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Printable ResourcesMars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix A: Pre/Post-TestAppendix B: Post/Post-Test Answer KeyAppendix C: Engineering Logbook

Engineering Design Challenge and Background Information Career Roles Engineering Design Process Decision Analysis Matrix

Appendix D: Exit CardAppendix E: Can You See Behind Your Back? Activity ReflectionAppendix F: Angle Art Lab SheetAppendix G: Jell-O Optics: Refraction Lab SheetAppendix H: Jell-O Optics: Absorption and Transmission Lab SheetAppendix I: Audio Transcript: “Would Things Sound Differently on Mars?”Appendix J: Close Listen/Read: “Would Things Sound Different on Mars?”Appendix K: Measuring Sound Lab SheetAppendix L: Pitch Lab SheetAppendix M: Sound and Light Choice BoardAppendix N: Engineering Design Process RubricAppendix O: Material Choice Explanation - HomeworkAppendix P: Debrief to Commander - PrewriteAppendix Q: Debrief to Commander - Graphic OrganizerAppendix R: Debrief to Commander RubricAppendix S: Additional Teacher Resources

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Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix A: Pre-Test/Post-TestName _______________________________ Date _________ Period _____

1. Place an X next to all of the statements that correctly describe light. (6 points)

_____ Light is needed to see.

_____ Light is a form of energy.

_____ Light cannot travel through empty space.

_____ White is the absence of color.

_____ Color is related to light reflecting off an object.

_____ Dark colors absorb less light energy than light colors.

2. Which diagram below demonstrates the best placement of the mirror to provide the ability of seeing when someone is around the corner needed? (1 point)

= mirror

A. B. C. D.

3. Why can we hear the BOOM of fireworks and the chirp-chirp-chirp of crickets? Support your response with scientific facts. (2 points)

4. Using vocabulary that relates the science of sound, provide an explanation for why sound cannot travel through empty space. (2 points)

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?5. A music conductor wants to reduce the amount of echoing occurring while his

orchestra plays in the auditorium. He is asking that community members provide suggestions for solving his problem.Think about ways the conductor’s echo problem could be solved, and then provide one suggestion below. Explain how your suggestion helps reduce the amount of echoing that occurs in the auditorium. (2 points)

6. In the box, draw a pentagon that includes all of the following (4 points): At least one right angle. At least one acute angle. At least one obtuse angle. A different letter labeling each angle.

7. Using the polygon you drew and labeled in question 6, complete each of the following tasks.a. List each of the letters you used to label the angles below. Next to each letter

identify if it is an acute, obtuse, or right angle. (3 points)

b. Measure each line segments included in your polygon to the nearest millimeter. Record your measurements below. (2 points)

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?8. Complete the following light vs. sound compare and contrast chart. The first one

has been completed as an example. (18 points)

LIGHT vs. SOUND

Concept Feature

Scientific EvidenceFeature Comparison

Light vs. SoundLIGHT SOUND

Com

mon

Sc

ienc

e

FormLight is a form of energy because its energy produces heat and transfers it to objects.

Sound is a form of energy produced when the energy of motion makes an object vibrate.

Similar

Different

Mov

emen

t / T

rave

l

Speed Similar

Different

Ability to Travel Through Empty

Space

Similar

Different

Ability to Travel Through

Opaque Objects

Similar

Different

Strik

ing

a M

ediu

m (M

ater

ial) Ability to be

Absorbed Similar

Different

Ability to be Reflected

Similar

Different

Speed when Striking a Medium

Similar

Different

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?9. Students in room 16 tested the sound levels in their classroom seven times throughout

the school day. The following data points depict their collected decibel readings.

42 ½ dB 57 dB 45 ½ dB 57 dB 40 dB 57 dB 50 ½ dB

Construct a line plot that displays the results of their collected decibel readings below. Remember to label and include a title for your line plot. (8 points)

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix B: Pre/Post-Test ANSWER KEY

1. Place an X next to all the statements that correctly describes the concept of light._X___ Light is needed to see._X___ Light is a form of energy._____ Light cannot travel through empty space._____ White is the absence of color._X___ Color is related to light reflecting off an object._____ Dark colors absorb less light energy than light colors.

2. Which diagram below demonstrates the best placement of the mirror to provide the ability of seeing when someone is around the corner needed?

= mirror

A. B. C. D.

3. Why can we hear the BOOM of fireworks and the chirp-chirp-chirp of crickets? Support your response with scientific facts. (2 points)

Answers will vary. Example of a correct response:The vibrations of a medium cause sound. When a firework explodes or a cricket chips, it causes the air around the explosion or chirp to vibrate. The moving air particles then cause the air around it to vibrate. This process spreads outwards causing sound waves. These waves then travel to your ear.

4. Using vocabulary that relates the science of sound, provide an explanation for why sound cannot travel through empty space.

Answers will vary. Example of a correct response:Sound is produced by vibrating objects and requires a medium (matter) through which to travel. There is no matter in empty space. Therefore, sound has nothing to travel, or vibrate, through.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?5. A music conductor wants to reduce the amount of echoing occurring while his

orchestra plays in the auditorium. He is asking that community members provide suggestions for solving his problem.Think about ways the conductor’s echo problem could be solved, and then provide one suggestion below. Explain how your suggestion helps reduce the amount of echoing that occurs in the auditorium.

