db end of schematic stage engineering report

DOHALIVE

DOHALIVESCHEME DESIGN REPORT / AIRPORT ROAD / DOHA, QATAR / MAY 27th, 2012.THE DESIGN BRO / SCHEMATIC DESIGN STAGE ENGINEERING REPORT / AIRPORT ROAD / DOHA, QATAR / 23 JULY 2012 / Rev 1

DOHALIVE 00DDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEE 0DDOOHHAALLIVVEE 00DDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEE

CONTENTS

00 SITE ANALYSIS

01 DESIGN NARRATIVE

02 PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

03 FACADE / LANDSCAPE

04 APPENDIX


00 SITE ANALYSIS

MODULAR REPORT

MEP REPORT

FACADE REPORT

APPENDIX

STRUCTURAL REPORT


00 SITE ANALYSISDOHALIVE 00DDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEE 0DDOOHHAALLIVVEE 00DDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEE

00 SITE ANALYSISSTRUCTURAL REPORT

01

StructuresSTRUCTURAL SCHEME

1. INTRODUCTION

DOHALIVE > SCHEMATIC DESIGN STAGE REPORT

The proposed development described in the Architect's drawings consists of a 10-storey Hotel building and a connected 5-storey Retail building. The buildings share a basement area, four storeys deep under the Hotel & three storeys deep under the Retail. The Hotel basement is used principally for car parking and back-of-house services. The Retail basement is used principally for retail purposes.

1.1 General

1.3 Movement Joints

A 25mm expansion joint is to be provided between the Hotel building & the Retail building, creating two separate building structures. The joint is to accomodate concrete shrinkage and temperature related expansion/contraction. It extends from roof level down to basement slab level -1. Weatherproofing of the vertical expansion joint in the basement retaining wall & of the joints through the courtyard & roof slabs, will need to be considered in particular in the design.

A line of columns on the retail side and r.c. wall on the hotel side is provided along the expansion joint line to support the structure on both sides as required.

1.2 Structural Summary

The buildings are constructed traditionally up to a transfer level in structural steel & reinforced concrete and are constructed with modules above this level, each module typically comprising of a single Hotel bedroom. The modules are factory built off-site and then dropped in place on-site. Transfer level in the Hotel building is at first floor level. There is currently no transfer level in the Retail building. Sections 2 & 3 below describe the elements of construction in detail.

2. STRUCTURAL SCHEME DESCRIPTION: HOTEL AREA

2.1 Traditional Construction:Hotel Basement to First Floor

2.1.1 Basement Slab & Foundations

a)

b)


a)

2.1.3 Basement Perimeter Retaining Wall

a)

b)

Spread foundations to be provided bearing on the weak limestone/shale rock formation with 4.0m x 4.0m x 1.5m deep pads, typical (provisional size) under the main building columns.

700mm deep reinforced concrete slab at level -4 designed to resist a 12m design head of ground water.

350mm deep reinforced concrete flat slabs supported on a 9.0m x 9.0m grid typically. Downstand beams at the edge of large openings or in heavily loaded bays.

400mm thick reinforced concrete wall designed to resist the 12m design head of groundwater.

External waterproofing membrane on the outside.

2.1.4 Ground Floor Slab

a) Reinforced concrete slab, 400mm deep in the heavily loaded courtyard areas. 350mm deep under the Hotel floor.

b) Slab spans between 1.0m deep overall concrete downstand beams which span between the columns.

c) A 400mm step down is provided from the Hotel floor structural slab to the courtyard structural slab.

d) Flooding: Hotel floor level to be 400mm above the future level of the public road. Provisional Level +10.000 above ordnance datum.


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SISHALOUNGE306 sqm RESTAURANT

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GOODS LIFTGOODS LIFT

GUEST LIFT

M+P

STAIRPRESSURIZATION

GUEST LIFT GUEST LIFT

ELECT.RISER &PLANTROOM

CHWPRIMARY

GUEST LIFT GOODS LIFT

COLD WATER10 x 9 ABOVE

COLD WATER PUMP50 sqm ABOVE


AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 1

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KITCHEN EXTRACT1 2 & 3

AHU SUPPLY 6 AHU SUPPLY 7

TOILETEXTRACT 1&2FOR RETAIL

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G+ 8 ROOF FLOOR PLANSCALE 1:500

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c) First Floor Transfer: Steel beams supporting the modular construction overhead. Beam depth 1.1m deep maximum on the rear half of the Hotel and 1.5m deep maximum on the front half. 1.1m deep beams are standard 1016 UB sections typically. The 1.5m deep beams are welded plate girders with a 30mm web plate & 50mm flange plates typically.

d) Steel columns in the front reception area of the Hotel are raked to mirror the cantilevered form of the building.

The stairs and lift cores are the stabilizing elements of the building. These are constructed in reinforced concrete from the basement to ground floor and in steel above this. The perimeter wall of each core is typically 250mm thick. The internal wall is 215mm thick.

2.2 Cores & Stability

A volumetric modular solution is proposed for the building above the level G+1 transfer slab. The modular elements include the structural steel support members (columns and beams), the floor construction, the ceiling and the walls within the delivered module. These modules are manufactured in a factory in advance of their required delivery dates, while the traditional site building is underway, thus ensuring a fast and efficient construction time. The quality of the module fabrication, construction and fit out is of a very high standard due to the factory built environment. The delivered modular system also includes the corridors, stairs, lift enclosures and all elements of the construction at the upper levels.

2.3 Modular Construction:Hotel First Floor to Roof

2.3.1 Introduction

The majority of the modular build on this project is in the construction of the hotel bedrooms and service room facilities. These modules are constructed with structural steel hollow section columns and beams in a welded frame. The columns are aligned from floor to floor as in traditional steel framed construction with on-site connections ensuring transfer of loads. The modules are also extended to provide corridors and other features where required. The modules are manufactured and fitted out in the factory and delivered to site by lorry. They are then erected on site using a crane and stacked on top of each other using a specialised locating system. The modules are then connected together to provide robust construction and also to connect them back to the stabilising elements of the building.

2.3.2 Modular Elements

In addition to the hotel rooms and service rooms, the modular system will also provide for the stairs and lift construction. The stabilising elements of the construction may either be included within the modules or as a separate frame. This decision is based on a detailed structural analysis of the overall structural system and the resulting magnitude of loading on the frame. Either solution allows the modules and stabilising system to be erected on a floor by floor basis thus ensuring the fastest possible erection sequence.

The erection time is extended where (as in more traditional construction) the stabilising system / core must be constructed in advance of the modules as this item will then always be on the critical path of the programme.

