990 Census of Population(Appendix, Table 512-1). It reports allarchitects. Data is also presented formembers of the American Institute forArchitecture (Appendix, Table 54-3).

The two data sets are not directlycomparable..


by Selected Ethnic & Racial Categories1970-1990

25 50 75 100 125 150

111111111111111111111111111111

uiIHuIIiIIIIIlIIIIIIIIIIIIHhIIIOII

62 1%

724 04.,

59 9%1111111111111

11111111111 1?70-19901 11

25 50 75 100 125 150

11111111111111111111

Other

1970-1990

62

59 1'4,

70 5 4,

1,0 7.,

Source. Aopendix. Table 512.1

Between 1970 and 1990, Hispanicarchitects increased at an average rateof 124% each decade from 938 in 1970to 8,006 in 1990 (Exhibit 6). Growth inthe number of Hispanic architects wassignificantly faster than growth ofHispanics in the general labor force(74% per decade); faster than growth ofHispanics among Professional SpecialtyWorkers (97.6% per decade); and, fasterthan growth in Hispanics among artistsin general (113.6% per decade). As apercent of all architects, they increasedfrom 1.8% in 1970 to 4% in 1980 to5.1% in 1990 (Exhibit 7). The number ofnon-Hispanic architects increased at anaverage rate of 59.9% a decade butdecreased from 98.8% of all architects in1970 to 96% in 1980 to 94.9% in 1990.

Exhibit 7Hispanics as Percent of Census Architects

1970, 1980 & 1990

All

53,670

Other52.732 or

98 8%

. . . .

Ali107 693

Othe,'03 340

96 0--

All

156.874

Other156.874 or

94 9'4

1970

1990

8938 or

4 353 Or4 0%

"Naaric8 306 I,

5 1-t

12

Source Append,. & Table 512.1

Between 1970 and 1990, black orAfro-American architects increased at anaverage rate of 70.5% each decade from1,273 in 1970 to 4,429 in 1990 (Exhibit 6).Growth in the number of Blackarchitects was faster than growth ofWhites (59.1% per decade) but

;

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Exhibit 8Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by

Selected Racial Categories1970, 1980 & 1990

914,K

1 273 Or2 4't

All

53,670

Wh.teSO 196 or

94 6't

Black

3 313 or2 Pi

Ail

107.693

Whrte99.131 or

92 Pt

1970

Bla<k

4.429 or

All

156,874

Whrte'41 906 .

90 5:4

Pt

1980

1990

Ot.er60,3 0'4

Other5 5.49 Or

5 2,4

Other10.539 or

6 7'4

Source Append...1, Table 51.2-1

significantly slower than growth in thenumber of architects of other races, e.g.Asians (118.7%). Black architects did,however, increase in numbers fasterthan Blacks in the general labor force(26.6% per decade); faster than growth

of Blacks among Professional SpecialtyWorkers (55.2% per decade); but slowerthan the growth rate of Blacks amongartists in general (72.3% per decade).As a percent of all architects, Blacksincreased from 2.4% in 1970 to 2.8% in1980 and remaining at 2.8% in 1990.

Exhibit 9American Institute of Architecture

Members Reporting by Selected Racial Category1989

Mr.<311

Arre.Cans549 Or 1 77a

451anamp, Cans

1 740 or 5 34

.1.SOanr,

^71.t.Cans

993 or 2 9'4,

Nattvearne,cans50 or 02's

Other Non-Whiteamericans1730; 0 5'4

0 500 1,000 1,500

1111 HllillIl

Total Reporting32.715Nhrte

amer.tans

29.250 .)r 99 4r.t

Source: Appendix, Table S4-3

If one compares 1990 Census datawith reported 1989 members of theAmerican Institute of Architects, thenCensus Hispanic architects were 5.1% ofall architects compared with 2.9% ofA I A members; Census Blacksrepresented 2..8% of all architectscompared to 1.7% of AIA members; andWhites represented 90.5% of all Censusarchitects compared to 89.4% of AMmembers (Exhibit 9).

ResidenceData conccfning the residence of

architects is available from the Census ofPopulation and the two representativearchitectural associations. For purposesof analysis data is presented for the 4principal Census regions: the Northeast;South; Midwest; and West. Theseprovide the most reliable sample size forreporting. Data is, however, in somecases, presented in the statisticalappendix at the state level.

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsliving in the Northeast increased at anaverage rate of 56.5% each decade from7,800 in 1940 to 41,596 in 1990 (Exhibit10). The trend decelerated at the end ofthe period and was relatively unstable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 69.6% each decadefrom 15,375 in 1970 to 41,596 in 1990.As a percent of all architects theydecreased from 38.8% in 1940 to 27.4%in 1970 to 26.4% in 1990 (Exhibit 11).

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsliving in the South increased at anaverage rate of 66.1% each decade from4,100 in 1940 to 43,141 in 1990 (Exhibit10). The trend decelerated slightly atthe end of the period but was relativelystable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 60.3%each decade from 14,150 i.n 1970 to43,141 in 1990. As a percent of allarchitects they increased from 20.4% in1940 to 25.2% in 1970 to 27.4% in 1990(Exhibit 11).

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsliving in the Midwest increased at anaverage rate of 45.6% each decade from5,200 in 1940 to 27,566 in 1990 (Exhibit10). The trend decelerated slightly atthe end of the period but was relativelystable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 41%

each decade from 12,975 in 1970 to27,566 in 1990. As a percent of allarchitects they decreased from 25.9% in1940 to 23.1% in 1970 to 17.5% in 1990(Exhibit 11).

14


by Region1940-1990 & 1970-1990

Northeast

South

,cissest

West

Nest

25 50 75 100

6 5't

56 S's

66 1,4

45 6:s

75 C'S

- %

Northeast

iouth

West

25 50 75 100

1 1 1 1 1 I I I

111111 I 1970-1990 I I

60 's

69 V.,

6C 3's

66 534,

Source! Appendix. -able .5

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsliving in the West increased at anaverage rate of 75% each decade from3,000 in 1940 to 45,456 in 1990 (Exhibit10). The trend decelerated slightly atthe end of the period but was relativelystable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 66.5%each decade from 13,625 in 1970 to45,456 in 1990. As a percent of allarchitects they increased from 14.9% in1940 to 24.3% in 1970 to 28.8% in 1990(Exhibit 11)

If one compares the 1990 Censusregional distribution with the 1990membership in the American Institute ofArchitects and 1991 membership in theAmerican Society for LandscapeArchitects (Exhibit 12), one finds that:

the Northeast accounted for 26.4%of Census architects; for AlA members,21.5% and for ASLA members, 21.4%;

the South accounted for 27.4% ofCensus architects; for AIA members,31.8%; and for ASLA members,34.7%;tithe Midwest accounted for 17.5% ofCensus architects; for AIA members,

Exhibit 11Percentage Distribution of Architects

by Region1940, 1970 & 1990

:4 04.

4,1

20 '00

M.ewest

:5 Pt

b25

24 34

411

56 '25

N.:"^east30

18 Vt.

1940

*1970

4s6

3't

SCuth4 '30

3,IC 44

NIcr-tteast'5 375

27 Vi

'4 '30Dr

25 24

Nc-,,,east4 1 536

4,5

A.!

157 759

4.4 dnelt27 :66

1990

Source Acce^a, iefe S'5

43 '41:r

2' 4 4.

1-15

19.9%; and for ASLA members,17.4%; and,

the West accounted for 28.8% ofCensus architects; for AIA members,26.4%; and, for ASLA members,26.5%.

Exhibit 12Percentage Distribution of Members of American Institute

of Architecture &American Society of LandscapeArchitects by Region

1990 & 1991

SA.Owest23,

'0 0's1990

American Institute of Architecture

; '43

4't

American Society for Landscape Architects

3 4'1

34

Source opoenoic rabies U.1 & SE,3

411 unatvgeed ,emoers

SexData concerning the sex of architects

is available from the Census ofPopulation and from reportingmembers of the American Institute ofArchitects.

Between 1940 and 1990, the numberof female architects increased at anaverage rate of 178.9% per decade from300 in 1940 to 23,723 in 1990. The trenddecelerated at the end of the period andwas relatively unstable. This compareswith an average growth of womenamong Professional Specialty Workersof 44.7% per decade and among AllArtists of 46.5% (Exhibit 13).

Exhibit 13Growth Rate of Census Architects by Sex

1940-1990 & 1970-1990

100 200

1 1 1 1

1940-1990 I I I

100 200

1111 111111111

Source. APPencha. Table 511

Between 1970 and 1990, femalearchitects increased at an average rateof 180.1% per decade from 2,075 in1970 to 23,723 in 1990. This compareswith an average growth among womenin the Experienced Civilian Labor Forceof 24.5% per decade; of 41.1% perdecade among Professional SpecialtyWorkers; and 86.9% per decade amongAll Artists. As a percentage of allarchitects, women increased from 1.5%in 1940 to 3.7% in 1970 to 17.7% in 1990(Exhibit 14).

If one compares the 1990 Censuswith the reported 1989 members of theAmerican Institute of Architects, thenwomen represented 17.7% of Censusarchitects and 9.2% of AIA members(Exhibit 15).

16

Exhibit 14Percentage Distribution of Census Architects by Sex

1940, 1970 & 1990

All

20,100

Male19.800

.)r 98 54

......

An

56,125

Male54 050

)1' 96 3%.

157.759

ma.e134 036

or 82 3°/,

1990

Ferrate23 723

or 17 7,4

Source 40Denclia .1, Table 31.1

Exhibit 15Percentage Distribution of Members of American 1,..ctuv:,

of Architecture by Sex1987 & 1989

45,573'

Male4/.119

or 92 4%

All

49 197 "

Male44 852), 90 8".

1987

1989

Ferraie3.454

7 616

1 '145

)r 9 2

Source ADDe^d. 4 Tab,es 54.348 421 'rota, 51 '00

EducationRequirements

According to the OccupationalHandbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics,1993), all States and the District ofColumbia require licensing beforecalling oneself an architect orcontracting to provide architecturalservices. However, many architecturalschool graduates work in the fieldwithout being licensed. But a licensedarchitect is required to take legalresponsibility for all work. Licensingusually requires: a professionalarchitectural degree, a period ofpractical training or internship (usually 3years) and passing the ArchitectRegistration Examination.

In most States, the professionaldegree is from one of 96 architecturalschools accredited by the NationalArchitectural Accrediting Board. Thereare several types. Over half of allarchitects have a 5-year Bachelor ofArchitecture. There is a 2-year Masterswith a pre-professional degree inarchitecture or a selected areas; a 3- or4-year Masters for those with a degreein another discipline. There are alsomany combinations and variations ofthese degree programs.

The type of degree depends on thestudent's preference and educationalbackground. For example, although a 5-year Bachelor program is usuallyspecialized, those who do not completethe program may find moving toanother discipline difficult. A typicalprogram includes: architectural historyand theory; building design includingtechnical and legal requirements; mathand physical sciences; and liberal arts.Many schools also offer graduateprograms beyond a professional degreewhich is desirable for research, teachingand certain specialties.

With respect to landscape architects,the Handbook notes that a Bachelor's orMaster's degree in landscapearchitecture is usually required. TheBachelor's program is usually 4 to 5years. There are 2 types of Master'sdegrees: a 3-year program for thosewith a Bachelor degree in anotherdiscipline (most common) or, a 2-yearprogram for those with a Bachelor's inlandscape architecture.

In 1990, 51 colleges and universitiesoffered 61 undergrad and gradprograms accredited by the AmericanSociety for Landscape Architecture.

Typically, course include: surveying,landscape design and construction,ecology, structural design, city andregional planning; history of landscapearchitecture, plant and soil science.geology, design and color theory andgeneral management. The designstudio is an important aspect of thecurriculum. Students are assigned realprojects providing hands-on experience.Prerequisites often include English,math and social science.

Some 44 States require licensingbased on the Uniform NationalExamination (UNE) admission to whichusually requires a degree from andaccredited school plus 1 to 4 years workexperience. But standards vary, State toState, some requiring an additionalexamination on law and plantsindigenous to that State. This limitsmobility but those from an accreditedprogram, having served a 3-yearinternship and passed the UNE, cansatisfy requirements of most States. Thefederal government, however, does notrequire a license.

In States requiring licenses, entrantsare called 'interns' until licensed. Dutiesvary by size and type of firm. They maydo research, prepare base maps or

17

participate in actual design work.Activities are performed under thesupervision of a licensed landscapearchitect who takes legal responsibilityfor all work produced by an intern.After several years beyond receivingtheir license, they may becomeassociates, partners or open their ownoffices.

Data concerning the educationalattainment of architects is availablefrom the Census of Population, theDepartment of Education and from theAmerican Society for LandscapeArchitects.


by Education1940-1990 & 1970-1990

% -50 0 50 100

.., . .62

1

211

CemeriaH,gh sc.1.,001

1 3 yrs

r4 rs

C:'ioye1.3 y rs

4 s ..

111111117

19 9..:

23

S't

J'S

9t

HIM"is,

1111111111111161

717'S

LI I I 1 I I 1970 1990 I I I I I I

% -50 0 50 100

All ..:::::::%,..x.:.:;:.p.,,, .5..:Y3,,,,,,,,....,4,./../,,9::: 3'..;;;''':'''';i:3:,3:73?..:

... 6J 13,3

'..mema'v11H1111111HI

Hqh sthooi.31 Yrs

lb

4I3's

6

i'S

4r se ,IINe

' 3 ',-s

4 fry.

NI 131,,

IIIIIIIIIII,s13

1 1 1 1 1 1 11970-1990

1 1 1 1 1 I

SOU(C AuDer,chlt rabie >1-2

AttainmentBetween 1940 and 1990, architects

with only elementary educationdeclined at an average rate of -27.5%each decade from 1,800 in 1940 to 158 in1990 (Exhibit 16). The trend acceleratedslightly at the end of the period but wasrelatively stable. Between 1970 and1990, they decreased at an average rateof -56.1% each decade from 1,150 in1970 to 158 in 1990. As a percent of allarchitects they decreased from 9% in1940 to 2.1% in 1970 to 0.1% in 1990(Exhibit 17).

Between 1940 and 1990, architectswith between 1 and 3 years of highschool education increased at anaverage rate of 19.9% each decade from500 in 1940 to 1,150 in 1990 (Exhibit 16).The trend was unstable. Between 1970and 1990, they decreased at an averagerate of -8.6% each decade from 1,600 in1970 to 1,150 in 1990. Asa percent of allarchitects they increased from 2.5% in1940 to 2.9% in 1970 but then declinedto 0.7% in 1990 (Exhibit 17).

Between 1940 and 1990, architectswith 4 years of high school educationincreased at an average rate of 23%each decade from 4,200 in 1940 to 6,676in 1990 (Exhibit 16). The trenddecelerated at the end of the period butwas relatively stable. Between 1970 and1990, they increased at an average rateof 13.1% each decade from 4,725 in1970 to 6,06 in 1990. As a percent of allarchitects they z4ecreased from 20.9% in1940 to 8.4% in 1970 to 4.2% in 1990(Exhibit 17).

Between 1940 and 1990, architectswith between 1 and 3 years of college oruniversity education increased at anaverage rate of 61.90% each decadefrom 3,500 in 1940 to 23,256 in 1990(Exhibit 16). The trend decelerated atthe end of the period and was relativelyunstable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 68.8%

18


by Education1940, 1970 & 1990

",^ehtaryi00 Sr 9 Ws

All

20,100

Cllege4 yrs'0.'00

)1 50 3's

3 'Ts.500

1 5

Elementary1.150 or 2 1'3

All

56,125

CollegeYrS

41.150sr 73 304

1940

High SCh0011 Yrs

4.200 or20 9's

College1.3 Yrs

3 SOCI or 17 4°,

Elementary1S8or 1,ro

All

157,759

C )1!egeYs

'26 519r 2's

1970

High Srhool'-3 yrsI 600

3.1,

High School4 e-s

4,725 or 9 44)

College1.3 YrS

7 500 or 13 4%

.411,50,001

13 rrs1 150 or 0 7'11

H gh 5,50014 Y5

ts 676 zr 4 V.

1990

i. Oegei"S

23 /06-

Source Appendix A. Table SI 2

each decade from 7,500 in 1970 to23,256 in 1990. As a percent of allarchitects, however, they decreasedfrom 17.4% in 1940 to 13.4% in 1970but then increased to 14.7% in 1990(Exhibit 17).