Answers will vary. Example of a correct response:One suggestion to help the conductor reduce the amount of echo in the auditorium would be to hang thick curtains around the auditorium. The curtains instead of being reflected off a smooth wall would absorb the vibrations. Hanging curtains around the auditorium would reduce the amount of echo in the auditorium.

6. In the box, draw a pentagon that includes all of the following: At least one right angle. At least one acute angle. At least one obtuse angle. A different letter labeling each angle.

Possible drawing: <A <B

<D<C

<E

7. Using the above polygon you drew and labeled, complete each of the following tasks.

a. List each of the letters you used to label the angles below. Next to each letter identify if it is an acute, obtuse, or right angle.

Answers will vary. Example of a correct response:I. <A = obtuse

II. <B = rightIII. <C = acuteIV. <D = obtuseV. <E = acute

b. Measure each line segments included in your polygon to the nearest millimeter. Record your measurements below.

Answers will vary. Example of a correct response:I. <A to <B = 38 mm

II. <B to <E = 22 mmIII. <C to <A = 27 mmIV. <D to <C = 40 mmV. <E to <D = 12 mm

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?8. Complete the following compare and contrast chart. The first one has been has

been completed as an example.

LIGHT vs. SOUND

Concept Feature

Scientific EvidenceAre Light and SoundSimilar or Different?LIGHT SOUND

Com

mon

Sc

ienc

e

FormLight is a form of energy because its energy produces heat and transfers it to objects.

Sound is a form of energy produced when the energy of motion makes an object vibrate.

Similar

Different

Mov

emen

t / T

rave

ls

Speed Light travels faster than sound Sound travels slower than light Similar

Different

Ability to travel through empty space

Light can travel through empty space

Sound cannot travel through empty space

Similar

Different

Ability to travel through opaque object

Light cannot travel through an opaque object

Sound can travel through an opaque object

Similar

Different

Strik

ing

a M

ediu

m

Ability to be absorbed Light can be absorbed Sound can be absorbed

Similar

Different

Ability to be reflected Light can be reflected Sound can be reflected

Similar

Different

Speed when striking a medium

Light speed can change when striking a medium

Sound speed can change when striking a medium

Similar

Different

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?9. Students in room 16 tested the sound levels in their classroom seven times

throughout the school day. The following data points depict their collected decibel reading results.

42 ½ dB 57 dB 45 ½ dB 57 dB 40 dB 57 dB 50 ½ dB

Construct a line plot that displays the results of their collected decibel readings below. Remember to label and include a title for your line plot.

Decibel Readings in Room 16

X X

X X X X X< I---------I---------I---------I---------I---------I---------I---------I---------I---------I----------I > 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60

Decibels (dB)

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix C: Engineering Logbook

Starting Date: ______________

Completion Date: ______________

Team Name __________________________________________________

Team Member Astronaut Role Summary of Responsibilities

Why keep an Engineering Logbook?Engineers keep a logbook for organizing ideas and lessons learned while working on design projects.Many professionals keep a logbook so they can take their time, learn and apply best practices, and frequently reflect to learn from their successes and failures.

What is the purpose of an Engineering Logbook? Support completion of a quality design through following the engineering design process Personal activity and team collaboration notes Research and engineering analysis Individual, team, and product performance records Organization/format for easy re-reading and re-using prior research, findings, results Document processes and evidence for use in publications and/or obtaining patents

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Engineering Design Challenge Background Information

As we proceed into the future, space exploration is becoming an essential part of our own growth as humans. Space exploration requires innovative, creative, adaptable people to develop the technology necessary for these grand endeavors into new environments. Specifically, the first settlers on Mars will have to use technology developed on Earth in order to survive. On Mars,

the gravity is approximately one third of Earth's gravity; the average temperature is -81 degrees F, rather than 57 degrees F; and the atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide, rather than nitrogen. One specific challenge will be communicating on this new planet. Light and sound waves will

behave differently in this extraterrestrial environment, and those first settlers will have to adapt to these changes.

The first humans have landed on Mars - and you are one of the first colonists!

You are part of a team of four astronauts who have traveled for months to arrive at Mars - but due to an unanticipated storm, you did not land according to the plan. You have landed far away

from the Mars Base Camp, where the rest of the colonists are stationed. The base module contains your food, oxygen, and the rover, which will find you.

Team Astronaut Roles

Team LeaderManages the team members and makes any final decisions for the team.

Astronaut’s Name __________________________________________________

EngineerThe expert on designing and building your devices.

Astronaut’s Name __________________________________________________

ScientistThe expert on the physics and chemistry, and will be crucial in advising the engineer on how to make the most efficient devices.

Astronaut’s Name __________________________________________________

JournalistResponsible for archiving, photographing, and reporting all events that take place during this historical event.

Astronaut’s Name __________________________________________________

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Engineering Design Challenge

To ensure that your astronaut team is rescued, your challenge is to design a device that uses two methods for signaling colonists at Base Camp of your location: a sound that travels as far

as possible, and a beam of light that shines directly onto the Base Camp.

Sound travels differently on Mars than on Earth. It travels shorter distances at slower speeds. With this in mind, your device must be designed so that it can amplify sound as much as possible. Since you will be wearing pressurized suits, using your voice is not an option.

Your device must also project a beam of light onto the Base Camp from a small flashlight you brought from Earth. A beam of light is difficult to see during the day, so the probability of Base

Camp seeing your light signal increases after sunset.

