day 21 april 12th chapter 14

8/2/2019 Day 21 April 12th Chapter 14

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Day 21 April 12th Chapter 14


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Life History

The vital statistics of the species

Includes: age at first reproduction,probabilities of survival and reproduction at

each age, litter size and frequency, and

longevity


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Designing an Organism

To structure its life history formaximum fitness,

create one that could:

produce many offspring,

beginning just after birth,

continuing every year,

while growing tremendously large, to reduce

the predation risk and living forever.


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Evolutionary Constraints

These traits are not all possible because

selection that changes one feature tends to

adversely affect others.

Evolutionary tradeoffs


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Three areas to which an organism can

allocate its resources:

Growth

Reproduction

Survival


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Which evolutionary tradeoff do you

think humans utilize?

1. Reproduction and survival

2. Reproduction and growth

3. Number and size of offspring

4. 2 and 3

5. All of the above


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14.10 Things fall apart: What is aging

and why does it occur?


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Physiological Deterioration over Time

Aging: an increased risk of dying with

increasing age.


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Why do organisms age?

The force of natural selection lessens

with advancing age.


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Many genetic diseases kill old people,

but almost none kill children.Why not?

1) Imagine a mutation that causes a person carrying it to die at age 10. Will the person

carrying that mutation pass it on to many offspring? Of course not. The carrier of that

mutant gene will die before she gets a chance to pass it on to anyone. Alternative

versions of the gene that dont cause death will be the only ones that persist.

2) Now imagine a mutation that causes a person carrying it to die at age 150. Will the

person carrying that mutation pass it on to many offspring? Yes! The carrier of this

mutant gene will already have had childrenpassing on the mutant gene to themlong before she even knows that she carries the killer gene. In fact, she will no doubt

die long before this mutation even has the opportunity to exert its disastrous effect.

The same thing happens if the mutation has its negative effect at age 100. . . or 70. . .

or even 50.


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Cleaning out the Gene Pool


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Mutations That Arise and Cause Their

Carrier to Be More Likely to Die Later in Life

Such mutations include those that increase therisk from cancers or heart disease or other types

of ailments.

Do not affect reproductive output.

Consequently, these mutants are never cleanedout of a population.


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Which tradeoff cannot be

influenced by natural selection?1. Reproduction vs. survival

2. Reproduction vs. growth


4. Lifespan after reproduction


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Which tradeoff cannot be

influenced by natural selection?1. Reproduction vs. survival

2. Reproduction vs. growth


4. Lifespan after reproduction


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14.11 What determines the

longevity of different species?


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Hazard Factors

High-risk worlds

Death from external sources

Reproduce early

Low-risk worlds

Death from external sources low


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Can you predict which species should age

more slowly in captivity?

A porcupine or a guinea pig?

Look at the environmental hazard factor! Is it low or high?


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A porcupine in captivity can live 21 years and a

captive guinea pig lives less than 10 years. In

the wild the difference is even greater (15

years for the porcupine and only three or four

years for the guinea pig).


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Which animal is most likely to live the longest

because it encounters few hazard factors in the

wild?

1. Non-poisonous snake

2. Mouse

3. Robin

4. Star fish

5. Great White Shark


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Which animal is most likely to live the longest

because it encounters few hazard factors in the

wild?

1. Non-poisonous snake

2. Mouse

3. Robin

4. Star fish

5. Great White Shark


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14.12 Can we slow down the

process of aging?

Life extension is possible.


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Actress Jane Seymour had twins at age 44. As

women delay having children, do you think

humans could extend the life span as seen in thefruit fly experiment?

1. Strongly agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral4. Disagree

5. Strongly disagree


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What is the baby boom?

Why is it bad news for young people

today?

14.13 Age pyramids reveal muchabout a population.

In the United States, approximately 79 million babies were born during the BabyBoom. Much of this cohort of nineteen years (1946-1964) grew up with

Woodstock, the Vietnam War, and John F. Kennedy as president.

the question ofhow their retirement and health care needs will be metis one of

the biggest issues facing society.


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Which country has the highest proportion of its

population below age 10?

1. Norway 2. Kenya 3. USA


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Which country has the highest proportion of its

population below age 10?

1. Norway 2. Kenya 3. USA


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Population growth is alarmingly slow in

Sweden and alarmingly fast in Mexico.

Why is there a difference?


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The median of allthe old as well as

the new estimates

is just over 10

billion, and the

United Nations

conservativelysuggests that it is

somewhere

between 7 and 11

billion.


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How high can it go?!

Very difficult to assess just how many

resources each person needs.

Ecological footprints

Evaluating how much land, how much food and

water, and how much fuel, among other things,

are necessary.

From the perspective of ecological footprints, the populations of many countries

including the United States, Japan, Germany, and Englandcurrently consume far

more resources than are available to them. Their citizens are living at an

unsustainable level.


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The carrying capacity of the planet should

maintain ecosystems and still provide existing

humans with the quality of life found in theUnited States. This means fewer humans overall.

1. Strongly agree2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree

5. Strongly disagree

h d i i


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Chapter 15: Ecosystems and Communities

Organisms and their environments

Lectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College ; Clicker Questions by Kristen Curran, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater


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Organisms

that live on

the backs ofweevils

Lichens

Rottingwood

Grazing

animals

Scavengers

Parasites


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Which scenario below exemplifies an

ecosystem?

1. A group of organisms of the same speciesliving in the same place at the same time

2. Different species interacting together at thesame place and time

3. Different species interacting with each otherat the same time in a desert

4. A smaller species living on a larger species ina mutually beneficial relationship


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Which scenario below exemplifies an

ecosystem?

1. A group of organisms of the same speciesliving in the same place at the same time

2. Different species interacting together at thesame place and time

3. Different species interacting with each otherat the same time in a desert

4. A smaller species living on a larger species ina mutually beneficial relationship


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15.2 A variety of biomes occur

around the world, each

determined by temperature and

rainfall.


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Biomes

What is the average temperature?

What is the average rainfall (or other

precipitation)?

Is the temperature relatively constant or does

it vary seasonally?

Is the rainfall relatively constant or does it vary

seasonally?


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Biomes

Temperature and precipitation dictate:

Primary productivity levels

the amount of organic matter produced

The numbers and types ofprimary producer:

are the chief determinants of the amount and

breadth ofother life in the region.


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In which part of the world would you

expect to find desert?

1. Northern half of

South America2. Northern half of

Africa

3. East coast of NorthAmerica

4. India

day 21 april 12th chapter 14

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