The proposed construction for the hotel and retail buildings will differ significantly. The Hotel is suited to a cellular form of construction with high quality finishes to walls at close centres. This type of building is best suited to a volumetric form of off-site construction. Finished rooms are delivered to site.

The retail building is open plan and as such the amount of finishing work that can be completed off-site is reduced. This building may also be constructed as an off site solution with the floor structure manufactured using large components encompassing significant area of floor. This increases the speed of construction significantly and reduced the amount of on site labour. This method of construction results in a versatile open plan space allowing retailers to carry out fit out appropriate to occupancy requirements.

2.1.5 Ground to First Floor Steel Transfer Structure

a) Structural steel frame taken up off the ground floor slab. Steel columns typically line up with the basement columns underneath. Typical column size 305 x 305 H-section or 356x406 H-section.

b) Mezzanine Levels: Composite metal deck slab 140mm deep overall supported off steel beams. Steel beams provided with 90x20mm welded shear studs on top to allow the beams to act compositely with the slab. Typical beam depth 460mm giving an overall structural depth of 600mm.


POOL

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ROOF DECKBAR

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0.00

JACUZZI

+33.90

+36.90

+35.40

+36.90

+35.90+35.40

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+0.00


GUEST LIFT

M+P

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CHWPRIMARY





AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 1

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TOILETEXTRACT 1&2




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The construction of the hotel building using the volumetric modular systems is very similar to a traditional steel building. There is a series of columns and beams and continuity is achieved on site. Horizontal loads such as wind loads and seismic loads are transferred through a horizontal bracing system into the vertical braced bays. Where possible the stairs or lift cores are used as the bracing. Alternatively space is allowed between two modules and a vertical braced frame is erected in the gap. This frame may be erected in storey height similar to the modules and therefore helps with maintaining a fast construction time.

The ideal solution for the braced bays is to align columns to the basement level but a transfer of bracing forces may occur at the transfer level between modular and traditional. A detailed model will be undertaken using Etabs software to determine the forces in the bracing system under the various conditions of loading that may occur.

2.3.3 Stability

The hotel building has an infinity pool on the upper level. The important feature of this type of pool is in maintaining an accurate level edge so the surface of the water appears as the edge of the pool. This requires a very high level of construction accuracy not achievable using traditional construction and also an accuracy that may be lost if foundation or structural movements occurs during the normal life of the building.

For this reason the pool construction is a specialist item and the levelling of the perimeter weir is undertaken and maintained by specialists. We would expect a significant amount of prefabrication of the pool in keeping with our off site approach to the building. The pool structure will be supported on a grid of steel beams with adjustable supports to the underside of the pool structure. The most economic solution is to undertake the levelling with a moveable bottle jack and when the correct level is achieved at a given location the adjustable support is tightened. The final levelling of the pool will be undertaken after the pool is filled with water and then maintenance of the levels will be required over the lifetime of the pool.

2.3.4 Swimming Pool

Fig. 1 Sketch showing pool structure components.

Fig. 2 Image shows Marina Bay Sands hotel in Singapore provided by Albaker Architect's as an example of the proposed pool for DohAlive.

Fig. 3 Photograph of prefabricated pool section from Marina Bay Sands hotel project.


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GUEST LIFT

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CHWPRIMARY





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AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 2

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The modular factory is designed to suit the construction process with each stage of the module construction occurring in sequence. The modules move through the factory thus bringing the work to the factory worker where they are in their best working environment. Each area of the factory is fitted out with the correct and most efficient tools and stores so there is never any searching for materials. These simple traits of a factory environment increase efficiency significantly and, with a small amount of recycling, reduce waste to its lowest in the construction industry. The temperature within the factory may be controlled giving the employees a better and more consistent work environment than they are normally used to on a construction site.

2.3.5 Modular Factory

The modular system employed on this project is structurally capable of being erected to form high rise buildings as it is very similar to a traditional structural steel solution. As a result, when the system is used in lower rise buildings, the potential to achieve complex support systems for balconies, cladding or other features is inherent in the system. In this project the modular system is designed to suit the level of loads applied but has the potential for much higher loadings using stronger members. Each module is engineered for its exact location within the building both in terms of plan location and elevation height with structural column sizes, increasing down through the building.

2.3.6 Modular Versatility

3. STRUCTURAL SCHEME DESCRIPTION: RETAIL AREA

The construction of the superstructure for the retail building will be undertaken as an off site solution. The open plan nature of the retail and the desire to have flexible layouts require a solution that differs from the predominately cellular nature of hotel bedrooms. Therefore the volumetric modules are not utilised in the retail sections.

The floor will be constructed using large floor panels or cassettes provisionally 4.5m wide. The cassettes will be erected on to pre-erected steel columns. Where possible a regular grid will be maintained but the proposed system is versatile enough to deal with irregular floor plans.

3.1.5 Modular Construction:Retail Ground to Roof

3.1 Traditional Construction:Retail Basement Levels


a)

b)

3.1.2 Basement Levels

a)

3.1.3 Basement Perimeter Retaining Wall

a)

b)

Thickening of the slab to form pad foundations under the basement columns and core walls 2.5m x 2.5m x 1.0m deep pad typically (provisional size).

Three-Storey basement with a 500mm deep reinforced concrete slab at level -3 designed to resist an 8m head of groundwater.

Modular solution under consideration (see 3.1.5 below). The alternative would be a 'traditional' 350mm deep reinforced concrete flat slabs supporting on a 4.5m x 8.5m grid typically. Downstand beams at the edge of large openings or in heavily loaded bays.

A 300mm thick reinforced concrete wall designed to resist the 8m design head of ground water.

External waterproofing membrane on the outside.

The stairs and lift cores are the stabilizing elements of the building. These are constructed in reinforced concrete and / or structural steel. For a reinforced concrete solution the perimeter wall of each core is typically 250mm thick & the internal walls are 215mm thick.

3.1.4 Cores & Stability


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A geotechnical site investigation was carried out by ACTS on behalf of the client. ACTS prepared and issued a detailed report following the investigation.

The principal findings of this report are summarized as follows:

4.1 Geotechnical Survey Findings

4. ENABLING WORKS

4.1.1 Typical Vertical Section through the Site

a)

b) 1-10m depth approx: Weak to medium strong Dolmitic limestone. Moderately weathered with close spaced fractures

0-1m depth approx below existing ground level: Loose to very dense sand with gravel.

c) 10-13.5m depth approx: Weak marly limestone with pockets of silt. Slightly to highly weathered. Close space fractures.

d) 13.5 to 17.5m depth approx: Very weak shale moderately weathered with close spaced fractures.

e) 17.5m downwards: Limestone and marl layer. Weak to very weak.