Between 1940 and 1990, architectswith 4 years or more of college oruniversity education increased at anaverage rate of 71.7% each decade from10,100 in 1940 to 126,519 in 1990(Exhibit 16). The trend decelerated atthe end of the period but was relativelystable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 68.4%each decade from 41,150 in 1970 to126,519 in 1990. As a percent of allarchitects they increased from 50.3% in1940 to 73.3% in 1970 to 80.2% in 1990(Exhibit 17).

19

Exhibit 18Percentage Distribution of Degrees Awarded in

Architecture and Landscape Architecture1988- 89

All Degrees

6,386

Bachelor4.ba

or 73 34

MAstero280 ar 24 Ile

Ail Degrees

1,164

iachh.or434

,r /5 v.,

111111111111111111111111111111

A chitecture

Landscape Architecture

Source Amend.. A tables SS-2

Degrees& EnrollmentUsing Department of Education data,

in 1988-89 there were 6,386 college oruniversity degrees awarded inarchitecture at the Bachelor (73.3% of

degrees), Masters (26.2%) and Doctoral(0.5%) level (Exhibit 18). There were1,164 degrees in landscape architectureawarded at the Bachelor (75.9% ofdegrees) and Masters (24.1%) level.

Exhibit 19Percentage Distribution of Accredited Landscape

Architecture Programsby Type of Degree19-n, 1984 & 1990

Master of Landscape

4 or 113 2%

ALL: 22

Bachelor of-ancfscape

ArchiteCrure'3 Dr 59 1%

1971

Bac.eicr of Sr iehre2 or 9

Master of Landscaperchitecture de--------Bachelor of Science

4111111

Bachelor ofSoence inLandscape

Arch,tecture3 or 136%

ALL 50

Bachelor ofLardstaPe

Architecture23 or 46 0%

Master of LandscapeArchitecture12 or 36 1%

ALL 61

30r 60%

Bachelor ofSoehce nLandscape

Archite.t.ireor 24 0%

1985Ar------ Bachelor of Soence

2 or 3 3,

Bachelor ofLandscaoe

.srhitecture:4 or 39 3%

1990

Bachelor ofScience inLandscape

A rr htecturp12 Or '9

SOUrC Appendix A r tole sbS

Data from the American Society forLandscape Architecture provides anindication of increasing professionalismin the field. In 1971, there were a totalof 22 accredited programs in landscapearchitecture of which 18.2% were at theMasters' level. By 1991, there were 64accredited programs of which 36.1%were at the Masters' level (Exhibit 19).Female students in accredited programsin 1990-91 represented almost 31% ofall students compared to 15% of 1990Census architects (Exhibit 20).

20

Exhibit 20Percentage Distribution of Faculty & Students in

Accredited Landscape Architecture Programs1989-90

Assistants129

Or 29 13%

All Faculty433

Female

18.9%

Male91 l's

411Students

5.816

prof tnsors

111111)

cr 36 314)

Faculty

Students

Associates147

or 34 O's

ernale1.796

or 30 9%

Source Append., 0. rabley 56.6

EmploymentData concerning the employment of

architects is available from the Census ofPopulation, Census of Service Industriesand from two representativeassociations. Census data does notdistinguish landscape architects fromarchitects in general.Class of Worker

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsemployed in the private sector increasedat an average rate of 75.3% each decadefrom 7,600 in 1940 to 92;029 in 1990(Exhibit 21). The trend dPeif rated atthe end of the period and was relativelyunstable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 76.2%


by Class of Work1940-1990 & 1970-1990

All

Private

Pubhc

Self.

Employed

25 SO 75 100

IHI 1111 HH

1111111111111111111111111111111111

1111111% 25

1970-19901 I

51 4%

/5 3%

40 8%

49 8%

HII50 75 100

1111 11111111111111

telfmoioyed

_1411_11j. 19701-1990

2`, 1

Source 4opench. S'-b

each decade from 28,225 in 1970 to92,029 in 1990. As a percent of allarchitects they increased from 37.8% in1940 to 49.3% in 1970 to 59.8% in 1990(Exhibit 22).

21


by Class of Worker1940, 1970 & 1990

Pf:sate/ 500 :11 37 8%

S.If.Empioyed9 900 >r 49 3%

All

20,100

1940

Public2 600 ,)r 12 9%

Pnuate28.225or 49 3%

Self-Employed20.375 or 36 7%

All

55,450

Public6.775 or 12 2%

1970

onvate92 029 or 59 8%

Self-Employed50.535 or 32 84

154.026

1990

Source Appendix A. Table 51-b.ncludes Unpa,d Family Worxers

Between 1940 and 1990, architectsemployed in the public sector inicreasedat an average rate of 40.8% each decadefrom 2,600 in 1940 to 11,208 in 1990(Exhibit 21). The trend decelerated atthe end of the period but was relativelystable. Between 1970 and 1990, they

increased at an average rate of 25.3%from 6,775 in 1970 to 11,208 in 1990. Asa percent of architects they decreasedfrom 12.9% in 1940 to 12.2% in 1970 to7.3% in 1990 (Exhibit 22).

Between 1940 and 1990, self-employed architects increased at anaverage rate of 49.8% each decade from9,900 in 1940 to 50,535 in 1990 (Exhibit21). The trend decelerated at the end ofthe period but was relatively stable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 47.1% each decadefrom 20,375 in 1970 to 50,535 in 1990.As a percent of all architects theydecreased from 49.3% in 1940 to 36.7%in 1970 to 32.8% in 1990 (Exhibit 22).

Unemployment RatesThe unemployment rate for

architects was: 7.5% in 1940; 1.2% in1970; and 2.4% in 1990. This compareswith Experienced Civilian Labor Forceunemployment in 1970 of 4.1%; and,5.5% in 1990. For Professional SpecialtyWorkers the corresponding rates were:7.2% in 1940; 1.8% in 1970; and, 2.1%in 1990. For All Artists, the

Exhibit 23Percentage Distribution of Full-Time, Part-Time &

Unemployed Census Architects1980 & 1990

Part. TIrTle32 380 or 28 O't

All

115,480

7

41 1,40)t 70 Pt

Part., ,me42 707 r 25 7`e

All

166,488

111 811/j

1980

1011101011990

' 160 )r Fit

ndir-f

Source Appendt, 'lbw 12

corresponding rates were: 15.9% in1940; 4.5% in 1970; and, 4.8% in 1990(Appendix, Table 51-7).


by Major Industries1990

5 10 15 '000s

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 flI

IAgriculture 17.000 or 12 O111111111111111111111111111

's

Li

Construction 4.000 or 2 Pe

Manufacturing 4.000 or 2 8,6

rransoortation. Communications & Public utilities3.000 3' 2 11

Retail Trade 2.000 or 1 4'eTotal Reported

142,000 architectsor 100 0%

Finance. Insurance & Real Estate 2.000 or 1 4.e

Ousmess & Repair Services 2.000 or I 44

Educational Services 3.000 or 2 l't

Public Administration 5 200 cr 3 S'e

excludes 107 000 ,n PrOfelsiCeal Ser,,es 15 44

Source aboencli -.mit.

Full-Time EmploymentDue to definitional changes it is not

possible to present data concerning thefull- and part-time status of Censusarchitects except for the 1980 and 1990Census. Drawing upon work by Ellis andBeresford (1994), full-time architectsincreased, as a percentage of allarchitects, from 70.7% in 1980 to 73.2%in 1990. Accordingly, more than aquarter of all architects work only part-time. Female architects accounted for11.8% of full-time architects in 1990 but25.7% of part-time architects (Exhibit23, & Appendix, Table S12-2).

22 !A-, "

By IndustryWhile over 75% of Census architects

in 1990 were employed in theprofessional service industries (mainlyarchitectural, engineering and surveyingfirms), architects were also employedelsewhere. Of the other industriesreporting architects: 12% were inagriculture; 3.5% in publicadministration; 2.8% in construction;2.8% in manufacturing; 2.1% intransportation, communications andpublic utilities; 2.1% in educationalservices; 1.4% in retail trade; 1.4% infinance, insurance and real estate; and,1.4% in business and repair servicesindustries (Exhibit 24).

Exhibit 25Percentage Distribution of Architects & Landscape

Architects in Construction. Finance & Service Industries1987

Landscaoe Architectsin miscellaneous Services

5260 or 8 4%

ArchitectSin Construction2.480 or 4 0%

Architectsin Business Services

1.670 or 2 7%

Arch.tectsSo, ,PS

53 10 .)c O's

Total Employment inConstruction, Finance & Serv,ces industries

12,686,420r,ciuding 57.260 Architects i.nd S 260 Landsrape

AiLhitects 62.520 Or 0 S's af total ,!molOr mert

Source Append,. A tabie iii 1.1

The Census of Service Industriesprovides a breakout of architects fromlandscape architects. In 1987, within the

broad category called Construction,Finance and Service Industries, some62,520 architects were employedrepresenting 0.5% of employment inindustries reporting these occupations.Of these: 85% were general architectsemployed in miscellaneous serviceindustries; 8.4% were landscapearchitects employed in miscellaneousservice industries; 4% were generalarchitects employed in the constructionindustries; and, 2.7% were generalarchitects employed in business ServicesIndustries (Exhibit 25).

EstablishmentsThe Census of Service Industries

provides insight into the number ofestablishments providing architecturalservices. Architectural services areprovided by three types of businesses:architectural, engineering and surveyingservice establishments (Appendix, TablesS3-1, -2 & -3). In 1982, engineeringestablishments employed some 5,218architects (compared to 31,871 byarchitectural firms) while in 1987,surveying establishments employed 158architects (compared to 40,583 byarchitectural services firms). Forpurposes of this analysis, no furtherreference will be made to engineeringor surveying service establishments.

The number of architectural servicesestablishments increased from 13,414 in1982 to 17,777 in 1987. Total receiptsincreased from $5.9 to $9.9 billion. Paidemployees increased from 105,270 to136,809 while architects as a percent oftotal employment declined from 30.3%to 29.7%. The number of soleproprietors increased from 8,039 in 1982to 8,950 in 1987. Accordingly, soleproprietorships declined from 59.9% ofall establishments in 1982 to 50.4% in1987.

23

In-house projects generated $5.1billion in 1982 and $8.6 billion in 1987.Of total in-house work, commercialbuildings accounted for more than 40%while public and institutional facilitiesaccounted for more than 25% in eachyear. All other types of projectsaccounted for less than 10% ofrevenues.

With respect to the source of receiptsincluding work done outside of

Exhibit 26Percentage Distribution of Architectural Establishments,

Staff & Fees by Project Type, Source & Client1982 & 1987

7

1982 1987

Establishments 13.414 17 777

Total Receipts (Vrnillions) 5.914 4 - 9 854 8

Annual Payroll (VmilliOns) 2 404 2 3 952 6

Paid Employees, March 12 105.270 136 809

Licensed or registered architects 30 3's 29 PsLicensed or registered engineers 3 2's 3 2'sLicensed or registered surveyors ra 3 2'sCertified Engineering Technicians na 0 7%

Other technically trained personnel na 35 2%Ail other Personnel na 31 0'6

Sole proprietors and Dancers 8.039 : 8.950. . ... . .. ...

in-HOuse by Project Type (9 millions) 5 '06 6 8 626 5

A.rports, Railroads & Mass Transport 1 9's 1 1',Commercial Buildings .115's 42 8%

Communications Eciuip & Facilities na 3 8%

riignw-vs, Roads. Bridges and Streets 3 7 t 0

industrial Plant Processes & Systems 4 8% 1 7',Multi-family Dwellings 0 2.s 6 9%

Naval & Aeronautical I 6% 1 5%

Power Generating & Transmission 3 54 0 PiPublic arid institutional Facilit.es 26 6% 28 6%

Single Family Dwellings 4

Water Supply & Sanitation Facilities 0 8's 0 4%

Other . 4 9% 4 9%

Source of Receipts (Vmillions) 5.914 4 9 854 8

Achitectural Service excl. landscaPe 80 I% 7? S's

Landscape Architecture 0 6's 1 0%

C,,nsulting & Design Engineering 5 6% 1 0%

Surveving Services 2 3'6 : 3 PsNot in-HOuse IreirilbUrlable) '2 3', : 12 S'e

Other Sources 1 Ps : 1 8%. -

es by Chent (S millions) .

(1,1-10use & by Others) 5 845 3 9 453 3

ArchiteCts / 8 , i 7 ,Construction Firms 1 1, 4 4',I ngineQrs 3 8 « . ) S.,Governmentindustrial. Business & C:mmeri.ial CO

23 , 23 " i6

-I I ,. 34 b'sPriwate lndiyidualS

nriyate institution%i 1 '1 i',, b s . 7',

Other Clients 7 1 3 5 6

SOurc ADDCndlit ,3 7 &

architectural firms, on average for bothyears: architectural services, excludinglandscape architecture, accounted formore than 75% of revenues; work doneoutside but reimbursable, more than10%; consulting and design engineeringmore than 6%; while all other activitiesaccounted for the balance.

With respect to fees from clients, onaverage: industrial, business andcommercial clients paid more than 33%;government more than 23%; privateinstitutions more than 17%; privateindividuals more than 8%; while allother types of clients accounted for lessthan 19% of all fees (Exhibit 26).

The Northeast accounted for 21..9%of all establishments in 1987 and 24.1%of all receipts; the South accounted for

24

Exhibit 27Percentage Distribution of Architectural Services

Establishments & Receipts by Region1987

Nest5 134

28

All

17.777

Midwest3 216

or 18 1'6

Adid

1111111111111

Establishments

Norttient3.749

or 2' 9%

South5.708

Or 32 P's

Northeast52 376 2

/4Nest

52 7119 2Or 28 44s)

All59.854 8million .

Midwest51 78.3 6Or 18 1 's

Receipts

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Source ADOendis A table SP)

32.1% of establishments and 29.4% ofreceipts; the Midwest accounted for18.1% of establishments and receipts,the West accounted for 28.7% ofestablishments and 28.4% of receipts(Exhibit 27).

By contrast, firms in the Northeastbelonging to the American Institute forArchitecture accounted for 23% of allAIA firms; the South for 32%; theMidwest for 15%; and the West for 30%(Exhibit 28).

Sole proprietorships accounted for30% of all AIA affiliated firms in 1990.Firms employing 2 to 4 employeesaccounted for 36%; 5 to 9 employees,20%; 10 to 19 employees, 9%; and,firms employing 20 or more staff, 5%.

Private firms accounted for 23% ofAIA affiliates' clients; state and localgovernments, 18%; private institutions,14%; developers, 13%; privateindividuals 12%; while all other types ofclients accounted for less than 10%

Repeat business was the source of44% of all work done by AIA affiliatedfirms; reputation and requests forsubmissions each accounted for 130/o;.

Exhibit 28Percentage Distribution of American Institute of

Architecture Firms by Region1989

Source Aooendix A Agin 542

personal or professional contacts, 12%;referrals, 11%; while no other singlesource account for more than 10% ofwork done by AIA affiliated firms.

25

Exhibit 29Percentage Distribution of American Institute ofArchitecture Firms by Size of Staff, Type of Client.

Source of Work, Billings & Services1990

PERCENT 1990Site of Staff

'1,;if. Ploretur 30-s

i 4 l ^-oic,.es 36

': 9 l mpiorees 20 t0.19 F mol-:yees 9t

20 + Employees 5 lt. . .... . .

Type of Clientsz.rchitects

l 20 ..,

Busi-ess & Commercial Companies 2315

ConstructiOn Companies 2's2.e5eioisersEngineers,ederal Government

13",1 ir,

6'sndustr,al CompanieS 9 ltPrivate individuals 'PtPrivate institutions 14*tState & Local Government 'S'tOther l't

.

Source of Work ' OCils

Competitive DesignDesign Competition

1 =,

I is

D.eveloperrArchitect Cornoetivon "tFee

Personal of Professional C*.n tact3..,

'i tProject initiation I 'tReferralRepeat Work 41,tReputation 13'sRequest foi Subr,ssien l3's

Billingsarchitectural Design

'30',41:1

ConstructiorrManagement 3'sDesigrveuildt rigineenng

2,12 't

Graphic Designnter.or Architecture ecci r F&E

,

-nrefor Architecture incl FF &E 4 'tinter,or Space Planning 315

Lanascape Architecture , i,Pregesign

Acstconstruction ' 'tSite Analysis 5'srban Design Planning 2's

Other Serrices 35. . ...... .. . . .. ..... .