Remember, the amount of oxygen aboard your spacecraft is limited. Therefore, you must follow the engineering design process to help you complete the challenge quickly and

efficiently!

Good luck, astronauts!

Important Challenge Reminders There is rough, mountainous terrain between the landing site of your

spacecraft and the area in which Base Camp is permanently stationed.

While attempting to signal colonists on Base Camp so they know your location, your device can only operate within an area of 4 feet by 4 feet around your spacecraft’s crash landing site.

The base module should be represented by two separate smart phones or tablets, each running a different measurement app:

One to measures the amplification of sound.

The other to sense light, and measure its intensity.

Because Base Camp is permanently stationed, your teacher will make sure the phones/tablets are always placed in the same position/location in the classroom.

When your team feels their device is reading for testing, you are allowed 4-minutes of trial time. If the device is unable to meet the challenge, your team must improve the design before attempting another trial.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Engineering Design Process

AskWhat is the problem you are trying to solve? Summarize the Engineering Design Challenge in your own words.

What knowledge about light and sound do you think you need to know before planning and designing your device?

Before creating a solution for the engineering design challenge, it is important that you understand how both light and sound behave. Your teacher will help you increase your prior knowledge by guiding your team though a series of labs.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Ask:What is the problem?What have others done?What are the constraints and criteria?

Think:What are some possible solutions?Brainstorm ideas and choose the best ones.

Plan:Write your plan for solving the problem.Draw a diagram of your solution.Make a list of materials you will need.

Test:Follow your plan for solving the problem.Test your solution.

Improve:Think about design modifications.Make a plan for implementing modifications.Follow your plan and test again.

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Engineering Technical Brief

SoundWhy can we hear the BOOM of fireworks and the chirp-chirp-chirp of crickets? What we typically hear as sound is actually the vibration of air (or water) particles caused by a mechanical event like a vibrating string or the explosion of a firework. The air particles near the physical event get pushed around and begin to vibrate. The vibrations of the air near the physical event then crash into nearby air particles a little further away causing them to vibrate. This process of energetic air particles crashing into neighboring air particles causes the original vibration to spread outward from the source of the sound. This effect is known as a sound wave.Sound waves spread much like the ripples caused when a rock is thrown into a calm pond or lake. When the rock hits the water (the physical event) it disrupts the water and we observe a ring move outward from where the rock first hit the water. Although we see a ring moving away from where the rock, the water particles themselves are not moving. Sound travels through the air in much the same way as the ripples in the pond, only much faster. The speed of sound in air is typically 343.59 meters per second (at sea level, in dry air, at 68 °F). That is like traveling 768 miles per hour!Just as with the ripples in a pond, sound also grows weaker as it spreads out away from the source. The sound wave weakens because the same amount of energy that started the sound wave is now being spread out evenly over a wavefront that is growing larger and larger. The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (pronounced des-uh-bel or des-uh-bul). Anyone who is closer to the source will hear a louder sound than someone who is further away from the source.As the sound wave travels through the air, it eventually reaches our eardrum causing the eardrum to vibrate. The speed of the vibrations at the sound source is interpreted as different sounds by our brains. When the source is vibrating very fast, it applies force on surrounding air particles more often, producing a higher frequency sound (like the chirp-chirp-chirp of a cricket) and interpreted as higher-pitches. Sources that vibrate slowly apply force on surrounding particles less often, producing lower frequency sounds (like the BOOM of a firework) and are interpreted as lower-pitches.The human ear is capable of detecting sounds caused by vibrations as low as 20 times per second (20 Hz) and as high as 20,000 times per second (20 kHz). The following YouTube video shows the wavelengths (and the corresponding tones) within this range: “20Hz to 20kHz (Human Audio Spectrum)” video: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=qNf9nzvnd1k (2minutes, 24seconds).While sound waves travel outward from the source of the sound, they can change direction by bouncing off of other objects in the environment. One common example is an echo. When we stand on cliff and shout out into a valley, our shout returns to us a short time later as an echo because it has bounced off of an object in the distance.A good explanation of sound waves is given in the “Bill Nye The Science Guy Season 1 Episode 12 Sound” video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kt1pTcfstC8 . (23 minutes, 03 seconds)

(Nave, R., 2000: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/soucon.html#soucon)

Draft: 5/6/2023

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/soucon.html#soucon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kt1pTcfstC8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNf9nzvnd1k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNf9nzvnd1k

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Engineering Technical Brief

(continued)

Light

Individual particles of light are called photons. Photons can be emitted by various sources such as a light bulb or the sun. Photons travel in a straight line until they encounter an object or material. When light encounters an object, it is either reflected or transmitted at the boundary between the two mediums (materials). The amount of light that is reflected or transmitted is dependent on the properties of the material. For instance, light mostly is transmitted through water or glass.

When light is transmitted, it is generally also refracted, at least by a small amount. When light is refracted, its direction of travel changes abruptly. How much the direction of travel changes depends on the angle the light meets the surface, the properties of the old and new medium, as well as the color (frequency) of light. In glass, lower frequencies of light are refracted less than higher frequencies. This is why white light can be separated into its component colors (i.e. a rainbow) using a prism.

There are also many objects that light cannot pass through. When light encounters these objects, it is either reflected or absorbed. Darker objects mostly absorb light, while brighter objects mostly reflect light. We perceive objects to be different colors because they reflect specific colors of light while absorbing others. For example, a red apple looks red because the red light that hits the apple is reflected while the other colors are absorbed.