4.1.2 Foundation Design

a)

b) Retail: Foundations will bear on the weak to strong Dolmitic limestone layer at -4.0m O.D approx. Again an ABP = 500kPa minimum will be used for pad foundations.

Hotel: Foundations at -8.0m O.D approx will bear on the weak shale/limestone layer. Recommended allowable bearing pressure ABP for pad foundations = 500kPa minimum.

4.1.3 Groundwater

a)

b) Moderate to severe sulphate content in the groundwater samples. Concrete elements not protected from groundwater by a waterproof membrane will need sulphate resisting cement.

Typical level -6m below existing ground level. A design level of sea level is recommended in the report, which is estimated as 3m below ground level approx. Water pressure & uplift effects to be allowed for in the building structure design.

The design will also include an allowance of 0.5m for a rise in sea level

c) De-watering: The Double Packer tests indicate moderate permeability. Based on this, groundwater in the excavation should be readily controllable by pumping via perimeter well-points

Battered slope recommendations from the geotechnical report:

1.5m Horizontal to 1.0m Vertical in sand gravel top layer (0.0-1.0m depth).

1.0m Horizontal to 10.0m Vertical in the strong limestone (1.0-10.0m depth).

1.0m Horizontal to 6.0m Vertical in the weak limestone/shale (10.0-17.5m depth).

Based on the findings of the geotechnical report and further discussions the following approach is currently under consideration:

4.2 Basement Excavation and Support

Vertical or near vertical cut in the rock. 700mm zone to be provided inside of the boundary wall to allow for a limited batter.

4.2.1 Three Storey Retail Basement

4.2.2 Four Storey Basement below Hotel

a)

b) Where significant surcharge loading occurs, i.e along side of Qatar Airways building on part of the north boundary or the three storey building abutting the west boundary: Additional set-back of the rock cut face from the boundary proposed in these instances subject to further design but provisionally set as 1400mm on the west boundary and 3000mm adjacent to the Qatar Airways building.

At the most heavily loaded rock faces rock anchors may be required as additional support to the rock face (subject to agreement with the Municipality and neighbours). These rock anchors are temporary only until the new basement is constructed and therefore will not impede future development of the adjoining sites.

Where no significant surcharge loading occurs, i.e. adjacent to adjoining single storey buildings or boundary walls only: 800mm minimum zone inside of the boundary wall to allow for a limited batter.

Protection of the rock faces by shotcreting or other means will need to be considered. Shotcreting entails a reinforcement mesh anchored to the rock face with 75mm of shotcrete concrete then sprayed on. Vertical support to the top layer of loose sand/gravel 1-2m deep will be provided by means of trench sheets fixed to the rock under and propped horizontally as deemed necessary.

4.2.3 Shotcreting

4.2.4 De-Watering & Buoyancy Considerations

a)

b) The buoyancy of the building is the weight of water displaced minus the weight of the building. The basement slab will be provided with rock anchors which will fully counteract the buoyancy calculated on the dead weight of the building to roof level.

De-watering by pumping from well points (sumps formed in the rock) will be carried out until the basement concrete construction is completed to ground floor level.

c) Ground anchor requirement (provisional):

4-storey basement anchors at 4.5m c/c. using 14m long (approx) passive Dywidag steel achors grouted in placewith max service load capacity = 1500kN each.

3-storey basement anchors at 5.5m c/c using 10m long (approx) Dywidag anchors with maximum service load capacity = 1000kN each.


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The Design Standards to be used will be in compliance with the Local Building Regulations and agreed with the municipality. Unless noted otherwise design will be to current QCS and British Standards where suitable.

5.1 Design Standards & References

5. DESIGN DATA 5.2.3 Seismic & Wind Loads

When in use, the building will be insulated and provided with temperature controlled spaces, so the structure will be subject to minimal temperature variations in this case. During construction and up to handover, temperature induced expansion and contraction effects will need to consider in the design. A maximum temperature range of the order of +/- 35 deg C will be considered.

5.2.5 Thermal

The building structure is subject to vertical gravity loads due to its dead weight, due to the weight of finishes and due to the weight imposed by the occupancy e.g. the weight of parked cars.

The building structure is also subject to horizontal loading. In additional to the notional horizontal loading referred to above, the design also considers wind loading & seismic loading.

5.2.1 General

5.2 Loadings

In addition to the weight of finishes and the dead weight of the structure, the design will also consider the vertical loads due to the building occupancy. The different usages of the building give different imposed loadings. These different usages/loadings are broadly broken down as follows:

5.2.2 Gravity Loads

-1.0

2.0

3.03.0

Location ImposedLoad

Qk

DeadLoad

Gk

4.0-

-

4.07.5

Gravity Load (kPa)

Retail Allowance for ceiling, services & finishes Allowance for roof & finishes Retail module Plant level module

--

-

-3.03.0

3.0

5.00.5

1.0

2.03.05.0

7.5

Hotel Function Areas Allowance for ceiling, services Allowance for floor finishes Allowance for roof finishes Bedroom module Roof module (crowd loading) Plant level module

---

12.5

0.56.0

Courtyard (fire tender load) Allowance for services Allowance for 300mm finishes

---

-

-2.54.0

7.5

Basement Car Park Locker rooms, kitchens, etc Plant Rooms

Sand loading on roofs (50mm deep) due to wind blown sand will also be allowed for.

Seismic Zone 1Seismic Zone Factor z = 0.075Importance Factor I = 1.00Seismic Coefficient Ca = 0.09Seismic Coefficient Cv = 0.13

Wind loading will be on the basis of a mean 10 minute wind speed with a 50 year return period, appropriate to Doha.

5.2.4 Soil & Ground Water Basement Loads

The basement perimeter retaining wall & the lowest basement slabs will be subject to hydrostatic water pressure loads due to the presence of groundwater as outlined in section 4.2.4. The wall will also be subject to lateral pressures from the soil layer (sand assumed) above the bedrock.

The structural loads are combined together in a series of load combinations which have the most adverse impacts on the structure.

5.2.6 Load Combinations

Concrete:Grade 40 concrete for all structural elements. Sulphate resisting cement for elements in direct contact with groundwater.

Concrete Reinforcing Bar Steel:Deformed type bars, grade 500 steel, for all reinforcement

Structural Steel:Grades 235 and 355.

5.2.7 Material Data

The storm water drainage system will be designed for a short intensity rain storm appropriate for Doha. An attenuation tank will be provided to reduce the peak outflow from the site to 7.5 litres/second (based on 10 litres/second per hectare max allowable). Preliminary size 289m3 based on a site area of 0.74 hectares gives 3.5m x 3.5m x 9m approx. Tank to be located at basement level -1 adjacent to the public road for connection to the public sewer.