Services l 20 'sArrhitectural Design 35 t(.:nstructioniklanagement 22 's

:3esign Build '331's

Graunic Design 9'sste Cr Arcnitectur. ew r r sE 28 -s

"on-or arcttitIctwe .n, , . sE '8..tn,..:q Space Plans, 1

. thou ape Arri-iitecture2 1 ,'4 t

°design4n.st onstruct,on

',E, ,;:

.,,l, Analysis 0 t!roan Design Planning

.)ther Servu.el

Source: Append... llabfes 54-4. 5 & 6Adds to more than 100t due to multirsie ser IPS

Of billings made by AlA affiliatedfirms, 51% were for architecturaldesign; 12% for engineering; 12% forall interior design work; 7% for

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

predesign work; while no other serviceaccounted for more than 5% of billings.

Of all AIA affiliated firms: 95%provided architectural design services;66% predesign services; 56% siteanalysis; 31% engineering services; 28%interior design services; 14% landscapearchitectural services; 13% designbuilding services; 10% urban designservices;and 9% graphic design services(Exhibit 29).

IncomeData about the income of architects

is available from the Census ofPopulation and two representativeassociations. Census data due todefinition changes are presented onlyfor 1980 and 1990.

Given only two observations, nomeaningful growth rate analysis ispossible. In 1990, architects workingfull-time and earning $7,500 or lessaccounted for 1.9% of all architects;those earning between $7,500 and$14,999 in the year before the Census,3.3%; between $15,000 and $24,999,13.6%; between $25,00 and $34,999,23.4%; between $35,000 and $49,999,29.4%; between $50,000 and $69,999,16.2%; between $70,000 and $99,999s,6.2%; and those earning more than$100,000 in the year before the Census,6% (Exhibit 30). Median income for full-time male architects was $40,110; forfemales, $29,451 (Appendix, Table 512-3). Median income for female architectswas 73.4% of males.

Median full-time earnings of malearchitects were: 141% of the medianfull-time earnings of male members ofthe Experienced Civilian LaborForce;equal to earnings of a maleProfessional Specialty Worker; and,129% of an artists' median full-timeearnings.

Exhibit 30Percentage Distribution of Census Architectsby Full-Time Earnings in Year before Census

1980 & 1990

5'30.000 or more172 or 5 1%

570 300-99.999Cl, or 6 2.5

550.300-69.999

12 618 or 15 5%

All

81,420

.mcier 57 500

1.789 or 2 Pt

97 500-14.999

3 795 or 4 Ve

S15 000-24.999

12.11.6 ar 14 9%

535.000-49.999

20.546 or 25 2%

S100.300 or more1 271 or 6 0%

570 000-99.9997.550 or 6 2%

550 000-69 99919.733 or 16 1%

1980525.000-34.999

21.389 or 268%

Under $7.500

2,324 or

57.500-14.999

3.968 or 3 3%

515.000-24.999'6.54.5 or 13 6%

. . .

All121,545

535.300-49.999

35 691 or 29 4% 1990525.000-34.999

28 492 or 23 Ve

26

Source Appendix A. Table 512-3

Architects living in households withan annual income under $15,000 in theyear before the Census accounted for3.4% of all architects; those earningbetween $15,000 and $24,999, 5.9%;between $25,000 to $34,999 in the yearbefore the Census, 11.4%; between$35,000 and $49,999 in the year beforethe Census, 20.4%; between $50,000and $64,999 in the year before theCensus, 19.2%; between $65,000 and$94,999 in the year before the Census,

23.4%; between $95,000 and $124,999in the year before the Census, 8.2%; andthose earning more than $125,000 in theyear before the 'Census, 8% (Exhibit 30).The median income for male archicectswas $56,952 and for females, $55,639(Appendix, Table S12-4). Medianincome for female architects was 97.7%that of males. The median householdincome with a working architects, maleor female, was $56,773.

Median household income of all

Exhibit 31Percentage Distribution of Census Architectsby Household Income in Year before Census

1980 & 1990

$125.000 or more5.149 or 4 8%

595.000.124.9996.544 or 6 Ps

565.000-94,999

'8.881 or 17 6t6

All107 276

.-nder 515.000

6.329 Or 5 93e

$15 000.24.9999.011 or 8 4ks

525.000-34.999

16.199 or IS 1'1

550.000-64.999

19 417 or 18 1's

5125.000 or more12.529 or 8 O's

595.000.124.99912.842 or 8 2%

1980

...00.0"SO

535.000-49 999

25 746 or 24 O's

Jncler 5 15.300

5.325 Or 3 4's

$15 000.24.999

9.240 or 5 9%

525 000-34 999

11.853 or 11 4's

All156.609

565.000.94.999

36.647 or 23 4's

550 300-64 999

30 069 or 19 rs1990 535.000-49 999

31 948 or 20 44

Source .00nnoix A ibIe 512-4

architects was: 140% of the theExperienced Civilian Labor Force;109% of Professional Specialty Workers;and 128% of artists (Appendix, TableS12-4).

Exhibit 32Median Annual Compensation of Members of the

American Institute of Architectsby Position

1990

$ 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000

11111111111111111111111111111

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1

Principal 557.7004.282 Positions in

2.481 Firms

Associate 545,0001.655 Positions in 686 Firms

Manager $42.0001.234 Positions in 412 Firms

Architect III 537.0001.262 Positions in 427 Firms

Architect ii $33 8004 281 PesaiOns in 2.481 Firms

Architects , 530 0004.182 Positions in 2.481 Firms

intern 524.0002 884 PosttOns in 1 224 Firms

Landscape Architect 533.000120 Positions in 62 Firms

27

Source- Appendix. Table 51-6

By contrast, there are seven distinctpositions in firms associated with theAmerican Institute of Architecture. APrincipal/Partner is a person with anequity position in a firm. An Associate isa senior management-level architectwho does not hold an equity positionbut is typically responsible for majordepartments or function and reportingto a principal. A manager is a licensedarchitect typically with more than 10years experience and has overall project-

management responsibilities for avariety of projects or project teamsincluding client contact, scheduling andbudgeting.

An Architect III typically has 8-10years experience and usually isresponsible for day-to-day managementof significant projects. An Architect 11typically has 6-8 years experience and isusually responsible for daily designand/or technical development ofprojects. An Architect I is typically arecently licensed architect usually with3-6 years experience and responsible forparts of projects within parameters setby others. An Intern is typically anunlicensed architecture school graduatewith less than 3 years experience.

There were 4,282 AIA 'Principals'working in 2,481 AIA affiliated firmsearning an annual median of $57,700 incompensation in 1990. There were also:1,655 'Associates' in 686 firms earning$45,000; 1,234 'Manager' in 412 firmsearning $42,000; 1,262 'Architects Ill' in427 firms earning $37,000; 4,282'Architects II's' in 2,481 firms earning$33,800; 4,282 'Architect l's' in 2,481firms earning $30,000; 2,884 'Interns' ql1,244 firms earning $24,000; and, 120Landscape Architects in 62 firms earning$33,000 a year in median compensation(Exhibit 32).

Members of the American Society forLandscape Architects working in theprivate sector in 1991 had an annualmedian income, from all sources, of$43,575. Those working in the publicsector earned $41,475 while those inacademic positions earned $49,350(Exhibit 33).

28

Exhibit 33Median Annual Income of Members of

the American Society for LandscapeArchitects

1989 & 1991

$ 1989 : 1991

PRIvATE 41500 43.575

Salary 37.500 39.375

Additionai I...come 4.000 4.200

F.,BLIC 39 SOO 41.475Salary 36.300 37 800Additional income.. ............. .

3.500 3.675

ACADEMIC 47.000 49.350Salary 40,000 42.000Additional income 7.300 7.350

EDUCATION

Associate DegreeGross Income 40 350 42.368Bonus 800 840Additional Income 4.000 4,200

8.4Gross income 35.000 36,750Bonus 1,700 1.185Additional Income 2.000 2.100

M A.Gross income 38.500 40.425Bonus 2.000 2.100Additional Income 3.500 3.675

Ph D.

Gross Income 58.260 61.173

Bonus 2.500 2 625Additional Income 7.000 7,350

. 'EXPERIENCE

3 VI'S Or less

Gross income 22.500 23.625Bonus 170 808Add.tional income 200 1.260

4-6 YrsGross income 29 000 30.450Bonus 1.000 1.050Additional Income 2.300 2.100

7-12 YrsGross income 35.000 36.150Bonus 2.000 2.100additional income 2,000 2.100

13.18 TrsGross Income 42.000 44.100Bonus 3 375 3.543Additional income 6 000 6,300

19 Yrs or moreGross income 52.500 55.125Bonus 7.000 7.350Additional Income 5 000 : 5.250

SEX

FemaleGross income 28 750 : 30.1E18

Bonus 1.000 1.350Aoditional Income 2.000 2.100

MaleGross income 39 SOO 41 475Bonus 7 NO 2.100AdditIonal Income 3 300 . 3.1SO

t

Source opened.. thIn 56.3 5 -4

DESIGNERS

Definition & MembershipTo provide a basic understanding of

design occupations descriptions derivedfrom the Occupational Handbook 1992-93 will be provided (Bureau of LaborStatistics, 1993).

Designers organize and designarticles, products and materials to servea purpose and to be visually pleasing.Pleasant surrounding, beautiful clothesand floral arrangements boost our spiritwhile eye-catching products andpackaging are more likely to attractbuyers. Designers usually specialize, e.g.automobiles, furniture, homeappliances, industrial equipment, movieand theater sets, packaging, flowerarrangements, etc.

In developing a design they firstdetermine the needs of the client andpotential users. They consider size,shape, weight, color, materials and theway a product functions as well asmaintenance, safety and cost. They takeinto account and often set style andfashion trends. They usually sketchseveral possible designs which arepresented for final selection to: an art ordesign director; a product developmentteam; a play, film or television director;or a client.

The designer then makes a model, asample or a detailed plan drawn toscale. Increasingly computer-aideddesign and drafting (CADD) is usedwhile industrial designers use computer-aided industrial design (CAID) to createa design and communicate it toautomated production tools.

Designers may supervise craftworkers who carry out the design.Owners may devote much time todeveloping business contacts andadministrative tasks like reviewing

catalogues and samples.Design is not one but a number of

fields including:Industrial Designers

Industrial designers develop anddesign manufactured products like:appliances; cars; computers; medical,office and recreation equipment; andchildren's toys. They combine artistictalent with market research on productuse, marketing, materials andproduction methods to create the mostfunctional and appealing design andmake products competitive in themarketplace.Interior Designers

Interior decorators plan space andfurnish interiors of homes, hotels,offices, public buildings, restaurants,stores and theaters. With a client'stastes and needs in mind they prepareworking drawings and specifications forinterior construction, furnishings,lighting and finishes including crownmoldings, coordinating colors andselecting furnishings floor coverings andcurtains. The also plan additions andrenovations. They must design inaccordance with federal, state and localbuilding codes.Set Designers

Set designers study scripts, conferwith directors and conduct research todetermine appropriate styles thendesign sets for film, television andtheaterFashion Designers

Fashion designers design wearingapparel and accessories. Some high-fashion designers are self-employed anddesign for individual clients. They makefashion by establishing the 'line', colors.Some cater to specialty stores or high-

29

fashion department stores. They designoriginal garments as well as followestablished trends. Most work forapparel manufacturers and adaptclothing to the mass market.Textile Designers

Textile designers design brics forgarments, upholstery, rugs and otherproducts using their knowledge ofmaterials and fashion trends.Floral Designers

Floral designers cut and arrangefresh, dried or artificial flowers andfoliage into designs expressing thesentiments of the sender. They usuallywork by written order indicating theoccasion, customer color and type offlower preference, price, date, time andplace of arrangement or delivery.Duties depend on size of shop andnumber of designersMembership

While Census data does notdistinguish between types of decoratorsand designers it does identify 98 distinctoccupations. Two data sets provide amore detailed view of the profession.The first is from the Industrial DesignersSociety of America - IDSA (Appendix,Series 7). The second is from theAmerican Institute of Graphic Arts(Appendix, Series 8).

If one accepts the 1990 Census countof 600,810 in the experienced civilianlabor force and, further, thatmembership in the two organizations ismutually exclusive (which is notnecessarily true) then the 1,885 IDSAmembers reporting represented 0.3% ofall decorators and designers (Appendix,Series 7 Profile) and the 6,759 AIGAmembers, 1.1%. The remaining 592,166or 98.6% of Census decorators anddesigners were not affiliated with eitherorganization.

In what follows data from all federalsources (Census of Population, Census ofService Industries, Department ofEducation, and Occupational Employ-ment System from the Bureau of LaborStatistics) are reported as well as datafrom the two representativeassociations for a set of factors. Theseinclude:

AgeEthnicity & Race

SexEducation

EmploymentIncome.

Only summary findings are presentedin this report, The statistical appendixprovides, in most cases, a much richerfield of data for further analysis.Age

Data concerning the age distributionof decorators and designers is availableonly from the Census of Population andonly for combined decorators anddesigners from 1950 to 1990.

Between 1950 and 1990, combineddecorators and designers of all agesincreased at an average rate of 74.2%each decade from 72,747 in 1950 to600,810 in 1990. The trend deceleratedslightly at the end of the period but wasrelatively stable. Between 1970 and1990, they increased at an average rateof 78.9% each decade from 185,954 in1970 to 600,810 in 1990.

Between 1950 and 1990, combineddecorators and designers aged 16 to 24years increased at an average rate of51.9% each decade from 12,681 in 1950to 65,52 6 in 1990. The trenddecelerated at the end of the period butwas relatively stable. Between 1970 and1990, they increased at an average rateof 42.3% each decade from 28,765 in1970 to 65,526 in 1990 (Exhibit 34). As a

:330 O

percent of all combined decorators anddesigners, they declined from 17.5% in1950 to 15.5% in 1970 to 10.9% in 1990(Exhibit 35).

Exhibit 34Growth Rate of Census Combined Decorators & Designers

by Age Category1950-1990 & 1970-1990

All

66.24

2534

35-44

35.55

55.64

65

All

o6.24

25-34

35.44

45.55

55 64

65

25 50 75 100

1 1 111111111111 1111 1111

74 2 6

51 9 t

97 6 t

91 0 t

66 6 t

48 1

56 6

1 1 1 1 1 1111 .19.59-.19°.1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1

14) 25 50 75 100

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I III IIIIIIIII1/8 9%

32 3.4

91 7,'2 2'.7' 415

34

54 61%

1

1 1 1 11940-1990 I

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Source: Appencba.*able 51.1

Between 1950 and 1990, combineddecorators and designers aged 25 to 34years increased at an average rate of87.6% each decade from 17,712 in 1950to 200,628 in 1990. The trend wasstable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 91.9%each decade from 48,478 in 1970 to2008628 in 1990 (Exhibit 34). As apercent of all combined decorators anddesigners, they increased from 24.4% in1950 to 26.1% in 1970 to 33.4% in 1990(Exhibit 35).

Between 1950 and 1990, combineddecorators and designers aged 35 to 44years increased at an average rate of91% each decade from 19,422 in 1950 to

Exhibit 35Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators &

Designers by Age Category1950,1970 & 1990

55.64 Yrs7 911 or 10 9%

45.54 Yrs12.585 Or

17 4%

All72,747

35-44 Yrs19.422 Or

26 8%

55-64 Yrs29 039 or 15 6%

45.54 Yrs36.368 or

19 6%

All

185.954

35-44 ery32.900 or

23 1%

1950

65 Yrs

2.436 or3 4%

16-25 Yrs'2 6E31 .)r

17 54

25-34 s17.712 or

24 4,t

65 Yrs

7 354 or4 015

16-25 Y,328.169

'5 5.,

1970

55.64 rs

50 388 8 4 lt

45.94 v

97 821'6 3'.

All

15 34 r rs48 4 )8 .sr

26 '

65 es' 7 372

'6.25 rs65 526 or

2 9%

600,810

35-44 Yrs

169 075 cr2131...11

1990s

20 619 r

33 4

Source: Appendix A, Table 51-3

169,075 in 1990. The trend deceleratedat the end of the period and wasunstable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 112 2%each decade from 42,900 in 1970 to169,075 in 1990 (Exhibit 34). As a

31 3

percent of all combined decorators anddesigners, they decreased from 26.8% in1950 to 23.1% in 1970 but thenincreased to 28.1% in 1990 (Exhibit 35).