The absorption of light causes objects to heat. Darker objects heat faster because they absorb more light. We perceive objects that absorb a lot of light as being darker because we perceive areas in our vision where there is less light as being darker. Similarly, shadows are areas in our vision with that we perceive as being darker due to the blockage of light by some object.

(Nave, R., 2000: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ligcon.html#c1)

Draft: 5/6/2023

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ligcon.html#c1

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?

Possible Solutions

Indi

vidu

alTe

am

ThinkAfter reading the Technical Brief and conducting light and / or sound experiments, use the space below to brainstorm ideas for solving the problem; first, individually and then as a team.

After generating possible solutions, use the Design Analysis Matrix on the following page to analyze and determine the most ideal solution.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Design Analysis Matrix

1 Evaluate your team’s designs and list them in the spaces below. 2 Rank each design according to the criteria using 1, 2, 3, and 4, where 4 is

the best and 1 is the worst. 3 Then multiply the value times the rank to get the score. 4 Total each design’s score at the bottom.

Example

Individual Designs:Design 1 Design 2 Design 3 Design 4

Name:

Team Member A

Name:

Team Member B

Name:

Team Member C

Name:

Team Member D

Criteria Value Rank1 2 3 4

ScoreValue x Rank

Rank1 2 3 4

ScoreValue x Rank

Rank1 2 3 4

ScoreValue x Rank

Rank1 2 3 4

ScoreValue x Rank

Light 10 3 30 1 10 4 40 2 20

Individual Designs:Design 1 Design 2 Design 3 Design 4

Name:

________________

Name:

________________

Name:

________________

Name:

________________

Criteria Value Rank1 2 3 4

ScoreValue x Rank

Rank1 2 3 4

ScoreValue x Rank

Rank1 2 3 4

ScoreValue x Rank

Rank1 2 3 4

ScoreValue x Rank

Light 10

Sound 10

Easy to Use 2

Totals

Draft: 5/6/2023


PlanPlan a team design based on the results of the Design Analysis Matrix. First, draw the solution with the highest score below. As a team, you may also choose to include some ideas from the other three solutions. Next, write a plan for creating the solution from the materials provided for both light and sound.

Draw the top solution from the Design Analysis Matrix

Write a plan for creating the solution from the materials provided.

Draft: 5/6/2023


Create and Test

Measurement Conversions Documentation:Astronauts, while you are working on your design challenge, you must document your progress of the length your device’s beam of light reaches. This will help you determine its effectiveness. Use the appropriate measuring device to accomplish each task below.

Light and Sound Measurements Throughout Design ProcessAstronauts, while you are working on your design challenge, you must document your progress of reaching desired sound and light readings. Completing several light and sound trials before finalizing your design will help produce better results. Use the appropriate measuring apps to accomplish each task below.

Trial LightIntensity Reading

SoundDecibel Reading

1

2

3

4

Draft: 5/6/2023

Attempt Measurement Conversion Measurement

1 _______ ft. _______ in.

2 _______ yds. _______ in.

3 _______ cm _______ m

4 _______ mm _______ cm


ImproveIs there a solution that has the best combined light and sound results? If so, move on to the Improve process. If not, take the light portion with the highest score and combine it with the sound portion with the highest score to construct a new design.

Construct a new design and retest.

Collaborate with your team members to modify and improve your design. Create the new design idea, test, and record the data below.

Trial LightIntensity Reading

SoundDecibel Reading

1

2

3

4

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?ReflectReflect by documenting the successes and failures of your design(s).

Successes Failures

Based on your data and reflection, how would you complete the engineering design challenge if you had a chance to start from scratch? Sketch an idea and explain your decision.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix D: Exit Card

Name _______________________________ Date _________ Period _____

On the back of this paper, draw a picture of your team’s set-up showing how you hit the bull’s eye with your light source. Use your pencil to draw the light as it goes through the index cards.

How must the cards be placed so that the light goes through the holes?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

What property of light does this demonstrate?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________


Appendix D: Exit CardName _______________________________ Date _________ Period _____

On the back of this paper, draw a picture of your team’s set-up showing how you hit the bull’s eye with your light source. Use your pencil to draw the light as it goes through the index cards.

How must the cards be placed so that the light goes through the holes?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

What property of light does this demonstrate?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix E: Can You See Behind Your Back? Activity Reflection

Name _______________________________ Date _________ Period _____

In the box below, draw a diagram showing how you were able to use a mirror to see behind your back.

1. What needed to occur before you were able to see the toy?

2. What did using the yarn or ribbon teach you about the way light travels?

3. What can you conclude about how light appears to travel?

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix F: Angle Art Lab Sheet

Name _______________________________ Date _________ Period _____

Question: How does the angle of a light beam striking a mirror affect how the light beam reflects off the mirror?

Tested Variable: __________________________________________________

Controlled Variables: ______________________________________________

Background Research:A beam of light can be thought of as traveling in rays. (Definition of ray: A part of a line which starts at a point and goes off in the same direction forever.) When a beam of light travels to a mirror it strikes the mirror and the beam of light reflects off the mirror and travels in a different direction. The incoming beam and the reflected beam create an angle. If you draw a line dividing the angle exactly in half, the line you just drew is called the normal line. The angle with created by the beam of light traveling to the mirror and the normal line is called the angle of incidence. The angle created by the normal line and the beam of light reflected off the mirror is known as the angle of reflection. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Adjusting the angle of a beam of light striking a mirror affects how the light beam reflects off the mirror.