The storm water drainage will be designed to discharge by gravity where possible to the public sewer network in the area, in accordance with local building regulation requirements.

6.1 Storm Water Drainage

6. DRAINAGE & WATER SUPPLY

Drainage to the basement car park levels will be provided by intermittent gullies draining to suspended pipes. The suspended drainage system will be pumped up into the gravity system near ground level via a petrol interceptor.

6.2 Car Park Drainage

Foul drainage will be collected in soil vent pipes and discharged to suspended gravity drainage under the ground floor slab for discharge to the public sewer in the adjacent public road.

6.3 Foul Water Drainage


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01 DESIGN NARRATIVEDOHALIVE 00DDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEE 0DDOOHHAALLIVVEE 00DDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEEDDOOHHAALLIVVEE

00 SITE ANALYSISMODULAR REPORT

08

MODULAR DESIGN

The efficiency increases that have transformed the production of nearly every other product category, during the last century, have largely remained out of reach for the construction industry. To a great extent, the construction industry builds the same way today that it did thousands of years ago; by assembling materials and men at a site, and resolving issues as work proceeds. Modular construction changes the conventional logistics of construction by, wherever practicable, assembling components in a factory instead of at site. Compared to a well run conventional construction site, modular or industrialised building, as it is sometimes called, offers three primary advantages; quality, predictability and time savings. These are so dramatic that they immediately translate into significant cost advantages.

The term modular construction, in this context, is used where a building is assembled from a series of individual structural volumetric modules, linked together to form a complete structure. The modules, which are manufactured, finished and fitted-out off-site, under factory conditions, are then transported to the construction site and lifted into place.

In an industrialised building project there are two construction sites operating simultaneously; the actual site, and a factory where the key building materials and superstructure are assembled. As a result, an industrialised building can usually be constructed in half the time of a conventional building, or better.

Modular Construction is a key component in the drive to improve productivity in the construction industry. Building Information Modelling (BIM), modern manufacturing methods, and sophisticated manufacturing facilities now offer significant productivity gains on projects not possible before.

1. INTRODUCTION

It is intended that the retail block will adopt prefabricated floor assemblies and columns to expedite the construction phase. In addition, the team is considering the adoption of the same prefabricated floor assemblies for the retail areas at the rear of the hotel from ground level to Mezzanine.

The hotel development will adopt modular construction for the guest accommodation from level G+1 through to level G+8.



POOL

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GUEST LIFT

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CHWPRIMARY





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MODULAR DESIGN

Modular Construction refers to a construction process where most of the work which is usually carried out at site takes place in a factory. The building is divided into transportable volumes which are constructed on an assembly line. The resulting modules are fully finished, including decoration, tiling, MEP, even furniture. The completed modules are transported to site where they are erected by crane to complete the building. Because the work can proceed on-site and off-site at the same time it is possible to reduce the overall construction period by up to 50%.

2. LEADING TECHNOLOGY

The Design Buro specialises in technologies associated with modern methods of construction (MMOC). The Company is widely acknowledged as leaders in the technology for permanent bespoke modular buildings and has developed many of the construction techniques that have defined the industry.

Our methodology for modular buildings includes solutions for concrete walls and concrete floors in keeping with local Middle Eastern expectations. With these advances, our modular buildings are indistinguishable from traditionally constructed buildings formed of concrete or masonry. Unique technologies developed by Design Buro represent a significant technology leap in the industry and enable modular buildings to be constructed to a height in excess of 35 stories.

The Design Buro has received numerous awards and our team holds records for the largest and tallest modular buildings in the World. We have been involved in the construction of more than 30,000 modular units worldwide for permanent construction projects making us the most experienced business in this sector.

The selected main contractor, AMMOC, is a large scale EPC (Engineer, Procure, Construct) company which has adopted Design Buro's world leading modern methods of construction (MMC), including modular construction.

AMMOC has brought together a team of international experts in the field of MMC and modular construction to support all stages of the process, including design, structural engineering, production, procurement and site installation.

Although almost any building can be divided into modules certain project types will receive the greatest economic benefit. The principle cost savings are realised as a result of the time saved on site, reduced waste, and factory time efficiencies. Complex projects tend to show the greatest cost benefit, i.e. hotels, or apartments. This is primarily due to the factory time efficiencies in completing highly serviced spaces such as kitchens and bathrooms.



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There are two somewhat outmoded paradigms about the applicability of modular construction which are important to understand. These paradigms are that modular buildings have to be cellular and that modular buildings have to be repetitious.

Arrangement

In the past, only buildings which were fully cellular in planning were constructed using modular construction. This boundary, however, has been removed by advances in the techniques of building and assembling modules. The AMMOC system works within transportable volumes that can interface in a number of ways to create an incredible variety of forms and spaces, including large span spaces.

Modules no longer need to be rectilinear. Additionally, open sided modules can be combined to create buildings of infinite length. Similarly, open top modules offer multi-height voids.

These capacities greatly expand the design possibilities for modular construction.

Industrialised construction can be seen as a process, that is, a particular way to build rather than a predetermined product or set of components. It is open to architectural expression in the same way any other building method is, and like other methods it has its own logic and potential.

Construction is a composition of 1,000's of disparate elements. On a construction site these are traditionally brought together as single components or in individual prefabricated assemblies, ie precast concrete floors.

The AMMOC system only uses traditional methods of construction to form the modules, however, the logistical process is hybridised to enable as many components as possible to be brought together in the factory environment. Typically, 70% of the building is formed in the factory although in the case of DohAlive, the guest accommodation only accounts for approximately 35% of the gross floor area of the project.

The modules leave the factory fully fitted, including all thermal insulation, weather-tightness, linings, interior decorations, sanitary fittings, kitchens, wiring and plumbing. Cladding of the building can either be performed in the factory or on site. Loose fittings such as cutlery and furniture can also be introduced in the factory when a 'locked door' policy is introduced post factory.

Repetition

In the past repetition was believed to be the basis for achieving cost savings. In practice this offers a small benefit. The principle cost savings are realised as a result of the time saved on site, reduced waste, and factory time efficiencies.

MODULAR DESIGN

The vast majority of buildings built today are constructed using some element of prefabrication. Modular construction is at the pinnacle of a continuum of various types of prefabrication. Modular construction expands prefabrication as both a viable and beneficial option for an increasing number of building project types.

3. BACKGROUND

4. LOGISTICS



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MODULAR DESIGN

The operation of modular companies such as AMMOC will make the delivery of Qatar 2022 much more achievable.