Between 1950 and 1990, combineddecorators and designers aged 45 to 54years increased at an average rate of66.6% each decade from 12,585 in 1950to 97,821 in 1990. The trend was stable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 71.4% each decadefrom 36,468 in 1970 to 97,821 in 1990(Exhibit 34). As a percent of allcombined decorators and designers,they increased from 17.4% in 1950 to19.6% in 1970 but then decreased to16.3% in 1990 (Exhibit 35).

Between 1950 and 1990, combineddecorators and designers aged 55 to 64years increased at an average rate of48.1% each decade from 7,911 in 1950to 50,388 in 1990. The trend acceleratedat the end of the period and wasunstable. Between 1970 and 1990, theyincreased at an average rate of 34.5%each decade from 29,039 in 1970 to50,388 in 1990 (Exhibit 34). As a percentof all combined decorators anddesigners, they increased from 10.9% in1950 to 15.6% in 1970 but thendecreased to 8.4% in 1990 (Exhibit 35).

Between 1950 and 1990, combineddecorators and designers 65 years andolder increased at an average rate of56.6% each decade from 2,436 in 1950to 17,372 in 1990. The trend acceleratedat the end of the period but wasrelatively stable. Between 1970 and1990, they increased at an average rateof 54.6% each decade from 7,354 in1970 to 17,372 in 1990 (Exhibit 34). As apercent of all combined decorators anddesigners, they increased from 3.4% in1950 to 4% in 1970 but then decreasedto 2.9% in 1990 (Exhibit 35).

Ethnicity & Race.Data concerning ethnicity and race

of decorators and designers is presentedfrom the 1970, 1980 and 1990 Census ofPopulation (Appendix, Table 512-1). Itreports combined decorators anddesigners.

32


by Selected Ethnic& Racial Category

1970-1990

% 25 50 75 100 125

11111111111111 11 1111111111111

All

White

Black

Other

64 9 't

30 04

62 5'4

11111111111 1970-1990 Ilild

50 100 150 200

1 11 1 11 11 1 11 11 11 1 1 11 11 1

1 11 1 11 11 L11970-199101 1 1 1

Source: Appendix, *able 512.1

64 9'5

59 1'5

'06 S *

Between 1970 and 1990, Hispanicdecorators and designers increased at anaverage rate of 130% each decade from6,815 in 1970 to 32,296 in 1990 (Exhibit36). Growth in the number of Hispanicdecorators and designers wassignificantly faster than growth ofHispanics in the general labor force(74% per decade); faster than growth ofHispanics among Professional SpecialtyWorkers (97.6% per decade); and, fasterthan growth in Hispanics among artists

in general (113.6% per decade). As apercent of all decorators and designers,

Exhibit 37Hisranics as Percent of

Census Combined Decorators & Designers1970. 1980 & 1990

All

232.890

Oter226 275 Dr

3'

All

338.374 1

01Itar125 15b .Dr

.34 7,,

Ail

596 802

01.er5C1)

3-1 (3,,

1970

1980

' scan <

foer,c'2 28 Or

5 3'1

Hspar,c32 296 or

5 4 4

Source 400e.'cl '2.,

they increased from 2.9% in 1970 to5.3% in 1980 to 5.4% in 1530 (Exhibit37). The number of non-Hispanicarchitects increased at an average rate

of 62.5% a decade but decreased from97.1% of all architects in 1970 to 94.7%in 1980 to 94.6% in 1990.


Designers by SelectedRacial Category

1970. 1980 & 1990

33

Black4,445 or

1 90/o

All

[32.890

White223 504 or

96 0%

Black10.942 or

3 2%

_ .

Ad

338,374

White314.379 or

92 9%

Black21,204 or

3 6%

1970 r"\N

1980

White538.400 or

90 2%

ot"er4941 Dr

2

Othe,' 3 053 or

3 9 '0

370 t, e99 0'

6 2),

Source Apop,chr ,tieBetween 1970 and 1990, black or

Afro-American decorators and designersincreased at an average rate of 106 5%each decade from 4,445 in 1970 to21,204 in 1990 (Exhibit 36). Growth in

the number of Black decorators anddesigners was faster than growth ofWhites (59.7% per decade) butsignificantly slower than growth in thenumber of decorators and designers ofother races (180.5%). Black decoratorsand designers did, however, increase innumbers significantly faster than Blacksin the general labor force (26.6% perdecade); faster than growth of Blacksamong Professional Specialty Workers(55.2% per decade); and faster than thegrowth rate of Blacks among artists ingeneral (72.3% per decade). As apercent of all decorators and designersBlacks increased from 2.4% in 1970 to2.8% in 1970 and remained at 2.8% in1990. Whites declined from 96.0% in1970 to 92.9% in 1980 to 90.2% in 1990.Those of other races increased from2.1% in 1970 to 3.9% in 1980 to 6.2% in1990 (Exhibit 38).

ResidenceData concerning the residence of

decorators and designers is availablefrom the Census of Population and thetwo representative associations: theIndustrial Designers Society of Americaand the American Institute of GraphicArts. Census data is only available for1950 through 1990. For purposes ofanalysis data is presented for the 4principal Census regions: Northeast;South; Midwest; and West. Theseprovide the most reliable sample size forreporting.

Between 1950 and 1990, designersand decorators living in the Northeastincreased at an average rate of 48 1%each decade from 27,897 in 1950 to149,888 in 1990 (Exhibit 39). The trendwas relatively stable. Between 1970 and1990, they increased at an average rateof 44.8% each decade from 75,766 in1970 to 149,888 in 1990. As a percent of

all designers they decreased from 37.9%in 1945 to 32.5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990(Exhibit 40).

34


by Region

1950-1990 & 1970-1990

All

Northeast

South

Sol,clwest

West

All

Northeast

South

Mdwest

west

25 50 75

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

67 7'1:

48 1'0

83 8's

59 64

89 3's

1 1 1 1 11 1 119510-1990.

1 11 1 1 1

25 50 75

1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

65 6.e

44 8 n

/8 5

'At 5

8b 9-

11 I I II 1970-1990Source: Appendix. Table 51.5

Between 1950 and 1990, designersand decorators living in the Southincreased at an average rate of 83.8%each decade from 13,881 in 1950 to168,390 in 1990 (Exhibit 39). The trendwas somewhat unstable. Between 1970and 1990, they increased at an averagerate of 78.5% each decade from 53,886in 1970 to 168,390 in 1990. As a percentof all designers they increased from18.9% in 1950 to 23.1% in 1970 to 28%in 1990 (Exhibit 40).

Between 1950 and 1990, designersand decorators living in the Midwestincreased at an average rate of 59.6%each decade from 21,473 in 1950 to137,005 in 1990 (Exhibit 39). The trendwas stable. Between 1970 and 1990,

/I 1

they increased at a rate of 58.5% eachdecade from 58,764 in 1970 to 137,005in 1990. As a percent of the total theydecreased from 29.2% in 1950 to 25.2%in 1970 to 22.8% in 1990 (Exhibit 40).


Designers by Region1950, 1970 & 1990

West'0 294

:tr'4 3

All

73,545

M.de.est21473

)f29 236

Orost44 : '4

'9 1 'tt

All

232 890

M.o.est58764

25 Pt

Nest145 527

24 236

All600.810

M,chsest' 37 005

12 8.it

1950

41111111111

1970

1990

Northeast27 89/

9S

'1881

18 9%

Northeast75.766

32 5'.

Sc,uth53 886

:r23 1

Ncrtheastt49 888

25 0'.

39C

28 0'.

Source Appendix A. 'aole 91-5

Between 1950 and 1990, designersand decorators in the West increased ata rate of 89.3% each decade from10,294 in 1950 to 145,527 in 1990(Exhibit 39). The trend was stable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat a rate cf 86.9% each decade from44,474 in 1970 to 145,527 in 1990. As apercent of all designers they increasedfrom 14% in 1950 to 19.1% in 1970 to24.2% in 1990 (Exhibit 40).

By comparison, for 1987 membersof the American Institute for Graphic

Arts: Northeast, 42%; South, 17%;Midwest, 17%; and West, 22%; for 1987members of the Industrial DesignersSociety of America: Northeast, 29.7%;South, 16%; Midwest, 31.9%; and West,22.4%.

Exhibit 41Percentage Distribution of Members of the AmericanInstitute of Graphic Arts & Reporting Members of the

Industrial Designers Society of America by Region1987

F.)reIgn'4.893Or lts

West'4 893

or22'.

Nfidt,est'1 237

Jr17.t

Northeast12.147

42 't

All

5,420

West229or

22 4%

All

1,021

M.dwest325Or

3, O*

AIGA

South17 940

Northeast303Of

29 7.4

Source Appendix A Tables 98.1 & 5 57.5

SexData concerning sex is available from

the Census of Population and reportingmembers of the American Institute ofGraphic Arts.

Between 1940 and 1990, the numberof female combined decorators anddesigners increased at a rate of 102.2%per decade from 16,800 in 1940 to333,032 in 1990. The trend deceleratedat the end of the period and wasunstable (Exhibit 42). This compareswith a growth rate per decade ofwomen among Professional SpecialtyWorkers of 44.7% and among All Artistsof 46.5% .

Between 1970 and 1990, femaledecorators and designers increased at a

35


by Sex

1940-1990 & 1970-1990

Li!

Terriale

Male

All

female

Male

25 50 75 100

I I I 1 1111 I 11 Ill I 1 F

'19'22 2,

51 9 s

25 50 75 100

lliIIIIIIIIIIiiII1II

11111111111111111MIIH111111111

78 94

106 4's

54 s's

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L170-199(11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Source. Append. Table 57-5

rate of 106.4% per decade from 71,262in 1970 to 333,032. This compares withaverage growth per decade of womenamong the Experienced Civilian LaborForce of 24.5%; among ProfessionalSpecialty Workers, 41.1% and among AllArtists, 86.9%. As a percentage of alldecorators and designers, womenincreased from 35.5% in 1940 to 38.3%in 1970 to 55.4% in 1990 (Exhibit 43).

Between 1940 and 1900, femaledecorators increased at a rate of 95.1%per decade from 7,900 in 1940 to176,500 (Exhibit 44). Between 1970 and1990, female decorators increased at arate of 100% per decade from 30,717 in1970 to 176,500 (Exhibit 44). As apercentage of all decorators, womenincreased from 34.8% in 1940 to 58.5°/oin 1970 to 73.3% in 1990 (Exhibit 45).

Between 1940 and 1990, femaledesigners increased at a rate of 112.2%per decade from 8,900 in 1940 to156,500 in 1990 (Exhibit 46). Between1970 and 1990, female designersincreased at a rate of 116% per decadefrom 27,975 in 1970 to 156,500 (Exhibit44). As a percentage of all designers,women decreased from 36.2% in 1940to 25% in 1970 but then increased to43.5% in 1990 (Exhibit 47).

By contrast, in 1987, 46% ofreporting members of the AmericanInstitute for Graphic Arts were women(Appendix, Table 58-5).

36


Designers by Sex1940, 1970 & 1990

All47,300

Males30 400

o b4 5't

All

185,954

%tales114 692

,r 7,s

All

600.810

Males161 '19

44 b's

1940

1'111111P

1970

1990

Female16.800

cr 35 536

Female/1262

or 38 36

I I

Source Appendix A 'able S15

Exhibit 44Growth Rate of Census Decorators by Sex

1940-1990 & 1970-1990

e ma I e

25 50 75 100

1- 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 l

frt

IIIIIlIIIllhIIHIIIIIflhIIOIIIIIIIMa e MEE 28 9 s

ob

30 1

all

rerraie

Male

25

1970-1990

50 75 100

1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 1

1101111111111111111111111111111111

1 1

1970-1990

32 14,

'00 0't

8,4,

Source: Appendix. Table 51.1

Exhibit 45Percentage Distribution of Census Decorators by Sex

1940, 1970 & 1990

All

22.700

Maies.4 700

5, 65 Pt

All74,004

Wiles30 /17

:c 40 0 1

1940

1970

areaaI 900

i4 3's

Female43 287

or 513 5't

Source AOpenbix A. Table SI I

Exhibit 46Growth Rate of Census Designers by Sex

1940-1990 & 1970-1990

Frbale

Male

All

Female

Male

25 50 75 100

I I I I I I I I I I I I IL I I I I I I 1

11111111111111111111111111111H1111111

1110111/01111111

:7 a's

112 Pt

PI 9't

111 1111111940'19901111111111

% 25 50 75 100

1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1

11111111111111111111111M111111111111M1

Thintittanta

76 9%

116.0,s

56 3.41

I I I I 11111 1970-1990 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

3 7

Source. Appendix, Table 51

Exhibit 47Percentage Distribution of Census Designers by Sex

1940, 1970 & 1990

All

24.600

males'S '00

b3 8's

All111 950

Males15b 500

5r 15 S't

All

360,000

Male;/0 3 500

Tr Us 5's

1940

1990

1-ema.e8 900

IT 36 2's

Female27.975

25 0.4i

rernale,56 500

;r 43 5's

Source Appendix A. Table SI -

EducationRequirements

According to the OccupationalHandbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics,1993), creativity is crucial together witha strong color sense, an eye for detail,balance and proportion and sensitivityto beauty. Sketching is especiallyimportant for fashion design. Someformal preparation in design isimportant in all but floral design.

Educational requirements for entryvary. Industrial design requires aBachelor's degree; interior design, a 4-year Bachelor's in fine art. Interiordesigners must also be familiar withfederal, state and local building codes aswell as toxicity and flammabilitystandards. In fashion design someformal education such as a 2- to 4-yeardegree is important. Knowledge oftextiles, fabrics and ornamentation aswell as fashion trends is also important.In contrast, a high school degree isusually sufficient for floral design. Mostlearn on the job.

Formal training in some disciplines isavailable from professional schoolsoffering certificates or associatedegrees. Four-year college anduniversity programs grant a Bachelor ofFine Arts. The curriculum includes: artand art history, principles of design,designing and sketching, andspecialized programs like garmentconstruction, textiles, mechanical andarchitectural drawing, computerizeddesign, sculpture, architecture,marketing and basic engineeringPersons with architectural training alsoqualify for some design occupationsespecially interior design. Computer-aided design (CAD) is taught especiallyin industrial design.

In 1991, the National Association ofSchools of Art and Design accredited 166

post-secondary institutions in art anddesign. Most award a degree in art,some in industrial, interior, textile,graphic or fashion design. Many allowentry into a Bachelor's program onlyafter a year of basic art and designcourses.

The Foundation for Interior DesignEducation Research accredits interiordesign programs and schools. There are89 accredited programs in the U.S. andCanada located in schools of art,architecture and home economics.Some colleges and universities offerdegrees in floriculture and floristry andprovide training in flower marketingand shop management. Floral design isalso taught in private schools.

Interior design is the only disciplineone subject to government regulation.The District of Columbia licenses and 14states regulate use of the title. Whilelicensing is the exception, membershipin a professional association is a mark ofachievement. Professional membershipusually requires completion of 3 or 4years of post-secondary education in thefield, at least 2 years of practicalexperience and completion of theNational Council for Interior DesignQualification Examination.

Data concerning the educationalattainment of decorators and designersis available from the Census ofPopulation, the Department ofEducation and from the AmericanInstitute of Graphic Arts. Census data oneducation is only available, however,from the 1950 to the 1990 Census andonly for combined decorators anddesigners.

38

AttainmentBetween 1950 and 1990, decorators

and designers with only elementaryeducation declined at an average rate of

-10.3% each decade from 14,715 in 1950to 9,745 in 1990 (Exhibit 48). The trendwas stable. Between 1970 and 1990,they decreased at an average rate eachdecade of -5.3% from 10,823 in 1970 to9,745 in 1990. As a percent of alldecorators and designers they decreasedfrom 20.8% in 1950 to 5.8% in 1970 to1.6% in 1990 (Exhibit 49).


by Education1950-1990 & 1970-1990

50 100

liiiAll

E'ernentahy

HS 1-3 Yrs

4 yrs

College 1-3 Yrs

4 Yrs,

111111111

A

14 5 'Is

+0 3

25 3's

39 9%

114 0

1172

_I ligs1-199o1111111

0 50 100

All

Elementary

HS 1-3 Yrs

4 Yrs

College 1.3 Y.'s

4 Yrs

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

:4 9

'7 3'1

23

29 8-,

'20 5

117 2

I I jl970.l990Source: Apperdr taDle 51-2

Between 1950 and 1990, decoratorsand designers with 1 to 3 years of highschool education increased at anaverage rate of 25.3% each decade from12,390 in 1950 to 33,823 in 1990 (Exhibit48). The trend was stable. Between1970 and 1990, they increased at anaverage rate of 23.8% each decade from

22,869 in 1970 to 33,823 in 1990. As apercent of all decorators and designers,however, they decreased from 17.6% in1950 to 12.3% in 1970 to 5.6% in 1990(Exhibit 49).