View the following YouTube video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHlucFI0Qdo

Hypothesis:Based on your research, what is the answer to your question?

Draft: 5/6/2023

< of reflection< of incidenceNormal Line

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHlucFI0Qdo

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Materials:

water stirring spoon flat mirror(3x5 works best)

9X13 glass cake pan 1000 mL beaker tablespoon

2 Tbsp. of salt 11X17 white paper paper towels

colored pencils (5 colors) protractor ruler

pencil orblack color pencil laser pointer

SAFETY PRECAUTION: Never shine laser at anyone. Do not allow reflected laser light to shine at anyone.

Procedure:1. Draw a lengthwise line with a pencil and ruler about one inch from the edge of

a 11x17 sheet of paper.

2. Randomly draw five small Xs on the lengthwise line. Use a different colored pencil for each circle.

3. Place the 13-inch edge of the 9x13 pie pan on the lengthwise line.

4. Lightly trace the outside of the pan with a pencil on the 11x17 sheet of paper.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?5. Remove the pan from the paper.

6. Randomly place five small dots inside the outline of the pan. Each dot should be a different color. Use the same five colors that you used to make the Xs.

7. Place the pan on the paper. Try to place the pan on the outline you drew in step 4.

8. Carefully fill the pan ¾ full of water using the 1000 mL beaker. Do not spill any water on the paper.

9. Add 2 tablespoons of salt to the water.

10.Carefully stir the salt with the stirring spoon until the salt is all dissolved.

11.Place the mirror in the water with the reflecting side facing the Xs you drew in step 2. Move the mirror so the side is on top of a dot you drew in step 6 and parallel to the line you drew in step 1.

= mirror

12.Hold laser on one of the Xs you drew in step 2. Shine laser on the outside of the pan through the side of the pan and water. Angle the laser light so it reaches the point that matches the same color of the X you placed the laser.

= laser

13.Draw a dot on the paper where the light beam of reflection exits the pan with the same color pencil of the X you placed the laser light.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?14.Repeat step 12 and 13 with the last four Xs and dots.

15.Carefully remove the glass pan of water from the sheet of paper.

16.Use the ruler to connect the X with the dot that was under the pan. Connect the like colors. For example: connect the blue X with the blue dot. Repeat this so all five Xs and dots are connected.

17.Use the ruler to connect the dot that was under the pan to the dot you made where the beam of light exited the pan. Connect the like colors.

18.Measure each angle with a protractor. Record your data in the analysis section of this lab sheet.

19.Divide each angle in half using a protractor. For example: If the blue angle measures 70, half of the angle would measure 35. Draw a black line to indicate the half angle. This line is the normal line.

20.Record the measurements in the analysis section. The first angle with the X is the angle of incidence and the second angle is the angle of reflection.

Observations:Record your angle measurements in the following chart:

Angle color Complete angle Angle of incidence Angle of reflection Example: blue 70 35 35

Draft: 5/6/2023

3535


Conclusion:How does the angle of a light beam striking a mirror affect how the light beam reflects off the mirror? Justify your answer with data.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Possible Errors:Why might your observations have been different than your classmates’ observations? What mistakes might have been made in this experiment that would affect results?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Future Study:If you could do another experiment to find out how light is reflected, what would you test?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix G: Jell-O Optics: Refraction Lab

Name _______________________________ Date _________ Period _____

Question: How does the shape of Jell-O affect how light moves?

Tested Variable: __________________________________________________


Hypothesis:Based on the class demonstration, what will happen when light travels through different shapes of Jell-O?________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________Materials:4” x 4” piece of yellow Jell-

Olaser pointer plastic cup (for

shaping)

plastic knife butcher paper (table covering)

Procedure:1. Gently remove the Jell-O from the plastic bag and cut it into three equal

strips.2. Use the plastic cup and knife to cut-out the following shapes from the Jell-O

strips:

3. Place one Jell-O strip on the butcher paper.4. Shine the laser pointer through the Jell-O, with the laser pointer flat on the

butcher paper. Experiment with shining the laser through all parts of the Jell-O. Does the laser beam appear to bend after it exits the shape?

5. Draw the path of the laser beam as it exits the Jell-O under the observations section of the handout.

6. Repeat steps 3-5 with each Jell-O shape.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Observations:Use the shapes below to sketch what the laser beam looked like as it exited the Jell-O. The path of light entering the Jell-O is already drawn. Draw the path of light as it exits the Jell-O.

(UEN, 2002)

Conclusion:How does the shape of Jell-O affect how light moves? Use data to justify your answer.________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Possible Errors:Why might your observations have been different than your classmates’ observations? What mistakes might have been made in this experiment that would affect the results?________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Future Study:If you could do another experiment to find out how light moves, what would you test?________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix H: Jell-O Optics: Absorption and Transmission Lab Sheet

Team Name __________________________ Date __________ Period _____

Question: How does the color of Jell-O affect how light moves?

Tested Variable: __________________________________________________


Hypothesis:Based on what you know about the absorption and reflection of light, what will happen when you shine red and green lasers through red and green Jell-O?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Materials:1” x 4” piece of red and yellow Jell-O red and green laser pointer

butcher paper (table covering)

Procedure:1. Shine the red laser beam through the red Jell-O.