One of the key benefits which may be of particular significance in Qatar, is in relation to traffic. With all the building taking place in Qatar prior to 2022 there is the danger of severe traffic congestion due to construction traffic making site deliveries to central projects. In the case of a modular project, a significant amount of the construction traffic will not be coming into central areas, but will be delivering to a remote factory. The completed modules will then be delivered to site at night when they cause minimal traffic disruption. Another benefit for Qatar, is making high productivity possible through the hot summer season as most of the construction workers will be working in a cooled covered environment.

Construction ScheduleReduced construction time by up to 50%

FinancialUp to 10-20%* lower hard cost, soft costs, financing costs, out-of-service cost, and faster return on investment

QualityFactory production methodology allows for the improvement of building quality and craftsmanship

Reduced RiskIncreased predictability of project outcomes in terms of quality, cost, and time. Off-site forms of construction continue to demonstrate 94-99% efficiency in terms of on-time; on budget.

Sustainability & Waste ReductionImproved project sustainability leading to LEED ratings where applicable. Up to 90% less waste**

CoordinationIncreased collaboration between designers and Contractor, earlier resolution of coordinated designs avoids alterations.

ProcurementIncreased ability for collaboration and single-point of responsibility.

Factory Time EfficiencyMethods of production reduce construction task time.

DisturbanceMinimizes disruptions to adjacent buildings and occupants and increases cleanliness of building process.

TechnologyGreater ability to manufacture components with high degree of technical complexity.

SiteEliminates various site constraints such as staging, weather, transportation, etc.

SecurityReduces possibility of job-site vandalism or theft.

SafetyFactory environment improves conditions for construction workers.

RelocatabilityPossibility to move structure to new location.

Economies of scaleTypical benefits of economy of scale are amplified for large projects.

* Depends on local costs. Example stated is based on United Arab Emirates** Source: WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme (www.wrap.org.uk)

5. BENEFITS



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Week 10 Week 19 Week 24

Week 25 Week 27 Week 37

Week 38

Week 41 Week 42

MODULAR DESIGN

AMMOC uses Lean Construction methods to optimise factory efficiency. The essence of the benefit goes to the 1-3-8 Rule of Ship Building, which means work done in the early stages takes less time than the latter. Hence, what would take 1 unit of time in the beginning takes 3 times in the middle and 8 times when workers are aboard ship. This analogy compares directly with construction activities.

Factory time efficiency refers to the decreased time required to perform a given task in modular relative to in-situ construction.

Factory time efficiency has been highlighted as a contributor of time savings for modular construction. However, the majority of the time savings for modular construction is derived from the ability to perform various types of work simultaneously.

For in-situ construction, most work must proceed sequentially where each construction task is a point along the critical path. In modular construction only the installation of the complete module affects the critical path.

Scheduling Certainty

An increasing number of projects are delivered late and over-budget. Claims to have delivered on time are often references to revised due dates.

In the UK, the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors recently undertook a survey which identified that 37% of site based projects were delivered late and 51% were delivered over budget.

Typical delays include:

> Delays in decisions or approvals;> Changes to the scope of work or re-work;> Delays in appointment of contractors;> Interuptions or supply delays;> Weather;> Inadequate resources;> Poor quality workmanship.

Off-site forms of construction continue to demonstrate 94-99% efficiency in terms of on-time; on budget.

6. SCHEDULING



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35

Non-attached Semi-attached Attached

SoloPods within

other framework

Field joint Mate Stack

Shift

Field

Turn Void Shift

Figure 2.1.3: Elemental module relationships

Turn

Modularization

The KFS system is flexible enough to accommodate any conceived architectural form as the perimeter of a module can have any imaginable relationship to the structural frame.

With some modification, almost any architectural form can be modularized; however, as stated earlier, best results are achieved when designs are initially conceived as modular.

Module Width: 13 Common Maximum 16 Oversized Maximum

Module Length: 52 Common Maximum 60 Oversized Maximum

Module Height: 12 Maximum Building Height: 12 Stories Maximum

*Some states may allow larger module sizes to be transported overroad (see Transportation section).

The diagram at left shows a number of possible combinations and orientations of modules. An incredible diversity of form can be derived from these very few elemental types of interfacing modules.

Figure 2.1.2: Irregular modular floor plan

Modular Design

MODULAR DESIGN

An early decision to bring modular construction into the project allows for greater continuity of design, maximising potential productivity gains.

7. MODULARISATION

35

Non-attached Semi-attached Attached

SoloPods within

other framework

Field joint Mate Stack

Shift

Field

Turn Void Shift

Figure 2.1.3: Elemental module relationships

Turn

Modularization

The KFS system is flexible enough to accommodate any conceived architectural form as the perimeter of a module can have any imaginable relationship to the structural frame.

With some modification, almost any architectural form can be modularized; however, as stated earlier, best results are achieved when designs are initially conceived as modular.

Module Width: 13 Common Maximum 16 Oversized Maximum

Module Length: 52 Common Maximum 60 Oversized Maximum

Module Height: 12 Maximum Building Height: 12 Stories Maximum

*Some states may allow larger module sizes to be transported overroad (see Transportation section).

The diagram at left shows a number of possible combinations and orientations of modules. An incredible diversity of form can be derived from these very few elemental types of interfacing modules.

Figure 2.1.2: Irregular modular floor plan

Modular Design

The system is flexible enough to accommodate any conceived architectural form as the perimeter of a module can have any imaginable relationship to the structural frame.

With some modification, almost any architectural form can be modularised; however, cost benefits are derived from simpler structural solutions and best results are achieved when designs are initially conceived as modular.

Module Width:4.0m Common Maximum4.8m Oversized Maximum

Module Length:15.0m Common Maximum18.0m Oversized Maximum

Module Height:4.0m Maximum

Module Height:50 Stories Maximum

The modular building system is based upon structural volumetric units that do not require a separate structural frame as shown in the diagrams below.

Fig. 1: Diagram illustrating non-structural modules with independent structural frame.Fig. 2: Diagram indicating structural modules that require no separate structural frame.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

The diagram on the bottom right shows a number of possible combinations and orientations of modules. An incredible diversity of form can be derived from these very few elemental types of interfacing modules.



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2.4m TYP.

MODULAR DESIGN

The frames can be fully fitted out and combined to create a wide variety of building shapes and be adapted to suit almost any planning or end users needs.

8. MODULE CONSTRUCTION

The modular building system includes a hot rolled structural steel frame as its preferred method of framing. Moment connections are utilised to resolve the forces for seismic resistance. The steel frame is best suited to the rapid means of construction and maintains structural integrity during transport and craning.

Details of the wall and floor composition is included in the following sections.

The suspended ceiling is finished with a fire resistant lining and the void above is filled with insulation.

Fig. 3: Diagram illustrating steelwork junction of 4 modules.