Designers by Education1950, 1970 & 1990

4 yrs .8.463 or '2 3%

College1 3 ,rs10.206

or ' 4 S.,

All

70,5-93

High School4 Yrs

24.819 or 35 2°4

College4 Yri40.144

Or 21 6%

All

4, 92.63 7b5

College1.3Yys

185.954

Codege4 Yrs21S 240

Or 35 84

All

600.810

( )1lege13 Yrs

130 409,r 18 4.,

E.ereentaryI4 1+S

:7 13 S'-

1950

hbgh School+ -3 Yrs12 390

or 17 6%

Elementary10.823 Or 5 8's

High School13 Yrs22.869

or 12 3%

1990

High St.hool4 Yrs

52743 or 33 7%

Elemnnt,ry9 745 b

HIgh1 3

33 823or 5 b%

School1 Yrs

111 573or 18 b

39

Sourc Appencli A. table s 1.2

Between 1950 and 1990, decoratorsand designers with 4 years of highschool education increased at anaverage rate of 39.9% each decade from24,819 in 1950 to 111,573 in 1990(Exhibit 48). The trend accelerated atthe end of the period but was stable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increased

at an average rate of 29.8% each decadefrom 62,743 in 1970 to 111,573 in 1990.As a percent of all decorators anddesigners, however, they decreasedfrom 35.2% in 1950 to 33.2% in 1970 to18.6% in 1990 (Exhibit 49).

Between 1950 and 1990, decoratorsand designers with between 1 to 3 yearsof college or university educationincreased at an average rate of 114%each decade from 10,206 in 1950 to230,409 in 1990 (Exhibit 48). The trendaccelerated at the end of the period butwas stable. Between 1970 and 1990,they increased at an average rate of120.5% each decade from 49,375 in1970 to 230,409 in 1990. As a percent ofall decorators and designers theyincreased from 14.5% in 1950 to 26.6%in 1970 to 38.4% in 1990 (Exhibit 49).

Between 1950 and 1990, decoratorsand designers with 4 or more years ofcollege or university educationincreased at an average rate of 117.2%each decade from 8,463 in 1950 to215,240 in 1990 (Exhibit 48). The trendaccelerated at the end of the period butwas stable. Between 1970 and 1990,they increased at an average rate of117.2% each decade from 40,144 in1970 to 215,240 in 1990. As a percent ofall decorators and designers theyincreased from 12% in 1950 to 21.6% in1970 to 35.8% in 1990 (Exhibit 49).

Degrees& EnrollmentUsing Department of Education data,

in 1988-89 there were 5,054 college oruniversity degrees awarded in design atthe Bachelor (93.3% of degree awarded)and Masters (6.7%) level (Exhibit 50).There were 1,763 degrees in landscapearchitecture awarded at the Bachelor(75.9% of degree awarded) and Masters(24.1%) level.

40

Exhibit 50Percentage Distribution of Degrees Awarded in Design

1988-89

Bacheior4 713

-.1r 93 3,

Doctoraltor 0

Masters41 or 2.316

All1,763...

Interior Design

Bachelor1.721

or 97 614

Sourc Appendix A: Tables 55.2

In 1987 there were 174 graduatedesign programs offered by Americancolleges and universities of which35.1% were in graphic design; 13.2%in industrial design; 28.7% in interiordesign; and 23.0% in textile design(Exhibit 51).

Exhibit 51Percentage Distribution of Graduate Design Programs

1987

13.4

Textde Design

interior DesignSO "r 28 1,3

Graphic Design61 35 114

industrial Design23 or 3

Source Appendix A. Table 55.6

In 1987 there were 21,288 studentsenroHed in Bachelor of Fine ArtsDegrees specializing in design. Of thesestudents: advertising design accounted

Exhibit 52 (a)Percentage Distribution of Bachelor of Fine Arts Enrollment

& Degrees by Design Program1987

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 9,000

Iiii HIIIIIIIII,'IT1II I

Ae.iert.Sing Desqh ' 'C' ".., S 2-,

01111111111111111COnvrnurucetions Design ' 32' - r h 4

1.411 ,r 6 3 -erDes.gh

,sshron Dew'''. 1 229 Dr 5 8'.

5t.ifrotufe C.es.gn 2080'

Graph.c Design I. IC 301 sr 48 41

Inch-stria! Design1 911 or 9 3's

:::::::::::::::::;::):::::: :::::::::::::::::::::: interior Design2.955 or 13 gmt::::::::::.::::::::::::::!.55!:5!..!..!'!!!!..!!!!'.'!551S,5!!! !.!..I14.!..!.!.V.!4.

MITe.tile

MProduct Design 432 Or 2 04

Design 298 Or 1 4's

i - Enrollment: 21 288

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 2100

IIII I ill 1111 111111111111111110111

advertising Ues.gn 2 79 Or 6 2%

C:rnmun.cations ces.go269 or 5 9's

/ Cesign 193 :r 4 PI

; ish.on Desrgn 241 or 5 5

=-----,--. Furniture Design 29 or 0 6 s

Graphic Design 2,183 or 48 V% 0

.1 ,rclustr al :ns.on42; Dr14'

......:::::*:::: *******************:*::::$:: interior Dee n 597 or 13 2% ....At*:::::.......W.W.V.W.W.W.V1M.W.W.W.V11N

.......... , a, 'esur 89 .a

1111111111oo. lh .`ns.oh 23 ',

.1 1

ii - Degrees Awarded: 4 536

Source: append.. `Able 558ncludes 5 stAents in Theater Lesion

rhhater es, n

for 5.2%; communications design,6.4%; design, 6.3%; fashion design,5.8%; furniture design, 1%; graphicdesign, 48.4%; industrial design, 9.3%;interior design, 13.90/0 product design,2.0%; and, textile design, 1.4%.

Some 4,536 degrees were awarded in1987. Of these degrees: advertisingdesign degrees accounted for 6.2%;communications design, 5.9%; design,4.3%; fashion design, 5.5%; furnituredesign, 0.6%; graphic design, 48.1%;industrial design, 9.4%; interior design,13.2%; product design, 4.2%; and,textile design, 2.7% (Exhibit 52a).

In 1987 there were 844 studentsenrolled in Master Degree programsspecializing in design. Of thesestudents: advertising design accounted3.1%; communications design, 18.4%;design, 9.6%; fashion design, 0.1%;furniture design, 2.6%; graphic design,23.8%; industrial design, 18.7%;interior design, 13.9% product design,3.8%; and, textile design, 5.6%.

Some 236 degrees were awarded in1987. Of these degrees: advertisingdesign degrees accounted for 7.2%;communications design, 15.7%; design,11.4%; fashion design, 0.4%; furnituredesign, 3.8%; graphic design, 33.1%;industrial design, 12.7%; interiordesign, 12.3%; product design, 3.4%;and, textile design, 8.1% (Exhibit 52b).

41

By contrast with 1990 Census, ofreporting members of the AmericanInstitute for Graphic Arts, 13% hadroughly some to 3 years of college oruniversity compared to 38.4% for alldecorators and designers; and, 87% had4 years or more of college or universityeducation compared to 35.8% for alldecorators and designers (Exhibit 53).

Exhibit 52 (b)Percentage Distribution of Masters Enrollment & Degrees by

Design Program

1987

50 100 150 200 250

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1[1111111 11111

Ad.ert.sirg C es,g, 26 or 3 '

Communications Design155 or 18 4%

'-esign 81 or 9 6-,

asnion Design 1 or 0 I's

f Laniture Design 22 or 2 6.43

Graphic Design 201 or 23 8%

i - Enrollment: s44

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l I I I 1111111111111111r III

Advertising Design I / ) 1 2,

Communications DesignPor 15 Pt

'Design 27 or II 4u,

Fashion Design 1 Or 0 4'33

turniture Design 9 or 3 8,6

Graphic Design 780, 33 1't

rdustrial Design 30 )r '1, s

re,c,r "ns.on 19 '2 3

3 jn 31 or 3 4

P .4^ ''3 r 3

ii - Degrees Awarded: :it, .

Source: ADOenal. ',Atm. 5..nc ludes 4 students .n Iheate, 7.:es

rodegrens in e.ate,

42

Exhibit 53Percentage Distribution of Members of the American

Institute for Graphic Arts by Education1987

Grad or ProfessionalCourses

301or 24't

ALL: 5,420

College, no degree379 or 7fs

2N. C:regeDegree

163 Or 3'.3

CollegeCertif.cate'63 or 3.11

Grad orProfessional

Degree1 '380r2'44

4YR CollegeDegree

2.276 or 42'6

Source: Appendix A, Table S8-1 & 5

EmploymentData concerning the employment of

decorators and designers is availablefrom the Census of Population, theCensus of Service Industries and fromrepresentative associations. Census datais available, however, only from the1960 to 1990 Census.Class of Worker

Between 1960 and 1990, decoratorsand designers employed in the privatesector increased at an average rate of67.8% each decade from 84,031 in 1960to 416,352 in 1990 (Exhibit 54). Thetrend decelerated at the end of theperiod and was somewhat unstable.Between 1970 and 1990, they increasedat an average rate of 69.9% each decadefrom 144,554 in 1970 to 416,352 in 1990.As a percent of all decorators anddesigners they increased from 71.4% in1960 to 80.4% in 1970 but then declinedto 72.1% in 1990 (Exhibit 55).

Between 1960 and 1990, decoratorsand designers employed in the publicsector increased at an average rate of67.2% each decade from 3,347 in 1960to 15,046 in 1990 (Exhibit 54). The trend

was relatively stable. Between 1970 and1990, they increased at an average rateof 68.4% each decade from 5,105 in1970 to 15,046 in 1990. As a percent ofall decorators and designers theyremained constant at 2.8% in 1960 and1970 but then declined to 2.6% in 1990(Exhibit 55).


by Class of Work

1960-1990 & 1970-1990

Ail

Private

Pubhc

1 ,ophOved

All

Private

P,b1K

Self.tmoloyed

SO 100

11111111111111

15 Pi

67 Pe

67 2.6

138 74

1 I I 1

1960-19901 II I

50 100

1111 11H 1111

1 I If 1970-1990

Source: Appendix. Table l.6

78 7

69 9'6

68 4.6

Between 19 60 and 1990, self-employed decorators and designersincreased at an average rate of 108.7%each decade from 19,546 in 1960 to142,178 in 1990 (Exhibit 54). The trendwas decelerated at the end of the periodand was unstable. Between 1970 and1990, they increased at an average rateof 115.1% each decade from 28,586 in

1970 to 142,178 in 1990. As a percent ofall decorators and designers theydecreased from 16.6% in 1960 to 15.9%in 1970 but then increased to 24.6% in1990 (Exhibit 55)


Designers by Class of Worker1960, 1970 & 1990

Self-Employed19 S46 or 16 6'6

All*117,737

Public3.34/ or 2 8°.

Snif -Employed28 586 or 15 9%

179,70

All

Public5 l05 or 2 84

1960

11111111111970

Private84.031 or /1 4°.

Ceit'EmPloyed

411\11111

41:

All

. .....

Public046 or 2 64

1990

Source Appendix A Table 51.6rioutlei urspaicl f40iily

Employment RatesThe unemployment rate for

combined decorators and designerswas: 3.7% in 195o 2.9% in 1960; 3.3%in 1970; and 3.9% in 1990. Thiscompares with the Experienced CivilianLabor Force rate of unemployment of:4.8% in 1950; 4.9% in 1960; 4.1% in1970; and, 5.5% in 1990. For

Professional Speciality Workers thecorresponding rates were: 1.6% in 1950;1.4% in 1960; 1.8% in 1970; and, 2.1%in 1990. For All Artists, thecorresponding rates were: 4.9% in 1950;3.5% in 1960; 4.5% in 1970; and, 4.8%in 1990 (Appendix, Table 51-7).

Exhibit 56Percentage Distribution of Census Combined Decorators

& Designers by Full-Time, Part-Time & Unemployed1980 & 1990

11 68C c, 3

Fol.T.rne202 '60or 53 8%

Part.' ,n,e285 991 ;r 42 8%

1980

Al

667,632 ;.... :

Unemployed18,468 or 2 7°4

1990

yILT,rne363.'7371 54 4 's

Source Appendix A Table 612.2

Full-Time EmploymentDue to definitional changes it is not

possible to present data for the full- andpart-time decorators and designersexcept for the 1980 and 1990 Census.Drawing upon work by Ellis andBeresford (1994), full-time decoratorsand designers increased, as a percentageof all decorators and designers, from53.8% in 1980 to 54.4% in 1990.Accordingly, nearly half of all decoratorsand designers worked only part-time.Female decorators and designersaccounted for 45.5% of full-timeworkers in 1990 but 72% of part-time(Exhibit 56, & Appendix, Table S12-2).


Designers by Major Industries1990

50 100 150 000sllllJllilIlLililllITotal Decorators & Designers 531 200 Or

0 5% -.1 116,890.000 wor.ers

agr.ruiture 3.000 or 0 b't.

Construction 8.000 or I 5%

Naan.aactaring 132.000 or 24 9% I

rmisportation. Communications & ijtilities 11 000 ')r 2 l't

holesale Trade 14 000 Or 2 6%

Retail Trade 156.000 or 29 4%

mance, Insurance & Real Estate 4.000 or 0 13's

140.000 or 26 Vs

Personal Services excl Private Households 1.000 or 0 2.«

Entertainment & Re< Services 8.000 or 1 5%

Health Services exci Hospitals I 000 or 0 1%

Educational Ser,ices 7 000 1 Ps

Other Prof ess. ..1.1a1$er,icns 4i 000 0, 7 l's

Publ.< .icIrninistration 4.000 or 0 8.t

44

Source: appendix, Table 62.6

By IndustryOf reported decorators and

designers in 1990: 29.4% in retail trade;26.4% in business & repair servicesindustries; 24.9% in manufacturingindustries; 2.6% in wholesale trade;7 .7% on other professional servicesindustries; 2.1% in transportation,communications and public utilitiesindustries; 1.5% construction; 1.5% inentertainment . id recreation; 1.3./o ineducational semices; 0.8% in finance,insurance and real estate; 0.8% in publicadministration; 0.6% were employed inagricultural industries; 0.2% in personalservices industries; and 0.1% in healthServices Decorators and designersrepresented 0.5% of total employment

in industries reporting theseoccupations. (Exhibit 57).

Exhibit 58Percentage Distribution of Designers by Selected Industries

for Selected Yearsa) Construction, Finance & Service industries 1987

20,000 40,000 60,000III I 1 I I I l I I 1

Total Employment in Reported Industries12.686 420

Construction 2.510 Or 4 "5

Business Services 40.090 or 65 6,s

Motion Pictures 980 ,)r 1 6%

amusement & Recreation Services 1.310 or 2

Museums. Botanical & Zoological Gardens 350 or 0 6'S

Lt.

Misc. Servires 17 870 or 29 3,4,

Number of Reported Designers61 110 made up of 48.040 Designers (end] interior Designers) and 15.090

flterior Designers representing 0 54 of total industrial empicyment

Source: Appendix, Table S11-1

The Census of Service Industriesprovides a somewhat more detailedbreakout by industry. In 1987, withinthe broad category called Construction,Finance and Service Industries, some61,130 decorators and designers wereemployed including 48,040 designers(excluding interior designers) and15,090 interior designers who, in total,represented 0.5% of total employmentin industries reporting theseoccupations. Of these: 65.6% wereemployed in business services industries;29.3% in miscellaneous serviceindustries; 4.1% in construction; 2.1% in

amusement and recreation services;1.6% in motion pictures; and, 0.6% inmuseums, botanical and zoologicalparks (Exhibit 58a).

Exhibit 58Percentage Distribution of Designers by Selected Industries

for Selected Yearsb) Non-Manufacturing Industries

1988

200 400 600 800 1,000

III lIlt 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total Employment in Reported Industries28.308.120

11111 111 1111111111

mmuni at ons 550or 0 2

Electric. Gas & Sanitary Services 820 or3 4%

Not DIspleyeds: 1

11Wholesale Trade 28 500 or i 1 7 't

Retail Trade 102.210 or 43 9'.

.