2. Shine the red laser beam through the green Jell-O.

3. Shine the green laser beam through the red Jell-O.

4. Shine the green laser beam through the green Jell-O.

Observations: Complete the following table by writing the word “absorbed” or “transmitted” in each box.

Red Jell-O Green Jell-O

Red Laser

Green Laser

Draft: 5/6/2023


Conclusion:How does the color of Jell-O affect how light moves? Justify your answer with evidence from your results.________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________


________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Future Study:If you could do another experiment to find out how light is absorbed or reflected, what would you test?________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix I: Audio Transcript: “Would Things Sound Differently on Mars?” http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/qotw/question/1000017/

Sun, 25th Nov 2012Question

Jodie asked:Hi Naked Scientists!I have a question about Mars: I know the atmosphere is a lot thinner than here on Earth so does that mean sound would travel slower there?I was thinking about Curiosity wanting to talk with one of his rover buddies & how they could communicate over long distances.Thanks guys, love the show, keep up the good work!Jodie Rio

AnswerHannah - Is it true that on Mars, no one can hear you scream?First up, we crack into some calculations. In general, the speed of sound is proportional to the square root to the substance’s stiffness divided by its density. Since Mars’s atmosphere has a lower density than here on Earth, you'd expect the speed of sound to be faster than here on Earth. But if you reduce the pressure of a gas, the stiffness also reduces. So, the speed of sound should stay about the same on Mars as it is on Earth. But there's another factor to consider. Mars is further away from the sun. How does this affect the speed of sound? Over to an expert…Catharine - My name is Catharine Conley and I'm the NASA Planetary Protection Officer. The difference is temperature. If you reduce the temperature of the atmosphere, the speed of sound does get slower. In fact, the speed of sound on Mars is about 2/3 of the speed of sound on Earth.Hannah - So, say two humans were to land on Mars, given the slightly lower speed of sound there, could they still speak to each other? A listener got in touch with his thoughts.Evan - Hello. This is Evan Stanbury from Sydney, Australia. The speed of sound on Mars is around 240 meters a second. A bit lower than the 340 meters a second on Earth. By itself, that wouldn’t make sound communication harder. However, the atmospheric density of Mars is less than 1% of Earth, almost a vacuum by our standards. This means that sound attenuation is much greater and so, speech wouldn’t carry very far. Human mouths and ears would not be able to couple sound efficiently into or out of the thin Martian atmosphere, so humans would be effectively deaf.Hannah - So, yes. The speed of sound is slower on Mars. Largely, due to the cold temperature there. And the atmosphere’s lower density isn’t suited to human speech and hearing systems, which have evolved for life on Earth. Instead, radio waves, a form of light travels fine through low densities and so, can be used as a method of communication up there which is how exploratory rovers on Mars like Curiosity, communicate, not with each other but with us on Earth using radio wave messages traveling at the speed of light and taking about 15 minutes to be received here on Earth.

(The Naked Scientists, 2012)

Draft: 5/6/2023

http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/qotw/question/1000017/

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix J: Close Listening and Reading:“Would Things Sound Different on Mars?”http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/qotw/question/1000017/

Name _______________________________ Date _________ Period _____

1. What happens to sound as the temperature gets lower? Cite the evidence that supports your answer.

2. What is the speed of sound on Mars compared to Earth? Would this difference alone make it impossible to communicate? Support your answer with facts from the article.

3. What impact will the lower density have on being able to hear other people speak? What would be the best way to communicate? What facts reinforce your answer?

4. In your own words answer the question - Is it true that on Mars no one could hear you scream?

Draft: 5/6/2023

http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/qotw/question/1000017/

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix K: Measuring Sound Lab Sheet


Question: How does sound travel through various materials?

Tested Variable: __________________________________________________ Controlled Variables: ______________________________________________

Hypothesis: Based on what you know about how light moves, how do you think sound will travel through various materials?________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Materials:Sound Check app (tone generator) Decibel 10th app (sound meter)

variety of materials to generate sound variety of materials to insulate sound

Procedure:1. Choose several items that make sound. Measure the decibels of each sound

using the Decibel 10th app and record it in Chart A.

2. Use the Sound Check app to listen to several tones. Changing the Hertz (Hz) of the tone changes it’s pitch. Choose one tone to use when conducting the rest of the Measuring Sound Lab.

3. Using both the Decibel 10th app and Sound Check apps on two separate devices, measure the decibels of the tone you have chosen to conduct the rest of the Measuring Sound Lab. Face the speaker of the Sound Check app device one inch away from the microphone of the Decibel 10th app while the tone is playing. Record your measurement in Chart B.

4. Repeat step 3 by placing each material in between the speaker and microphone of the two devices. In Chart B, record the decibel reading of the tone after it travels through each material.

Observations

Draft: 5/6/2023


Measuring Sounds Chart A:

Name of Object Decibel Reading

Measuring Sounds Chart B:

Material Tested Initial Decibel of Tone Final Decibel of Tone(After traveling through material)

Draft: 5/6/2023


Conclusion:How does sound travel through various materials? Use data to justify your answer.

Possible Errors:Why might your observations have been different than your classmates’ observations? What mistakes might have been made in this experiment that would affect the results?

Future Study:If you could do another experiment to find out how sound moves, what would you test?