36

Kullman Frame System (KFS)

KFS Building Module

KFS Interstitial Truss Module

Pod

Figure 2.2.3: Types of frames

Structure

The Kullman Frame System is the product of 80 years of experience in producing modular buildings. Kullman has developed this frame system through research and collaboration with architects and engineers.

This system offers advantages of compact member sizes, minimal welding, high rigidity, and the fewest possible column and connection points. The KFS is based on a Vierendeel truss which spans to the module ends so that the corner columns carry vertical loads to the foundations. Consequently the ends are the only required connection points.

Modular Design

Figure 2.2.2: Distribution of forces (load path) in stacked modules which bear through the four corner columns

Figure 2.2.1: Distribution of forces (load path) in stacked modules using conventional structure which bear directly at each column

Since all loads are transferred exclusively through the end columns, openings and glazing can be configured without consideration of shear forces.

Interstitial truss module

A compact version of the KFS can be used between vertically stacked modules to provide structural support for larger clear spans and additional space to run services.

Non-load-bearing pod

Pods include bathrooms, plant rooms, or other modules which do not comprise any part of the building super structure. These types of structures are typically built using light gauge steel (LGS) frames.

Our preferred structural arrangement is to span to the module ends so that the corner columns carry vertical loads to the foundations. Consequently the ends are the only required connection points. The diagrams on the right illustrate the two primary chassis types that we use to achieve this.

Figures 4 and 5 show the vierendeel chassis arrangement. The intermediate columns form a truss on each side of the chassis enabling the module to clear span between the four corners. This system offers advantages of compact member sizes, minimal welding, high rigidity, and the fewest possible column and connection points.

Increased Beam Depth

Increased Beam Depth

Weld frames across mate lines

Fig. 4: Vierendeel Chassis. Typical opening within modules: 2.4m. Possible without modification: 3m.

Fig. 5: Clear span opening achieved by increasing beam depth.

Fig. 6: Clear span opening achieved by welding frames across mate lines.

The chassis in figure 4 also achieves a clear span but this is achieved by increasing the depth of both the floor and ceiling beams. In this instance the deflection of the large beams needs to be carefully considered.

Figure 5 illustrates a similar approach to figure 4, however, in this instance the ceiling beams are welded across the mate lines which reduces the beam size. This requires site welding which is not desirable and delays the module placement.

Fig. 4: Distribution of forces (load path) in stacked modules which bear through the four corner columns.

Fig. 7: Vierendeel Module

Fig. 8: Clear Span Module

9. CHASSIS SELECTION



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MODULAR DESIGN

The Middle East has an overwhelming need for heat insulation in every building. A rising awareness of the environmental cost of cooling buildings by air-conditioning alone is demanding a change of approach.

Fig. 9: EcoPanel interlocking joint.

10. WALL TYPES

The build up of the walls and joints has to be especially robust in order to withstand road vibration and vehicle braking during transportation, as well as craning forces during installation. Consequently modular buildings are often more robust than a similar in-situ building.

Modular construction generally includes a double partition situation at the party wall to enable each module to be fully assembled off-site with the internal finishes and fittings complete.

The infill walls are non load-bearing and as a consequence the material options are greater and can include lightweight concrete panels, or non load-bearing stud walls with gypsum wall board.

Where a gypsum stud wall solution is adopted, the extenal walls incorporate the necessary sheathing, insulation, internal vapour control membrane, and external breather membrane. In the case of the lightweight concrete approach, only an external waterproofing coating is required.

For the lightweight concrete walls, AMMOC, uses a proprietary wall panel system known as EcoPanel.

EcoPanel is a factory manufactured, precast, pre-finished inter-locking panel system that offers functionality and adaptability in design along with outstanding engineering characteristics.

EcoPanel is a lightweight material that reduces the structural load on the building, and its requirement for structural materials. The low density of the core results in a concrete wall that is typically 1/4 of the weight of ready mix or precast concrete. The panel retains the "solid" feel of masonry construction but is easier to handle during construction and imposes a reduced load on the foundations or structural frame. Unlike conventional precast, each panel can be handled by two labourers, removing the need for craning of heavy panels.

The surface of the panel is ready finished for decorating and does not require plastering internally or externally, saving cost and time.

The design and construction team have evaluated both of these approaches in conjunction with the Client and agreed that the lightweight concrete solution is the preferred approach for this project.

Typically the party wall will comprise a 90mm thick EcoPanel partition each side of a 40mm air and services gap. This solutions will exceed the minimum statutory acoustic insulation requirements, but once the operator's requirements are known then the details can be refined.

A New Generation of LightweightPrecast Building Systems

Composite Concrete Building Systems

panelec



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Face of corridor to line through with elevator core

4040

A

Cor

ridor

Zon

e

500 cladding zone

Clg Ht = 2.30m

EcoPanel cladding provides 2hr fr to structure.

8557

C1 C2

335

A

C1 C211182

C1 190

C1

Mod

ule

2000

2290

Clg Ht = 2.30m

Clg Ht = 2.75m

DuctedAC Unit

3790

2750

650

FCL 2300 inBathrooms & Lobby

3400

Corridor Zone

FCL 2400

Section A-A

B2B1

B1

B1B1

B1

B4

C2

FCU VD

500 cladding zone

Module

Mod

ule

B4B1

C2

250x150x5 RHS150x150x5 SHS

120x60x10 SHS

B2 200x150x5 RHSB3 200x120x5 RHS

Provisional Steel Sizes

C1 150x150x6.3 SHS

PANEL PROPERTIES

Fire Resistance

Nominal Weight

Acoustic Performance

55 kg per sqm

4 hours

90mm Thick EcoPanel

47 dB

Water Absorption < 6%

Thermal Conductivity 0.2002 W/(m-K)

MODULAR DESIGN

Fig. 10: EcoPanel properties

11. FLOOR

The floor system is generally formed with "EcoPanel", a proprietary lightweight concrete precast building system. Due to the lightweight and modular properties, EcoPanel is quick to assemble, saving time and cost. The system also reduces the structural load on the building and its requirement for structural materials saving resources and energy compared to conventional construction. Despite being lightweight the panels retain the "solid feel" of concrete and are extremely durable. EcoPanels are reinforced with steel dowels during the installation phase for extra strength. EcoPanel provides exceptional fire resistance of 4 hours. Further details of EcoPanel are included in the following pages.

This solution comfortably meets the technical criteria for fire, acoustic and lifespan.

As described in section 9, the depth of the floor zone is consequent upon the selection of the chassis type. Where a clear spanning chassis is adopted, the party floor zone typically measures 650mm from the underside of the ceiling in the lower module to the finished floor in the upper module. This can be reduced to approximately 450mm when the vierendeel chassis is used.