Number of Reported Designers137,080 made up of 78.880 Designers (ead interior Designers). 22 3400

interior Designers, and 35.860 Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmersrepresenting 0.48% Of total industrial employment

Source: Appendix, Table SI 1-2

In the broad category called Non-Manufacturing Industries, there were44,020 decorators and designers madeup of 140,770 Designers (excludingInterior Designers), 43,580 InteriorDesigners, and 59,670 MerchandiseDisplayers and Window Trimmersrepresenting 0.5% of total employmentin industries reporting theseoccupations. Of these: 43.9% were inretail trade; 11.7% in wholesale trade;3.4% in electric, gas & sanitary services;and, 0.2% in communications industries

45 ;1),. BEST ::opy AVAILABLE

(Exhibit 58b). In the broad categorycalled Manufacturing Industries, therewere 39,890 made up of designers(excluding interior designers),representing 0.5% of total employmentof the industries reporting theseoccupations. Of these: 15.2% were inapparel and other textile products;12.7% in printing and publishing; 12.1%in transportation equipment; 10.8% inindustrial machinery and equipment;10.3% in miscellaneous industries; andless than 10% in all other reportingindustries (Exhibit 58c).

Exhibit 58Percentage Distribution of Designers

by Selected Industries for Selected Yearsc) Manufacturing Industries

1989

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

H I .1 .1.1_1.1 I I

Total Employment in Reported Industries16.878.54o

Textile Mill Products 1.550 or 3 9'1

Apparel &Other Textile Productt 6.120 15 1 e

Lumber & Wood Products 200 or 0 5'6

Furniture & Fixtures 780 or 2 2'n

Paper & Allied Products 2.380 or 6 O'n

5 080 or 12 7,,

Chemical & Allied Products 1 200 Or 3 04

Rubber &Misc Plastic Products '.000 or 2 5's

Leather & Leather Products 330 or 0 II*77

ndustrial Mach & ECM).

Stone Clay & Glass Products 530 or 7 3,5

abocated Metal Products 7 000 or 2 5%

4.310 or 1013%

Transportation EaU P

Electron.c & Other Elect Equip

13.720 or 9 3%

4 8 io or 12

insrr,ments & Re 2.790 or 7 Otn

vlisc Mt.) 4 090 or 'n 10 3%

Number of Reported Designers39.890 made up of Designers le.c1 intericr Uesoners/ eor.sentihcl C S'S of

.otal industrial emplcs moist

Source. Appetclix 2

EstablishmentsThe Census of Service Industries

provides insight into the number ofestablishments providing graphic artsservices. Graphic arts services areprovided by two types of businesses:commercial art and graphic designestablishments and graphic designestablishments (Appendix, Tables 53-5).For purposes of this analysis, no furtherreference will be made to commercialart and graphic design establishments.

46

Exhibit 59Percentage Distribution of Census Graphic Design Services

Establishments & Receipts by Region1987

West1,773 or 24 6%

Total7,202

Midwest1.608 or 22 3%

West5734 4 or 22 7'6

Total

$3,236 0million

Midwest8824 5 or 25 5%,

Establishments

Northeast2.163 or 30 0%

,)South

1.658 or 23 0°I7

Northeast

41111111.110

5 or 34 3%

ReceiptsSouth

8566 7 or 7, 5't

Source Append'. A Table 53-5

In 1987, there were a total of 7,202graphic design establishments withreceipts of $3.2 billion. The Northeastaccounted for 30% of establishmentsand 34.3% of receipts; the South for23% of establishments and 17.5% ofreceipts; the Midwest for 22.3% ofestablishments and 25.5% of receipts;and the West for 24.6% of receipts; theMidwest for 22.3% of establishmentsand 25.5% of receipts; and the West for

24.6% of estabhshments and 22.7% ofreceipts (Exhibit 59).

Exhibit 60Percentage Distribution of Reporting Industrial Design

Society of America Groups and Design Employeesby Region

1989

AN ReportingGroups

235

M cl.yest'3:r 31

/Vest492 or 26.1%

RefmrtingDesign

Employees1.885

M.dwest578 or 30 704

\*.._

Groups

Design Employees

NorthP4St72 or 30 6,t,

33 or 14 3',

Northeast620 3, 32 Ps

SOuth195 or 10 3,5

Source Append., A Table 57-5

By contrast, design groups andemployees affiliated with the IndustrialDesign Society of America reported thatin 1989: the Northeast accounted for30.6% of design groups and 32.9% ofdesign employees; the South for 14% ofgroups and 10.3% of employees; theMidwest for 31.1% of groups and 30.7%of employees; while the West accountedfor 30.6% of groups and 26.1% ofdesign employees (Exhibit 60).

Respondents to a 1987 survey of theAmerican Institute of Graphic Artsreported that: the Northeast accountedfor 44% of current members and 42% ofall respondents; the South for 17% ofboth current members and allrespondents; the Midwest for 16% ofcurrent members and 17% of allrespondents; while the West accountedfor 21% of current members and 22% of

all respondents (Exhibit 61).Exhibit 61

Percentage Distribution of Respondents to an AmericanInstitute of Graphic Arts Survey

by Region1987

Orest21N

CurrentMembers

1,408

MA...estleot

Aest

ore.cp

49111Current Members

flrfr.gr.' .5

AllRespondents

2.046

MuOwest

All Respondents

-

r,-...43r

47

Source Amend.. -awe s85

With respect to type of practice,billings and employees, the IndustrialDesign Society of America reported thatin 1989: 56.6% of responding groupswere consulting groups accounting for52.3% of design employees; 39.6% werecorporate design groups accounting for45.6% of design employees; and 3.8%were other types of groups accountingfor 2.2% of design employees.

Groups reporting billings up to$249,999 a year accounted for 23% of allreporting groups and 6.1% of designemployees; groups with billingsbetween $250,000 to $499,999accounted for 25.5% of groups and 13%of employees; groups with billingsbetween $500,000 to $999,999accounted for 23.0% of groups and18.6% of employees; groups withbillings of more than $1 million

Exhibit 62Percentage Distribution of Industrial Design Society of

America Groups by Practice, Billings & Design Employees1989

Otrer3

01 mpioyees)

Consuitmo Groups133 or $6 6't

985 Employees)

225 ReportingGroups

I 885 Employees).....

)roorate Grouos93 :r 39 fOt.

959 Employees/

P actice

.0",0 51 000 COO28 5.

1 I.'S f mproyees)

225 ReportingGroups

, 885 (mployeel)

WO 200.5999 99954 Dr 23 3'e

,35 r Employees)

Billings

50-5249 9991,4 or 210'e

(114 Employees)

$250 000-5499.99960 Or 25 5'i/

(245 Employees)

Source Accenclix A Table 57.5

accounted for 28.5% of all groups and62.3% of design employees (Exhibit 62).

Exhibit 63Percentage Oistribution of Members of the American

Institute for Graphic Arts by Employment Status1987

,rPrrtoinyrd14 Jr I ,t

t roelan(e379 :r

Self 0,nolovedi31332i'.

AIGAMembership :

5,420

:1 44

Status Oroser Panne,' 5,9 'r 28's

TheSource 11.mo.^0, 4. ',role 58.

American Institute of GraphicArt reported that in 1987: 7% of itsmembers were freelancers; 21% wereself-employed; 28% were owners orpartners of firms; 44% were employees;

and 1% were unemployed (Exhibit 63).Of reporting AIGA members in 1987:

46% were employed in a design firm;28% in a non-design firm; 13% ineducational institutions; 8% in apublishing house; 5% in nonprofitinstitutions; 2% in governmentalinstitutions; and, 2% in other types oforganizations (Exhibit 64).

Exhibit 64Percentage Distribution of Members of the AmericanInstitute for Graphic Arts by Employing Organization

1987

eubl.srurg House444 or 8't

Ncoor ofit271 or 5'e

......AIGA

Membership5,420 /

NorCes.on ra It1 518or 213'1

Go,..ernrnent

Other '08 or 2'.

Des.qn g2.493 or 46'4

Educavon705 or 1 3,

48

Source Appendix A Table 58-1 & .5

IncomeData concerning the income of

decorators and designers is availablefrom the Census of Population and thetwo representative associations. Censusdata, however, due to changes indefinition are presented only for 1980and 1990.

Given only two observations, nomeaningful growth rate analysis ispossible. In 1990, decorators anddesigners working full-time and earning$7,500 or less accounted for 5.4% of alldecorators and designers; those earningbetween $7,500 and $14,999 in the yearbefore the Census, 14.4%; between$15,000 and $24,999, 25%; between$25,000 and $34,999, 22.4%; between$35,000 and $49,999, 19.4%; between$50,000 and $69,999 in the year before

the Census, 8.6%; between $70,000 and$99,999, 3.1%; and those earning morethan $100,000 in the year before theCensus, 1.9% (Exhibit 65).


Designers by Full-Time Earnings in Year before Census1980 & 1990

S '3 00049 999

sso .:01:14,9 999

'6 iel3 "%

935 :0049 999lo 17or 18 12."e

C^s1b.

A I20' .040

5'00 JOO m :re2 ,93 r 1

57 520.4 99932 '93 :r

1111L5:5 :CO 34 99918 722 :6 It

52 300 99 999' 091 3

556 :02.64 99928 8

915 30049 9493 .46 9 4't

1980

5,00 000 ,rore9.780 ..)r I 3

515 300.24 999

SO 7 3b or 25 re

.cter S7 SCC

57 500.'4 49952 J.15 or '4 4'

Ail361,742

525 030 34 999

CC 595 22 r1990 5,5 C00.24 999

90 522 2,r 25 3'.

Source Apoe,".a,, 401(.5' 2 3

The median income for full-timeearnings of male decorators anddesigners was $32,549 and for females,$20,394. Median income for femalearchitects was 62.7% that of males.

Median full-time earnings of malearchitects .vere: 114.1% of the medianfull-time earnings of a male member of


Designers by Household Income in Year before Census1980 & 1990

5'25 000 or ,cre'0 437 or 3 1't

595 030.,24 999'2 497 or 3

965 000.94 99946 '240r 3 7'6

.)-a, 5'5 COO32 e5 ' :r 9 "t

S15 3C0.24 999

44 '04 ' 3 1,9

550,000-64,99955 888 or 116 6%

5125 000 or more32 641 or 5 54

595.000.124 99933 235 or 5 64

565 00044.99996.114 or '6 2%

All593,481

525 000-34 99955215 or 16 Ve

535 000-49 999

90 '29 23 S'e

nder 515 30046 192 :r

SIS 200-24.999

sb 472:,'12s

953.300.64 9993 1 485 w 7 1',

1990

525 000-34 999

87 835 Jr '4 Ws

535.300-49 999128.'85 cr 27 e

49

Source Append,. A Table 912-4

the Experienced Civilian Labor Force;79.4% of the earnings of a maleProfessional Specialty Worker; and,105% of an artists' median full-timeearnings (Appendix, Table S12-3).

Decorators and designers living inhouseholds with an annual incomeunder $15,000 in the year before the1990 Census accounted for 7.8% of alldecorators and designers; those earningbetween $15,000 and $24,999, 11.2%;between $25,000 to $34,999 in the year

(31i7y AVAILIBLE

before the Census, 14.8%; between$35,000 and $49,999, 21.7%; between$50,000 and $64,999, 17.1%; between$65,000 and $94,999, 16.2%; between$95,000 and $124,999, 5.6%; and thoseearning more than $125,000 in the yearbefore the Census, 5.5% (Exhibit 66).The median income for male decoratorand designers was $47,688 and forfemales, $44,308 (Appendix, Table 512-4). Median income for females was92.9% of males. The median householdincome with a working decorator anddesigner, either male or female, was$45,873.

Exhibit 67Median Annual Compensation of Members of the Industrial

Design Society of America by Position1990

50,000 100,000 150,000

I I I I 1111 11111Protc.pal. Owner.Pr evdent S. 10 169

e.Preude,.3 581.925

Lwertor Manager 683 455

Project Ouector 661 650

Semor Oes.gner 647 14'

5131-1 :"..`esttine, S35 PC5

t -try Level DesKrer 615 32 i

Source 400endir 'dole 57.1

Median household income of alldecorators and designers was: 113% ofthe Experienced Civilian Labor Force;88.2% of Professional SpecialtyWorkers; and 103% of All Artists(Appendix, Table S12-4).

By contrast, the median annualcompensation of members of IndustrialDesign Society of America and theAmerican Institute of Graphic Arts isdisplayed in Exhibits 67 & 68,respectively.

Exhibit 68Percentage Distribution of Members of the American

Institute of Graphic Artsby Professional Income

1986

S175.000 or more163 Or 3.4

6125 000. 174,999163 or Pt

675 000.124.999596 3r II

Inder 512.300

325 or 6".

S,2 000.14.9993/6 or '8'.

All5,420

635 00049 39938 or 2"5 1980

525.000.34 399

192 22o

50

Source Amend, 4 T.-31),e 58.1 & 54

Conclusions

Summary FindingsEvidence presented in this report

permits a summary of findingsconcerning architecture and designoccupations between 1940 to 1990.

First, architecture and designoccupations grew as a percent of theexperienced labor force from 0.2% in1950 to 0.6% in 1990. As a percent of allProfessional Specialty Workers, theygrew from 2.1% in 1940 to 4.6% in 1990.

Second, architecture and designoccupations grew significantly as part ofthe arts labor force from 15.8% in 1940to 45.2% in 1990.

Third, architects between 25 and 44years of age dominate the professiongrowing from 47.8% of all architects in1940 to 66.7% in 1990. For decoratorsand designers, they grew from 51.2% ofall decorators and designers in 1940 to61.5% in 1990.

Fourth, Hispanics grew from 1.8% ofall architects in 1970 to 5.1% in 1990.Afro-American architects grew from2.4% of all architects in 1970 to 2.8% by1990. Non-white and non-blackarchitects grbw from 3% in 1970 to 6.7%in 1990. Nonetheless, architectureremained a predominantly whiteprofession (90.5%) in 1990.

Among decorators and designersHispanics grew from 2.9% of theprofession in 1970 to 5.4% in 1990.Afro-American grew from 1.9% in 1970to 3.6% in 1990. Non-white and non-black decorators and designers grewfrom 2.1% in 1970 to 6.2% in 1990.Nonetheless, design also remained apredominantly white profession (90.5%)in 1990.

Fifth, the proportion of architects inthe South and West increased from

35.3% in 1940 to 56.2% in 1990.Decorators and designers in the Southand West grew from 32.9% in 1950 to52.2% in 1990. The Northeast andMidwest has lost their historicaldominance of architecture and designprofessions.

Sixth, women architects grew from1.5% of the profession in 1940 to 17.7%in 1990. Nonetheless, architectureremained a predominantly maleprofession in 1990.

Women, as a percent of alldecorators and designers, grew from35.5% in 1940 to 55.4% in 1990. Amongdecorators, women increased from34.8% in 1940 to 73.3% in 1990. Amongdesigners, women, grew from 36.2% in1940, to 43.5% in 1990.

Seventh, among architects, thosewith 4 years or more of college grewfrom 50.3% in 1940 to 80.2% in 1990.Among decorators and designers, 12%had 4 or more years of college in 1950:in 1990, 35.8%.

Eighth, in 1940, 49.3% of allarchitects were self-employed; in 1990,32.8%. Among decorators anddesigners, 16.6% were self-employed in1960; in 1990, 24.6%.

Among architects, 25% worked part-time in 1990 compared to 42.8% ofdecorators and designers. The high levelof part-timers among decorators anddesigners reflects a majority of womenin these professions.

Over 75% of architects worked inprofessional services industries, i.e. inarchitectural firms. Over 75% ofdecorators and designers worked ineither manufacturing, retail trade, orbusiness and repairs service industries.

51'

Ninth, in 1987 there were nearly18,000 architectural establishmentswith receipts of almost $10 billion and137,000 paid employees. Over 70% ofreceipts came from projects involvingcommercial buildings or public andinstitutional facilities; nearly 78% ofreceipts were for architectural servicesexcluding landscape architecture; and75% of receipts were from industrial,business and commercial companies;government; and private institutions.

In 1987, there were 7,202 graphicarts establishments with receipts of $3.2billion. The Northeast accounted for34% of receipts; the South, 17.5%; theMidwest, 25.5%; and the West, 22.7%.

Tenth, the median annual householdincome of architects in 1989 was $56,773or: 140% of the labor force average;109% of the typical professionalspecialty worker; and, 128% of thetypical artist. The median annualhousehold income of a decorator anddesigner was $45,873 or: 113% of thelabor force average; 88.2% of thetypical professional specialty worker;and, 103% of the typical artist.