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix L: Pitch Lab Sheet


Question: How does the length of a straw kazoo affect its pitch?

Tested Variable: __________________________________________________


Hypothesis: Based on what you know about how size affects pitch, how will cutting the length of the straw kazoo change its sound?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Materials:

straw scissors

Frequency Counter app ruler

Procedure:1. Watch the video clip and follow the instructions to make a straw kazoo.2. Experiment with the straw kazoo until you are able to use it to make a

humming sound.3. Measures the length of the straw, and then record it in chart below.4. Measure the pitch of the straw kazoo with the Frequency Counter app and

record it in the chart below.NOTE: This portion of the experiment may be conducted as a whole class.

5. Cut off a small portion of the straw on the end opposite of the side you blew into.

6. Repeat steps 4-6 several times until the straw becomes too short to cut.

Draft: 5/6/2023


Observations:Length of Straw

in centimeters (cm)Description of Sound Pitch of Hum (Hertz)

Conclusion:How does the length of a straw kazoo affect its pitch? Use data to justify your answer.________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________


________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Future Study:If you could do another experiment to find out how the pitch of a sound changes, what would you test?________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix M: Sound and Light Choice BoardTeam Name __________________________ Date __________ Period _____

Create a song/poem/rap comparing and

contrasting light and sound energy.

Use the Venn Diagram to compare

and contrast light and sound energy.

Create a comic strip to compare and

contrast light and sound energy.

Design a game show comparing and

contrasting light and sound energy.

Free Choice(Clear your idea with your teacher first.)

Design a play to demonstrate your understanding of light and sound

energy.

Give examples in nature to show how

light and sound energy are similar

and different.

Draw a diagram to explain the

differences and similarities between

light and sound energy.

Generate a presentation

demonstrating your knowledge of the similarities and

differences between light and sound

energy

**All Activities must include at least five facts about sound, five facts about light and three facts about how they are similar.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix N: Engineering Design Process RubricTeam Name __________________________ Date __________ Period _____

4 3 2 1

Ask /Think

4 design ideas are purposely formed in response to the design challenge problem.It is evident that research was been conducted outside of the classroom while brainstorming,

4 design ideas are purposely formed in response to the design challenge problem.

4 design ideas are loosely formed in response to the design challenge problem.

4 design ideas are randomly formed.It is apparent that design challenge problem is misunderstood or overlooked.

Plan /Design

Team fully utilizes the Design Analysis Matrix as a fair method for evaluating individual design ideas and creating a final team design plan.A strategic plan is created for using available materials to effectively meet the design challenge.

Team utilizes the Design Analysis Matrix as a fair method for evaluating individual design ideas and creating a final team design plan.A plan is created for using available materials to complete the design challenge.

Team utilizes the Design Analysis Matrix as a fair method for evaluating individual design ideas and creating a final team design plan.

Team attempts to utilize the Design Analysis Matrix as a method for evaluating individual design ideas and creating a final team design plan.It is evident Matrix directions are misunderstood and/or not followed.

Solution /Test

Design is created as a solution to the engineering design challenge. Connections to real-life events are communicated.Expectations for collecting and recording data, and for taking converting measurements are exceeded.

Design is created as a solution to the engineering design challenge.Expectations for collecting and recording data, and for taking and converting measurements are fully met.

Design is created as a solution to the engineering design challenge.Expectations for collecting and recording data, and for taking and converting measurements are met.

Design is created as a solution to the engineering design challenge.Attempts to meet expectations for collecting and recording data, and for taking and converting measurements.

Reflect /Improve

Design improvements are based on in-depth analysis of collected data as well as on thoughtful reflection of previous design results.Displays evidence of collaboratively making and carrying-out decisions based on guidance from the engineering design process to quickly and efficiently solve the problem.Lists design’s successes and failures supported by evidence that is based on scientific facts and collected data.

Design improvements are based on analysis of collected data as well as on reflection of previous design results.Displays evidence of collaboratively making and carrying-out decisions based on guidance from the engineering design process to quickly and efficiently solve the problem.Lists design’s successes and failures supported by evidence that is based on collected data.

Design improvements are based on brief analysis of collected data as well as on reflection of previous design results.Displays evidence of collaboratively making decisions based on guidance from the engineering design process to solve the problem.Lists design’s successes and failures

Design improvements are haphazardly based reflection of previous design results. No consideration for collected data is evident.Displays evidence of attempting to make decisions based on guidance from the engineering design process to solve the problem.Lists design’s successes and failures

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix R: Material Choice Explanation (Optional)Team Name __________________________ Date __________ Period _____

List each material chosen by your team members. Give a written explanation of why those items were chosen (pros and cons) and how they relate to light and sound.

Material Pros Explained Cons Explained Light vs. Sound -Feature Comparison

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix P: Debrief to Mission Commander - Prewrite


Debrief (verb) – to make a report to a superior after a mission or event.

Each of your team’s astronauts has been ordered to debrief the mission’s commander on Earth about the engineering design challenge and your team’s solution. Throughout your report, be sure to reference the “Debrief to Commander Rubric” as well as the “Engineering Design Challenge Rubric.”

Consider the following talking points to help you debrief the commander:

Knowledge you have gained about light and sound.

Knowledge you have gained from various experiments, such as the Jell-O, mirrors, pitch, and decibel readings.

Knowledge you have gained by using the Engineering Design Process.