EcoPanel is a passive solution that relies upon the highly efficient insulating properties of the system to save energy in cooling or heating the building.

The size and arrangement of the modules has been analysed during the schematic design stage to determine a solution which suits the structural requirements as well as both the craning and transport limitations particular to the site.

The setting of the modules must be a well coordinated process. Planning the setting process is of critical importance. Modules are lifted directly from the trailer into their final intended position. The on-site crew guide the modules into place and make the bolted connections. Typically, the on-site work does not impede the maximum work-flow of the crane. Accuracy is generally exceptionally high resulting in very small tolerances and as a result the coordination with the steel transfer grillage will require careful measurement.

Once the modules are in place, the internal module joints are seamed and the interfaces with the primary MEP are made. Internal wall junctions are taped, jointed and skimmed. Typically a 300mm wide seam is left out in the factory for site completion of the floor and wall joints, or to suit the intended finish intervals. Once complete a 'locked-door' policy is introduced to control access.

12. ASSEMBLY



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1000

3000

floor zone

structure/ mainservice zone

commonservice zone

tenantsservice zone

common areatenants area

air supply/returnair supply/return

chilled watersupply/return

structuralcolumn

MODULAR DESIGN

Floor assemblies are factory made deliverable components consisting of structural steel trusses, floor deck, and finishes, designed to span between separate support columns or walls. They will include main service runs where appropriate.

The floor construction consists of spanning steel decking with lightweight concrete topping.

The floor assemblies are designed for simple installation and connection. Floor finishes will be site applied, and zones are created for subsequent local services and ceiling installation.

13. PREFABRICATED FLOOR ASSEMBLIES

Following the principles of reducing site construction to a sensible minimum, the zones which do not use full room-cell modules will use deliverable spanning floor assemblies wherever practicable. The prefabricated elements will be designed for simple, fast installation, allowing continuity of construction progress in all areas.


THE RETAIL ZONE

Each storey has a set of support columns, normally set out around the edges of the area, and at key intermediate locations, creating structural spans of up to 14m. The columns will be set back from the atrium, using a cantilever principle to help achieve the architectural solution. The spanning sections are in the form of Vierendeel trusses, and a zone 700mm deep including a concrete floor deck has been allowed for. Each delivered section is up to 4.5m wide. The division approach is illustrated in fig. 10 shown on the following page.

THE HOTEL ZONE

The hotel rooms, service and support areas consist of cellular room modules, allowing complete offsite fit-out. There are various open areas requiring floors which will use spanning floor assemblies, following the same principles as the Retail Zone, but with varying spans and assembly depths.

The assemblies are fire rated with linings to the underside, and fire sensors in the voids. The spanning floor assemblies will be designed to connect seamlessly with full modular areas, such as rest rooms and lift/stairs.

The wide clear spans will create a flexible space to maximise the retail options, and allow the inclusion of openings for escalators and ramps as desired.Fresh air supply and return will be distributed through the floor assemblies, with connections to each tenancy area via an automatic fire damper. Tenants will be able to duct from here to user specific locations.

Chilled water pipework will be site installed, attached to the floor assembly soffits, through the common areas to each tenancy zone.Each tenant's area will have a site installed vertical foul drainage connection.

The floor assemblies will be installed at the rate of one retail floor per 2 days.


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MODULAR DESIGN

Modular systems are generally flexible enough to accommodate almost any conceived architectural form as the perimeter of a module can have any imaginable relationship to the structural frame.

There are several ways in which the arrangement of the buildings could be divided into transportable volumes for modularisation.

The diagram on the right illustrates a suitable modular configurations for the project based on one bedroom per module, complete with ensuite and generally the corridor. The hotel area is made up of 373 modules and the arrangement is generally achieved with 2 basic module types referenced as type 1 or 2 in the diagram on the right. Module type 1 is a simple rectangle, whilst module type 2 is a parallelogram.

The width of the modules is generally based on a 4.05 metre grid, with some wider units of up to 4.5m. Both module types are 11m long which suit conventional trailers for transport. Both module sizes will be classed as abnormal loads and may require an escort and the periods when the loads can be transported may be limited to night hours. It is important that the proposed routes are checked to ensure that they are negotiable, allowing for height, width, and weight restrictions.

The module types shown in the diagram are based on a vierendeel truss chassis as described in section 9. The module loads are normally taken at the four corners of the unit, but to suit the configuration required the columns are generally inset on the corridor side forming a cantilevered arrangement. A small post is generally included at the centre of the truss span to help reduce the depth of the floor and ceiling beams.

Refinement of the retail area arrangement to better suit the module division will be undertaken during the detail design period.

13. DIVISION APPROACH

Module Type 1

Module Type 2

Load Path


ModulesFloor PanelsLocation

373 no.171 no.Total

G 35 no. 0 no.

GMA 35 no. 0 no.

GM 35 no. 0 no.

G+1 35 no. 50 no.

G+2 31 no. 51 no.

G+3 0 no. 51 no.

G+4 51 no.

G+5 52 no.

G+6 50 no.

G+7 50 no.

G+8 18 no.

0 no.

0 no.

0 no.

0 no.

0 no.

Fig. 10: Typical module division strategy. Level G+1 illustrated.

Brace Frame

The module division layouts for each floor level of the building are included in the Appendix section.


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SP

CW

MW

GW

HF

HR

1.52

M1M2

M3

M4

M5M6M8

M9

M10

M11

M12

M13

M14

M15 M16 M17 M18 M19 M21M20 M22 M23 M24 M25 M26 M27 M28 M29 M30 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35 M36 M37 M38 M39 M40

M41M42M43M44M45M46M47M48M49M50

M7

F22

F25 F26

F28

F30

F32 F33

F31

F29

F27

F23 F24

F19 F20 F21

F16 F17

F13 F14

F10 F11

F8

F6

F4

F1 F2

F18

F15

F12

F9

F7

F5

F3

F34 F35

MODULAR DESIGN

The benefits of modular include predictability, quality assurance, faster construction times, less waste, less noise and disruption to neighbours, less - even zero - defects and lower site accident rates and improved health and safety.

The building system is designed to meet the NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, which covers means of escape, spread of flame, fire performance and access for fire-fighting.

The modular units can be1 built to resist a fire for up to 4 hours. The Fire Engineering consultant, Arup, has advised that the building is classified as construction type II (222), and that the fire resistance ratings required of the elements of structure are generally 2 hours, except for the roof structure, which may be 1 hour.

EcoPanel has a flammability index of 0.00 and provides 4 hours fire resistance for both the 60mm and 90mm thick panels.