Professionalization &CompetitionFour aspects of professionalization

and competition affect the employmentand earning in architecture alid designprofessions. The first concerns rivalrybetween engineers, architects, designersand decorators. The second concernsinternational competition and the'design deficit', first noted by Scitovsky(1976). The third concerns design rightsin the United States. The fourthconcerns collapse of the aestheticutopian dream.

Engineer, Architect, Designer, DecoratorWhen, in the first century B.C.E.,

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio wrote his classic

The Ten Books of Architecture hedescribed how to design and buildengines (of war and peace), houses andtemples, viaducts and sewers, and howto decorate them all. Since that timefour separate professions (leaving asideurban and regional planning) haveprogressively separated and detachedthemselves from this archaic whole.

Nonetheless, rivalry and competitioncontinue to tie them together. Andthese tensions have an ongoinginfluence on the employment andearnings of architecture and designprofessionals. To apply one ofVitruvius's most intriguing phrasesscamilli impares- professionalization hasbecome an unequal leveler.

Since the Industrial Revolution, theengineer has been at the vanguard ofintegrating scientific knowledge intothe physical structures, instruments andutensils of daily life. With theascendancy of science, the engineer hasdisplaced the architect as the 'masterbuilder'. In this regard, it is rumoredthat less than 10% of all constructionprojects in the United States engagearchitects. The remaining 90% arereputedly in the hands of 'engineers' ofone kind or another. To somedevelopers architects are too concernedwith aesthetics and not enough withfunction, cost and efficiency.

If architects are considered 'soft'compared to engineers then designers,are considered soft by architects. Thuswhile all States and the District ofColumbia require formal 'licensing' ofarchitects, only the District licenses andonly 14 States regulate the use of theterm 'Interior Designer'.

Tension between the two professionswas evident in 1990 with passage of theLaValle-Koppell Bill in New York StateThe bill resulted from an agreement

52

between the architectural professionand interior designers on the scope ofdesigners' work. Interior decorators anddesigners and architects have long beeninvolved in a turf war.

The Bill established legal definitionof interior design and was intended toset a higher standard for the professionand give designers higher status byestablishing a category of 'certifiedinterior designers'. To be certified, onemust have a minimum of 7 yearseducation, professional training andpass two examinations one a designqualifying exam, the other on city andstate fire, safety and building codes.

The Act distinguishes interiordecorators from interior designers. Onecan still practice as an interiordecorators but can not use the title ofcertified interior designer. It also legallydistinguishes between the work ofinterior designers who may movenonstructural part:dons from the workof architects who are legally authorizedto make decisions about the physicalstructure and building systems.

Until the Bill, an amendment to theState education law, there was noofficial body to monitor professionalqualifications. Membership in theAmerican Society of Interior Designers,which had about 32,000 at the time,represented only a small percentage ofthe estimated 200,00 interior designers.Membership remains voluntary and theSociety does not regulate competence.

The law defined the type of interiorconstruction designers can perform as'not materially related to or materiallyaffecting the building systems". Passageof the bill demonstrated officialrecognition that what designers do goesbeyond comfort and aesthetics to affectpublic health, safety and welfare (Brown1990).

Competition and growing demandfor interior design has resulted in manyarchitecture firms forming interiordesign departments. Similarly, manyarchitects move easily into product andfurniture design. Competition basedupon perceived 'professionalism' is thusbecoming an important factor.

Design DeficitWith respect to architecture, the

United States is doing well on worldmarkets (Appendix, Table 3-6). In 1989there were 200 'design' firms competingfor international contracts worth $7.4billion. Design firms are those thatdevelop plans for construction projectsas opposed to construction companies.While the data does not clearlydifferentiate between engineering andarchitectural firms, the United Statesaccounted for 67 or 33.5% of competingfirms and $3.2 billion or 43.5% ofinternational design work.

With respect to design, the situationis quite different and historically rooted.In 1835, despite being the world'slowest cost producer of textiles, theupscale British market was dominatedby design from continental rivals inFrance and Germany. The British Boardof Trade appointed a Select Committeeto investigate and recommendremedies. It called for the marriage ofart and industry. The result was creationof the first school of design - SouthKensington in 1836 (Savage 1985).

And in 1870, Massachusetts becamethe first State to make art education arequirement in the public schoolsthrough passage of the Drawing Act.The Act resulted from pressure fromBoston manufacturers who argued thatEuropean students were trained indesign and drawing and thereforeAmerican manufacturers suffered a

53 HI

competitive disadvantage (Freedman1985: 21).

By the 1920s, some leadingeconomists had come to recognized theimportance of design to the economy:

Increasingly wealth is enabling people tobuy things of all kinds to suit the fancy,with but a secondary regard to theirpowers of wearing; so that in all kinds ofclothing and furnizure it is every day moretrue that it is the pattern which sells thethings (Marshall 1920; 177-8).

Then in 1976 Tibor Scitovsky, formerpresident of the American EconomicsAssociation, noted in his book TheJoyless Economy, that the top end of theconsumer goods market in the UnitedStates was dominated by Europeanimports.

To provide some idea of the scale ofthe problem consider the trade balanceas reported in the input-output matrixfor the United States economy. In 1982,total U.S. exports were $252 billion, or8% of GNP. Arts-related exports were$12 billion, or 5% of total exports

Exhibit 69THE AMERICAN ARTS INDUSTRY

Exports & ImportsIn Billions of Dollars

1982

Exports Imports Balance

Arts Industry 12.0 37 5 -25 50Fabric Mills 1 1 1 7 -0 61

Textiles 0 7 0 5 0 22

Clothing 1 0 11 2 -10 19Furnishings 0 4 0 5 -0 02

Home Furniture 0 3 0 8 -0 55Office & Institutional Furn 0 3 0 7 -0 39

Publishing & Printing 1 4 0 6 0 77

Leather Goods 0 7 4 3 -4 07

TV & AV Prod & Equip 3 9 9 6 -5 68Jewelry, Leisure & Rec Prod 1 9 7 5 -5 62Entertain, Recr & Amuse .... .. 0 8

.0 1 0 70

USA Total 251 5 306 5 -55 0

Source: Baseline 1982 InpuVOutput Matrix, InterindustryEconomics Division, Bureau of Economic Analysis,

Department of Commerce, Washington, D C , 1991includes public enterprise and personal spending

(Exhibit 69). In 1982, total importsamounted to $306 billion, or almost10% of GNP. Arts imports were $37billion, or 12% of all imports.

In 1982, the United States thus had atrade deficit with the rest of the worldof $55 billion, or 1.7% of GNP. The artstrade deficit was $25 billion, or 45% ofthe total trade deficit.

Rapid growth in the number ofdecorators and designers during the1980s suggests that an effort is beingmade to fill this trade gap (Exhibit 1).Good design adds value to products andmakes them more competitive in thedomestic as well as the export market.Design Rights

It has been estimated that the UnitedStates lost more than $13.5 billion tocopyright pirates around the world in1986 (Hoffman 1989). Unfortunately,there is no estimate of loss due to designpiracy.

While European countries and Japanhave long provided design protection,the United States offers only a designpatent that requires not just that adesign be different and distinctive butthat it be new, useful and not 'obvious'to others skilled in the trade. These arethe same tests that are applied to obtainpatents for new machinery or chemicalprocesses.

Product designers consider theirwork as creative and original as that ofpainters, sculptors and writers whoenjoy copyright protection. Designers,however, too often must watch theirwork being copied by others with littlefear of being sued under existing law(Andrews 1990). To the degree productdesign protection increases the value ofdesign, then to that degree theemployment and earnings of designerswill increase and their status incorporate hierarchies would rise.

54

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Aesthetic UtopiansFrank Lloyd Wright like members of

the German Expressionist Movement,the Bauhaus and the 'InternationalStyle' believed that architecture anddesign could change the humancondition.

...the ideal of social transformationthrough architecture and design was oneof the driving forces of modernist culture.Rational design would make rationalsocieties. "It was one of those illusions ofthe 20s," recalls Philip Johnson, who withthe architectural historian Henry RussellHitchcock christened this new movementthe International Style. "We werethoroughly of the opinion that if you hadgood architecture the lives of peoplewould be improved; that architecturewould improve people, and peopleimprove architecture until perfectibilitywould descend on us like the Holy Ghost,and we would be happy for ever after.This did not prove to be the case." (Hughes1981:164)

For more than a half century, theInternational Style of rectangular glassboxes dominated construction indowntown America. The coincidence ofinterests between aesthetic utopianswho wanted buildings and objects toapproach an aesthetic ideal ofperfection together with developersand manufacturers who wanted toproduce at the lowest possible pricefueled the dominance of the style.

But in the 1980s architects anddesigners began to reject thismainstream of modern architecture anddesign. Not just the formal harmoniesand proportions of Gropius, Mies vander Rohe and Le Courbusier wererejected, but also their social and ethicalideals. What was not rejected, however,was functionalism.

This stylistic rejection became knownas 'Postmodernism'. It is characterizedby an eclecticism of styles and reversion

to pre-modern architecture before theascendancy International Style.

Taken together, these pieces provide ajigsaw puzzle of our times, but it isdoubtful whether any of them makes acontribution to the history of art. We are,in this sense, the new Victorians (Hanson1986: 726)

There is an irony in this development.Among his many concerns aboutAmerican culture, Frank Lloyd Wrightcomplained that after the Revolution:

American architecture fell to the great lowin eclecticism of all time. Cultureattempted thus ready-made became amere commodity.... (Wright 1958: 40)

Without a dominant style, the publicis confused while the architecture anddesign professions search for a newguiding light. A new style fuels theemployment and earnings of architectsand designers. Perhaps Wright's dreamof a distinctive 'American style' willresult from this contemporary'Postmodern' confusion.

ForecastsArchitects

According to the OccupationalHandbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics,1993), employment opportunities forarchitects are projected to rise fasterthan the average for the labor force as awhole through 2005 (Appendix, Table11-5). Most job opening, however, willresult from some architects transferringto other fields or leaving the profession.

Demand is dependent on localconstruction particularly nonresidentialsuch as offices and shopping centers.And construction, in turn, is sensitive tothe economic cycle. Furthermore, whilerequirements are becoming morestandardized, architects must still meetlicensing requirements in each Statebefore they can practice. This will act to

55

limit mobility. As well, competition forthe most prestigious firms will continue.

Computer-aided design and drafting(CADD) is becoming more prevalent butit is not expected to reduce demand forarchitects. Rather it should allow moreoptions to be developed and changes inplans made more easily, hopefullyimproving the quality of design.

Landscape ArchitectsAccording to the Occupational

Handbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics,1993), employment opportunities forlandscape architects through to 2005 areprojected to grow faster than theaverage for the labor force (Appendix,Table 11-5). Growth will be fueled,however, by established landscapearchitects transferring to others field orretiring. Employment is sensitive to theeconomic cycle and dependent onconstruction which is projected to growin the long-term, but mainly outside ofthe major cities. Typically such sites havelarge surroundings requiring morelandscape designing in contrast to urbansites. And as the cost of land increases,good landscape design will becomemore desirable.

Increased development of recreationspaces, wildlife refuges and parks willalso require landscape architects as willgrowing concern about theenvironment and historicalpreservation. As well as local, city andregional planning is requiring increasedmixed land reclamation andrefurbishment of existing sites.Increased use of computers is notexpected to diminish demand.

DesignersAccording to the Occupational

Handbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics,1993), employment opportunities fordesigners are expected to grow faster

than the average for the labor forcethrough to 2005 (Appendix, Table 11-5).In addition, some openings will resultfrom retirements. Continued emphasison product quality and safety, on designof new business and office products, onhigh-tech products in medicine,transportation and competition amongfirms will also stimulate demand forindustrial designers.

ReferencesAmerican Society of Landscape Architects,Annual Report Statistics, Washington, D.C.American Society of Landscape Architects,National Salary Survey of Landscape Architectsand Profile of Professional Practice 1-985,Washington, D.C., 1985Andrews, E.L., "When Imitation Isn't theSincerest Form of Flattery, New York Times,August 5, 1990, E20.Blau, 1.R., Architects and Firms: A SociologicalPerspective on Architectural Practice,Cambridge, MIT Press, 1984Blau, 1.R., M.Le Gory, 1.S. Pipkin (eds),Professionals and Urban Form, Albany, StateUniversity of New York Press, 1983.Bradshaw, T., "An Examination of theComparability of 1970 and 1980 Census Statisticson Artists", in The Economics of the CulturalIndustries, Hendon, W.S., N.K. Grant, D.V. Shaw(eds), Association for Cultural Economics,University of Akron, Akron, 1984.Bradshaw, T., "Projecting Growth in ArtistOccupations", in , Artists and CulturalConsumers, D.V. Shaw, W.S. Hendon, C. R Waits(eds), Association for Cultural Economics,University of Akron, Akron, 1987.Bradshaw, T., "Predicting Artist Employment inthe Year 2000", in Cultural Economics 88: AnAmerican Perspective, Shaw, D.V., W.S. Hendon,V.L. Owens (eds), Association for CulturalEconomics, University of Akron, Akron, 1989.Brown, P.L., "A Legal Leg for Designers", NewYork Times, August 2, 1990, Cl & 6.Bureau of the Census, Classified Index ofIndustries and Occupations: 1980 Census ofPopulation, PHC80 R4, U.S Department ofCommerce, Washington, D C. November 1982Bureau of Labor Statistics, OccupationalHandbook 1992-93, Bulletin 2400, Departmentof Commerce, Washington, D C 1993

56

Center for Education Statistics, Degrees andOther Formal Awards Conferred Survey, USDepartment of Education, annualCenter for Education Statistics, Digest ofEducation Statistics, US Department ofEducation, Washington, D C., annualCitro, C.F., D.A. Gaguin, Artists in the Workforce1950 to 1985, Research Division, NationalEndowment for the Arts, Washington,September 1987.Clark, K., Civilization, BBC & John Murray,London, 1969.Diamonstein, B., Fashion: The Inside Story,Rizzoli, New York, 1985.Doxiadis, C.A., Urban Renewal and the Future ofthe American City, Public Administration Service,National Association of Housing and Redevel-opment Officials, Chicago, Illinois, 1966.Filer, R.K., Labor Market Earnings of AmericanArtists in 1980, Research Division, NationalEndowment for the Arts, Washington,December 1988.Filer, R.K., "The Economic Conditions of Artistsin America", in Cultural Economics 88: AnAmerican Perspective, Shaw, D.V., W.S. Hendon,V .L. Owens (eds), Association for CulturalEconomics, University of Akron, Akron, 1989.Filer, R.K., "Arts and Academe: The Effects ofEducation on Earnings of Artists", Journal ofCultural Economics, Vol. 14, No. 2, December1990, pp. 15-40.Forty, A., Objects of Desire: Design and Societyfrom Wedgewood to IBM, Pantheon,New York,1986.Freedman, K., "Art Education and theDevelopment of the Academy: The IdeologicalOrigins of Curriculum Theory", Wilson, B, H.Hoffa (eds), The History of Art Education-Proceedings in the Penn State Conference,Pennsylvania State University, 1985Gaquin, D., Special Tabulation of 1990 Census,Washington, D.C., 1994.Grant, N., "The Impact of Renovation ofHistorical Districts on the Tax Revenue of a City",in Governments and Culture, Waits,C W , W SHendon, H. Horowitz (eds), Association forCul-ural economics, University of Akron, Akron,1985.

Hale, R.D., "Economic Aspects of HistoricalPreservation", Journal of Cultural Economics,Vol. 2, No. 2, December 1978, pp 43-54.Hale, R.D., "An Economic Analaysis of theArchitectural Profession", Journal of CulturalEconomics, Vol. 4, No 2, December 1980, pp. 27-38.