Mathematical concepts, such as line plots and measurement conversions, you have used to help you support your design choices and interpret data.

Apps, technical briefs, engineering logbook information that supports your reasoning for design choices and final conclusions.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vocabulary you may want to use in your informative writing:

discovered designed attempted measuredaligned reported observed concluded

Below, list important light and sound vocabulary that will help you debrief the mission’s commander about your team’s challenge and solution.

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix Q: Debrief to Mission Commander - Graphic Organizer


Introduction: Our Mar’s Rover astronaut team’s problem was _____________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

The Body (explain how your team used the Engineering Design Process):First, our team ______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Next, our team ______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Then, our team ______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:Finally, our team of astronauts solved the problem by _______________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix R: Debrief to Mission Commander - RubricTeam Name __________________________ Date __________ Period _____

Draft: 5/6/2023

4 3 2 1

Focus

Supports reasoning with evidence from labs and technical brief to clearly introduces problem and address all parts of the prompt

Clearly introduces problem and addresses the prompt.

Introduces the problem and addresses the prompt, but omits some details.

Attempts to introduce the problem and address the prompt. Omits important details, making piece difficult to follow and understand.

Information

Displays a deep knowledge of the topic, including several accurate facts and in-depth details.

Displays intended knowledge of the concept, including several accurate facts and details.

Displays some knowledge of the concept. Lacks many relevant facts and details.

Displays basic knowledge of the concept. Includes evidence of numerous misconceptions.

Language

Uses in-depth, precise language and domain-specific scientific vocabulary terms to expound on the topic.

Uses precise language and domain-specific scientific vocabulary terms to correctly explain the topic.

Uses language and scientific vocabulary terms to correctly explain the topic. Misunderstanding of two or three terms is evident.

Attempts to use language and scientific vocabulary terms to explain the topic. Misunderstanding of several terms are evident.

Conclusion

Includes an in-depth, meaningful conclusion, which states how knowledge of concepts played a major role in designing a solution to the problem.

Includes a meaningful conclusion, which states how knowledge of concepts helped design a solution to the problem.

Includes an effective conclusion, which attempts to states how knowledge of concepts helped design a solution to the problem.

Includes conclusion, but does not state how knowledge of concepts helped design a solution to the problem.

Conventions

Few to no errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation. Communicates ideas at a level above expectations.

Few to no errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation. Communicates ideas at the level expected.

Few errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation. One or two errors interfere with communicating an idea at the level expected.

Several errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation Communicates ideas below the level expected.

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Appendix S: Additional Teacher ResourcesEngineering Design Challenge: Additional Options

Options for conducting the challenging by teaching only sound or only light are provided below.

Engineering Design Challenge (Light Only)

To ensure your astronaut team is rescued, your challenge is to design a device that signals Base Camp of your location by shining a beam of light directly onto Base Camp.

The device must also project a beam of light onto Base Camp from a small flashlight you brought from Earth. A beam of light is difficult to see during the day, so the chances of

Base Camp seeing a light signal might increase after sunset.

Remember, amount of oxygen aboard your spacecraft is limited. Therefore, quickly and efficiently complete the challenge by following the engineering design process!


Engineering Design Challenge (Sound Only)

To ensure your astronaut team is rescued, your challenge is to design a device that signals Base Camp of your location using sound that travels far as possible.

Sound travels differently on Mars than on Earth. It travels shorter distances at slower speeds. With this in mind, you must design the device so that amplifies sound as much as possible. You will be wearing pressurized suits, so using your voice is not an option.

Remember, amount of oxygen aboard your spacecraft is limited. Therefore, quickly and efficiently complete the challenge by following the engineering design process!


Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Day 2: How Does Light Travel?

Explanation and Visuals for Instructor

When the index card is marked with diagonal lines and a hole is made at the intersection of those lines - it should look like this:

When a bull’s eye is created for the fourth card - it should look like this:

This is a picture of what the set-up of index cards should look like:

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Day 4: Angle Art

Visuals for Instructor

Draft: 5/6/2023

Mars Rover: Can You Hear Me? Can You See Me?Suggestions for Representing Mountainous Terrain on Mars

The “mountainous terrain” students will need to send beams of light around in order to signal Base Camp of their location could be created in various ways. Create your “barrier” using resources and space available to you. The only stipulation is that the barrier must remain the same throughout the engineering design challenge.

One idea is to loosely crumble brown and/or green butcher paper in such a way that it forms “mountains.”

Another idea is to place brown and/or green butcher paper around chairs as pictured below.

Suggestions for Smart Device Measurement Apps and Setup

1. Designate two phones and/or tablets that will represent Base Camp: one to measure light intensity, and one to measure sound amplification. Download the following apps onto the phone/tablet. On the first phone/tablet, download a Light Meter app, such as "Megama LuxMeter" by

Neonlite International, Ltd. On the second phone/tablet, download a Sound Meter app, such as “Decibel 10th” by

SkyPaw Co. Ltd.

2. Place both phones/tablets behind the your created terrain. Be sure they are standing upright (this could be accomplished by leaning them against something), and facing toward the terrain.

3. In front of the terrain, designate an area of approximately 4’ X 4’ and restrict the movement of their devices to this area as they complete testing.

4. Allow students to test their devices as instructed in the “Engineering Design Challenge” section of their Engineering Logbooks.

Draft: 5/6/2023

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