Where a gypsum stud wall solution is adopted, two layers of GWB are used to the walls and ceiling to create the required 2 hour fire rating.

Both approaches create a rated separation between the occupied spaces and the structural steel frame. To stop flame spread within the mate-line cavity, mineral wool is packed between steel members during the setting process. Where openings are placed or systems pass through the module wall the two hour encasement of the structure must be maintained.

Spread of flame through the corridors or via the windows is prevented by conventional fire stopping. The spaces between the units are treated as fire sterile areas and are sealed off from the other spaces in the building. In the event that a module is damaged during a fire the surrounding units remain tied together and fully supported.

Escape stairs and corridors can be treated in a similar way to a conventional building.

14. FIRE RESISTANCE

Multi-unit modular construction is inherently insulating to sound. Module mate lines typically occur in between walls and floors, and because each module has is own framing, there can be no direct sound transfer through the light gauge steel framing into adjacent surfaces. Additional acoustic barriers can be integrated between the modules as necessary.

A range of external noise isolation measures can be achieved through the specification of appropriate cladding working in conjunction of the units themselves.

The design criteria shall meet the local statutory requirements, as well any supplementary requirements set by the operator.

15. ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

The thermal performance of the modular system is measured in conjunction with the external wall cladding. The composition of the external walls of the module needs to be specified to meet local statutory standards for thermal performance, air tightness and general building servicing requirements, as well as any parameters set by the operator.

Buildings in the Middle East are generally constructed of in-situ concrete columns, beams and floors with blockwork infill. Blockwork with a core of polystyrene insulation is now frequently used to improve the thermal performance of the external wall but a 200mm thick insulated block will only achieve a u-value of 0.4 W/m2 K. The concrete columns usually remain exposed without insulation which reduces the combined thermal efficiency.

In comparison the EcoPanel building system achieves a u-value of SCHEMATIC DESIGN STAGE REPORT


POOL

BAR / CAFE


ROOF DECKBAR

+36.90

+33.90

+36.90

+36.90

+36.90

0.00

JACUZZI

+33.90

+36.90

+35.40

+36.90

+35.90+35.40

+35.90

VOID

LIGHTWELL

+0.00


GUEST LIFT

M+P

STAIRPRESSURIZATION



CHWPRIMARY





AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 1

AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 2

AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 3

TOILETEXTRACT 1&2




DN

VOIDDN

DN

POOL DECK

SLOPE 5%


N

20

51

ElectricalHot WaterCold WaterWaste WaterToilet VentAir VentConnection Collars

Figure 2.4.21: MEP connections

Modular Design

MODULAR DESIGN

Factory installation of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) is one of the most significant cost-time benefits of modular construction

The configuration of MEP systems requires some special consideration for modular construction to avoid some of the complexities in the routing of systems and making field connections.

For most in-situ construction types, MEP installation occurs before finishes are applied. Although this is also the case for modular construction, there is an additional step of connecting the services after a module has been placed. This step requires field access where systems are connected. Removable floor or wall panels allow connections to be made between modules. The design of access points and chase enclosures can be integrated with the building's finishes. This is a useful feature of any building as it facilitates any needed maintenance and future systems replacement. In general, shafts and chases should be sized for tool and assembly clearances and may serve adjacent modules.

18. SERVICES INTEGRATION

Electrical is the simplest service connection in modular construction. Typically a junction box is located on each module which is connected to the main power supply. Prefabricated wiring systems are implemented with quick connect technology.

Modular construction exposes more surfaces and spaces throughout the construction process. This allows better access to a greater number of building components after finishes have been applied and allows work to be performed or inspected from two sides of an assembly, ie both the inside and outside of a wall or duct. This is particularly relevant to improving MEP installations. Confinement is a difficulty for many construction activities. In modular construction, the work is surrounded by open factory space and not subject to any of the spatial constraints of its final location. By distributing the areas of work apart from each other there are fewer interferences and disruptions from other construction activities.

Plantrooms can also be manufactured off-site in controlled conditions, in tandem with the main construction programme. By using modular and standardised components wherever possible, both initial and maintenance costs can be reduced.



POOL

BAR / CAFE


ROOF DECKBAR

+36.90

+33.90

+36.90

+36.90

+36.90

0.00

JACUZZI

+33.90

+36.90

+35.40

+36.90

+35.90+35.40

+35.90

VOID

LIGHTWELL

+0.00


GUEST LIFT

M+P

STAIRPRESSURIZATION



CHWPRIMARY





AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 1

AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 2

AHU SUPPLYEXTRACT 3

TOILETEXTRACT 1&2




DN

VOIDDN

DN

POOL DECK

SLOPE 5%


N

21

MODULAR DESIGN

Our MMC solutions provide inherent qualities and opportunities which can increase the sustainability of a building project through passive strategies such as:

Energy efficiency; Hazardous Materials; Construction Waste; Operational Waste; Design for Disassembly; Design for Durability; Regional Materials; Recycled Materials; Reused or Certified Timber; Organic Waste Management.

20. SUSTAINABILITY

Design for end of lifeThis is a key concept of sustainability. In order to design for the end of life, a building must contain recyclable materials as well as have the ability for these materials to be easily recovered. The ability to recover materials from in-situ construction is often very difficult. Because our forms are constructed in larger elements they can be more easily deconstructed, removed from site, and recycled as raw material stock.

LongevityLongevity is an enormously important component of sustainability. One way of considering the environmental impact of a building is by considering the effect of its construction by the length of the buildings useful life. Although the ultimate longevity of a building cannot be predetermined, quality and durability are two of the primary factors influencing longevity.

DisruptionReduced site activity, traffic, and deliveries substantially reduces the disruption to adjacent neighbours. Furthermore, the quantity and duration of disruption to any type of site is also reduced.

SafetyShorter on-site construction programmes greatly improve the safety for contractors and adjacent occupiers. Conditions maintained in the factory environment are better controlled leading to a reduction of accidents.

A series of case studies published by WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme) has revealed that some off site construction systems can reduce on site waste by up to 90%.

WRAP studied a number of different off-site methods and examined the waste minimisation potential of each.

Modular ConstructionVolumetric construction was found to be among one of the most effective off site methods. WRAP established that working in a controlled factory environment helped to reduce potential waste arisings from errors, accidents or snagging. They concluded that site waste produced by traditional construction methods can be reduced by up to 90 per cent.

Bathroom PodsThe use of volumetric pods, for example for bathrooms, helps to improve construction times and can reduce waste generated by a traditional construction process by up to 50 per cent. These pods are increasingly being used for projects, which feature design repetition. They optimise the use of materials and generate no waste on site other than a protective layer of pol

db end of schematic stage engineering report

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