Hanson, A.F., History of Art Part Four: TheModern World - 5. Twentieth CenturyArchitecture, pp. 746-767, 3rd Edition, Abrams,NYC, 1986.Hecimovich, J., J.C. Butler, Planners' Salaries andEmployment Trends 1985, Planning AdvisoryReport #395, American Planning Association,Chicago, IL, 1986.Hecimovich, J., Planners' Salaries andEmployment Trends 1987, Planning AdvisoryReport #407, American Planning Association,Chicago, IL, 1987.Hendon, W.S., "The Impact of Location onHistorical Property Revenues in England and theUnited States", in Managerial Economics for theArts, Owen, V.L., W.S. Hendon (eds),Association for Cultural Economics, University ofAkron, Akron, 1985.Hoffman, G.M., Curbing International Piracy ofIntellectual Property: Po/icy Options for A MajorExporting Country Report of the InternationalPiracy Project, Annenberg Washington Program,Communications Policy Studies, NOrthwesternUniversity, Washington, D.C., 1989Horowitz, H., "The Status of the Artist in theUSA", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol. 17, No.1, June 1993, pp. 29-48.Hughes, R., Shock of the New Chapter 4:Trouble in Utopia, Alfred A. Knopf, NYC, 1981.Kane, Parsons & Associates, A Survey of GraphicDesign Professionals, American Institute ofGraphic Arts, Washington, D.C. 1987.Knox, P.L. (ed), The Design Professions and theBuilt Environment, Nichols Publishing, NYC,1988.Lorenz, C., The Design Dimension: ProductStrategy and the Challenge of Global Marketing,Basil Blackwell, New York and Oxford, 1986.Marshall, A., Principles of Economics, (8thEdition 1920: 1st edition 1890), EnglishLanguage Book Society, London, 1969.Meggs , P., A History of Graphic Design, VanNostrand Reinhold, New York, 1983Moore, K., E. Jacob, T. Bradshaw, et al, "DesignArts" in The Arts in America, NationalEndowment for the Arts, Washington D C., 1988,pp 205-244.Pulos, A., The American Design Adventure, MITPress, Cambridge, 1988Research Division, A Source Book of ArtsStatistics - bi-annual, National Endowment forthe Arts, Washington, D.C.Research Divsion, Artists Employment in 1988,National Endowment for the Arts, Washington,D C., 1988.

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Research & Planning Division, 1983 AlA Survey ofMembership: The Status of Women in theProfession, American Institute of Architects,Washington, 0 C., 1983.Research & Planning Division, The 1987 AIA FirmSurvey Report, American Institute of Architects,Washington, D.C., 1987Rowe, P.G., Design Thinking, MIT Press,Cambridge, 1984.Savage, L., "The History of Art Education andSocial History: Text and Context in a British Caseof Art School History", Wilson, B, H. Hoffa (eds),The History of Art Education: Proceeding fromthe Penn State Conference, Pennsylvania StateUniversity, 1985.Scitovsky, T., The Joyless Economy, OxfordUniversity Press, London, 1976.Schuyler, D., The New Urban Landscape, JohnHopkins Press, Balitmore, 1987.Siwek, S.E., Furchtgoff-Roth, H.W., CopyrightIndustries in the U.S. Economists Incorporated,Nov. 1990.Smith, T. American Planning Association ChapterMember Statistics, Membership ServicesDepartment, American Planning Association,Washington, D.C. ,1989.Sparke, P., An Introduction to Design andCulture in the Twentieth Century, Allen Unwin,London, 1986.Vitruvius, The Ten Books of Architecture,translated by Morris Hicky Morgan (1914),Dover, NYC, 1960.Wassal, G., N.O. Alper, Special Tabulation of1940 Census, Northeastern University, 1994.Whitney, P. (ed), Design in the InformationEnvironment, Southern Illinois University Press,Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1985.Wright, F.L., The Living City, Horizon Press, NYC,1958.Wynne, B.J., 1987 Compensation Survey,Industrial Designers Society of America (IDSA),Great Falls, VA. 1987Wynne, B.J., 1987 Corporate Design GroupStudy, Industrial Designers Society of America(IDSA), Great Falls, VA. 1987

58

APPENDIX A

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table of ContentsPage

SERIES 1: CENSUS ARCHITECTS, DECORATORS & DESIGNERS,1940-1990

1-0 Profile & Notes 1

1-1 Summary by Sex 7

1-2 By Education & Sex 8

1-3 By Age & Sex 12

1-4 By Urban/Rural Residency & Sex 15

1-5 By Regional Residency & Sex 17

1-6 By Class of Work & Sex 19

1-7 By Employment Status & Sex 21

1-8 By Full- and Part-Time Employment Earnings & Sex, 1950 to 1980 23

1-9 By Full Year Employment Earnings & Sex, 1950 to 1980 25

1-10 By Full- and Part-Time Wage and Salary Income & Sex, 1950 to 1980 27

1-11 By Full Year Wage and Salary Income & Sex, 1950 to 1980 29

SERIES 2: CENSUS ARCHITECTS & DESIGNERS, 1970-1990


2-1 Census Architects Distribution, Rank & Percent of Labor Force by State,1970, 1980 & 1990

32

2-2 Census Designers Distribution, Rank & Percent of Labor Forceby State, 1970, 1980 & 1990

33

2-3 Census Architects and Designers Employment and Unemployment, 1971 to 1992 34

2-4 Census Architects and Designers in Labor Force, 1970, 1980 & 1990 - 35

2-5 Census Architects and Designers Median Weekly Earnings from 35Full-Time Wages and Salary by Sex, 1983 to 1990

2-6 Census Architects and Designers Employed by Major Industry, 1990 - 36

SERIES 3: CENSUS OF SERVICE INDUSTRIES


3-1 Census Architectural Services, 1982 & 1987 39

3-2 Census Architectural Fees by Project Type, 1982 & 1987 39

3-3 Census Architectural Fees by Source & Client, 1982 & 1987 40

3-4 Census Graphic Art & Design Receipts, 1982 & 1987 42

3-5 Census Architectural, Commercial Art and Graphic Design Services Taxable 43Establishments by Region & State, 1987

3-6 Share of Foreign Export Market by Top International Design & 53Construction Firms, 1989

SERIES 4: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS


4-1 AIA Membership and Registered Architects by State, 1986-1990 56

4-2 AIA Respondent Firms by Region & State, 1989 & 1990 59

4-3 AIA Respondents by Race and Sex, 1987 & 1989 60

4-4 AIA Respondent Clients by Type, 1990 60

4-5 AIA Respondent Firms by Source of Work & Number of Employees, 1990 60

4-6 AIA Respondent Firms by Staff, 1989 & 1990 60

4-7 AIA Respondent Firms Compensation by Position, 1987, 1988, 1989 & 1990 61

4-8 AIA Respondent Firms Net Billings by Type of Work & Number of Employees, 1990 63

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SERIES 5: DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION & Related5-05-1

5-2

Profile & NotesArchitecture & Environmental Design Degrees, 1969-70 to 1988-89Advertising, Architecture, Environmental Design & Graphic Arts Degrees,

1983-84, 1986-87 & 1988-89

646667

5-3 Architecture & Environmental Design and Graphic Arts Associate and 68Subbaccalaureate Awards , 1982-83 to 1988-89

5-4 Architecture & Environmental Design and Graphic Arts Associate and 68Subbaccalaureate Awards by Length of Cirriculum & Sex, 1986-87 & 1988-89

5-5 Private and Public Institutions Conferring Architecture & Environmental 68Design Degrees and Awards, 1986-87 & 1988-89

5-6 Graduate and Professional Programs in Architecture, Landscape Architecture,Graphic Design, Illustration, Industrial Design, Interior Design, Textile Design,Historical Preservation & Urban Design, 1987

69

5-7 Architecture & Environmental Design Degrees by Private and Public Institutions,1986-87 & 1988-89

69

5-8 Design Programs: Institutions, Enrollment and Degrees,1985-86, 1988-89 & 1990-91 70

5-9 Full-Time Art/Design Faculty oF Private and Public Institutions Salary by 72Rank & Sex, 1988-89 & 1990-91

SERIES 6: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE6-0 Profile & Notes 736-1 Membership, 1950-1991 756-2 Membership by Region, 1985, 1989 & 1991 75

6-3 Respondent Median Income by Practice, 1981, 1984, 1989 & 1991 756-4 Respondent Median Income by Education, Experience & Sex, 1989 & 1991 766-5 Accredited Landscape Architecture Programs by Type of 77

Degree, Selected Years 1971-19916-6 Accredited Landscape Architecture Programs by Faculty, Students & 77

Degrees, 1983/84 - 1990/91

SERIES 7: INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS SOCIETY OF AMERICA7-0 Profi le & Notes 787-1 Membership Cash Compemation by Position, Selected Years,1979-1990 807-2 Design Groups by Type, Organizational Location & Sales, 1987 807-3 Design Groups by Task, Type, Organizational Location & Sales, 1987 81

7-4 Design Groups Assessment Criteria by Type, Organizational Location & Sales, 1987 827-5 Design Groups by Practice, Billings, Region & Design Employees, 1987 & 1989 82

SERIES 8: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF GRAPHIC ARTS8-0 Profile & Notes 838-1 Membership, 1956-1992 858-2 Membership by Sex & Age, 1987 858-3 Graphic Arts Groups by Employees & Type of Employer, 1987 858-4 Membership Average Base Salary by Experience & Sex, 1990 858-5 Membership by Sex, Age, Region, Education, Income & Employment, 1987 868-6 Membership Base Salary & Total Compensation by Position & Sex, 1990 87

SERIES 9: AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION &AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PLANNERS

9-0 Profile & Notes 889-1 Membership by State, 1987, 1989 & 1991 90

9-2 Membership by Region, 1981, 1983, 1985: 1987 & 1989 92

9-3 Public Agency Membership by Size & Jurisidiction, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987 & 1989 92

9-4 Membership by Race & Sex, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987 & 1989 92

9-5 Membership by Type of Employer & Sex, 1985, 1987& 1989 93

6'

9-6 Membership Median Salaries by Education, Employer, Experience & Sex,1985 & 1989 94

9-7 Membership Median Salaries by State & Sex, 1987& 1989 96

SERIES 10: iNIATIONALTRUST OF HISTORICAL PLACES (NRHP) &NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE HISTORICAL PRESERVATION OFFICE (NCSHPO)

10-0 Profile & Notes 9810-1 National Register of Historic Places by Type, 1967-1990 100

10-2 National Historic Preservation Appropriation by Type, 1968-1990 101

10-3 National Trust for Historic Preservation Assistance, 1970-1991 102

SERIES 11: BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

11-0 Profile & Notes11-1. Architects, Designers, Decorators & Planners in Mining, Construction,

Finance and Services Industries, 1978, 1984 &198711-2 Designers & Decorators in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries, 1985 & 198811-3 Architects & Planners in State and Local Government, 1985 & 198811-4 Designers in Manufacturing Industries, 1977, 1983, 1986 & 198911-5 Projected Employment of Architects & Designers 1990 to 2005

SERIES 12: CENSUS ARCHITECTS & DESIGNERS, 1970, 1980 & 199012-0 Profile & Notes12-1 Census Architects & Designers by White, Black & Hispanic, 1970, 1980 & 199012-2 Census Architects & Designers by Full-Time, Part-Time & No Employment,

1980 & 199012-3 Census Architects & Designers Full-Time Earnings in Year before Census,

1980 & 199012-4 Census Architects & Designers Household Income in Year before Census,

1980 & 1990

SERIES 13: THE CULTURAL ECONOMY13-0 Profile & Notes13-1 The Economy, 1940 to 199013-2 Private Cultural Expenditures, 1940 to 199013-3 Public Cultural Expenditures, 1960 to 199013-4 Philanthropic Cultural Expenditures, 1960 to 1990

SERIES 14: CANADIAN ARCHITECTS & DESIGNERS

14-0 Profile & Notes14-1 Canadian Architects & Designers by Sex, 1971, 1981, 1986 & 199114-2 Canadian Architects & Designers by Age, 1971, 1981, 1986 & 199114-3 Canadian Architects & Designers by Class of Worker, 1971, 1981, 1986 & 199114-4 Canadian Architects & Designers by Employment Status, 1971, 1981, 1986 & 199114-5 Canadian Architects & Designers by Employment Income, 1971, 1981, 1986 & 1991

SERIES 15: AUSTRALIAN ARCHITECTS & DESIGNERS15-0 Profile & Notes15-1 Australian Architectural Services, 1981 & 198615-2 Australian Architects & Designers by Sex, 198615-3 Australian Architects & Designers by Age, 198615-4 Australian Architects & Designers by Income, 198615-5 Australian Architects & Designers by Sector, 198615-6 Australian Architects & Designers by Industry, 198615-7 State Government Design Arts Grants, 1986

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THE Ecot;.Y TOSTAFF PAPERS

1972

The papTrc in f= amont to Ole Annua: cf

Economic Ccunc :A. oi Canada. illt..11cuch

pap:!rs are publil-;:lcd Lhethe council, che vare thcl-,e of the authors thems2lvs.

6 !

.:hen th-1, crowth of an eco;.oicover a nu:_b,..f cf yoars, on -! convenit_:A..is co.:'r.;,;,: r.7:c qcori:yto g in the e:.:pr:7,f-.s..n

(1) yt A(1 + g/10())t-1

If this variable 11&.s grown at a constant rate, aLTl in 1,nne Chart 1-1, then all ret_ho2s of estj:..ItinT -wou)c: yie26 the zaTe rez_ult. But wh.7.n the isnot growing at a constant rate, then some etir,:e ofmust be e.triv.2d as an of the orowth overthe period, as follows.

.

Method A -- Use of eizo7 points only -- This is themethod use::: 7-ost frecucntly tecL:Itse it involvez.calculation and bec,7,une applicat-ion of the oroTL!:from the starting point yields the end pointflowever, there is no i.ssurance that the growth ieill reflect the bel.,aviour of the series in the il:tor-venin::: yearl;.

Method 3 -- Log-Zincar regrr!ssion of Eqaf.:::nTaking logarithms of Equation (1) yields:

(2) /n yt = tn A + ln(1 + g/100) (t-1) .

If a linear trend is fitted to the In y, then the anti3a-of the slope is an estimate of (1 + g/100). Ths methc-_:has the advantage of using all of the observations overthe period under examination and is easily calculatedwith readily availa'le statistical programs or a calcul::-tor. However, the skim of the calculated values obtainefrom this estimate of (1 + g/100) does not usually equ..iithe sum of the actual values (nor does Method 1).

'For a fuller discursion of alternative methods, zee Loris P."Economic Growth and Its Measurement", Pconomic Gr,:vth and Cu2t.Lr.:1Chango, vol. 9, no. 3, April 1961, pp. 295-315.

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sum of ti.0 rc:s..du_:'1:; Zo-o.

(3) yt = i u/l00)t-1t

A.s in i,:ethod this 7:ethed c,::plsys all of thounder exa..s.linaon in addition, pos_sses thcerty that the sr oi he actual and calculaLedare equal.

Examples

As an illustrati.on of these three methods, ths:following table the cIm:th rates. for each ofartificial Lime series, Tl, T2, and T3.

Growth Pates

Tl T2

(Per cent)

Method A (end point) 6 6 6

Method B (log-linear) 6 5.04 6.70

Method C (RLS) 6 4.50 6.68

By the end-point method, although all three series h-vethe same growth rate (6 per cent) , they have cluitdifferent paths, as we see in Annex Chart 1-1. i:.?thosB and C provide different growth rates for each serief-.as the table shows.

1 Einar Hardin, "Mea!;urinq the Rite of Productivity Growth", P:ivity gasuror,?nt OrganiE,aticn for Eco::orc Cc-ratinand Dcvelo14.:,21t, nu. 35, Novenber. 1963, pp. 5-13.

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Annex f.o

Of course, it is possible to b:?misledhvany..:..-ymeasure. If T3 is divi:lod into ,t.lbperjo: (1-6, 6..-1;and growth rates are caleulnted for botIlan apparent anomaly is encountcrf.d. Poth theand restricted-lasares metho.:lsfor both subperic:.ls th:.,n.for the total poric:...Chart 1-2 shows the lines fitto3 hy RLS for the tot:._perio::: and both subpericds; they represent arcr,.thof 6.6S per cent for t.he total period, ancl 5.52and 5.S5 per cent fer the two sunperios. Theproblem is that !the assun.ption of constant expnc.-It:r.1growth over t poric,.'s is inappr3priate for descr'l:the behaviour of a oeries like T3, even in summaryfashion.

We feel that the RLS growth rates are the hostrr,easure of !rowth, since they reflect all of th-: obs,,rvT.-tions under study and possess the desirable prcirtvthat the sums of the observed and calculatoc'.equal. nevertheless, all growth rates, regardless ofthe technicue used for estimatjon, must be used withthe recognition that the actual time path of thecan be quite different from the assumed exponentLalgrowth path.

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dc 20506. - eric · industrial designers society of america by region, 1987 exhibit 42 growth rate...

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