day 2, session 4: enhancing food security and nutrition through agricultural growth

81
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Thematic study on consumption, food insecurity and vulnerability Oluyemisi Kuku, Astrid Mathiassen, Amit Wadhwa, Lucy Myles and Akeem Ajibola NSSP National Conference 2012: “Informing Nigeria’s Agricultural Transformation Agenda with policy analysis and research evidence” Abuja, Nigeria – November 13-14, 2012

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Day 2, Session 4 of the Nigeria Strategy Support Program's 2012 Research Conference

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Page 1: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Thematic study on consumption, food insecurity and vulnerability

Oluyemisi Kuku, Astrid Mathiassen, Amit Wadhwa, Lucy Myles and Akeem Ajibola

NSSP National Conference 2012:“Informing Nigeria’s Agricultural

Transformation Agenda with policy analysis and research evidence”

Abuja, Nigeria – November 13-14, 2012

Page 2: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Introduction

A Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA). Attempt to develop broad-based national indicators on food security and vulnerability of various segments of a population across regions.

Joint report with WFP

Data: Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA).• National bureau of statistics (NBS) and the

World Bank. • Approx. 5000 respondents who are

interviewed every two years. • This analysis relies on post-harvest data

Page 3: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Key Findings

Food insecurity and poverty are intricately linked

The poorest livelihoods are found in agriculture

Households that engage in agriculture and other activities fare better than those in agriculture alone

The vulnerable and food insecure are mostly found in rural areas and the North West and North East regions of Nigeria

High food prices are a major constraint to vulnerable households

Poor households engage in extreme coping strategies to deal with food shortages

Page 4: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

What is food security?

“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”

– World Food Summit, 1996

Page 5: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Dimensions of food security

Availability• Domestic production

• Commercial imports

• Reserves and food aid

Access• Household production

• Financial resources to purchase food

• Food prices and markets

• Existence of formal/informal social safety nets

Utilization• Care and feeding

practices

• Food preparation

• Intra-household distribution

• Biological utilization of food consumed

Food Security

Stability

Page 6: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

DEMOGRAPHICS

Page 7: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Household characteristics

Household head (%) Basic literacy(%)

  male household head spouse

Zone      North central 89 56 33

North east 97 50 29North West 98 62 45South East 71 61 68South South 77 72 75

South West 79 73 73Sector      

Urban 82 78 72Rural 86 55 42

Page 8: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

On average about half of the household members are dependents (children or elderly)

male

fem

ale

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

9

8

10

9

26

24

45

51

8

6

age 60+age 15-59age 6-14age 2-5age 0-2

percent

Page 9: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS

Page 10: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Food Consumption Score

The Food Consumption Score (FCS) is a composite score based on dietary diversity, food frequency and the relative nutritional importance of different food groups

The FCS serves as a proxy for current food security

The FCS is calculated by observing the frequency by which households consume various food items over a seven day recall period

Each food item is put into a category and the categories are given a weight based on its relative nutritional value

The FCS was developed and extensively used by WFP in food security assessments

Page 11: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Food Consumption Groups

Food consumption groups are created from the FCS based on

standard thresholds

A FCS of 21 is a minimum. A FCS below 21 assumes a household

does NOT to eat at least staple foods and vegetables on a daily

basis and is thus considered to have a poor diet.

A FCS between 21 and 35 reflects borderline food consumption.

A FCS of 35 assumes daily consumption of staple and

vegetables complemented by consumption of oil and pulses 4

days per week.

Food consumption group Standard threshold

Poor food consumption 0 – 21

Borderline food consumption 21.5 - 35

Acceptable food consumption >35.5

Page 12: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Wealth Index: A proxy indicator of household level wealth

The wealth index is a composite index which attempts to measure wealth without relying on income and expenditure data

The index is created by using a form of data reduction analysis called Principle Component Analysis (PCA)

A number of variables are used collectively to describe the wealth of a household. In Nigeria, 16 variables were used to construct the wealth index

After creating the index, the households are ranked and placed in quintiles to describe wealth groups within the population

Assets Households amenities

• TV• Mobile phone• Iron / sewing machine• Refrigerator / stove• Electricity generator• Car• Sofa / chairs / table

• Improved walls / roof / floor• Improved drinking water• Improved sanitation• Electricity• Cooking fuel

Page 13: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Livelihood groups

Due to the lack of proper income data we rely on time use data to assign household livelihood groups.

Household members reports time spent in income generating activities. Total time spent in each activity is added for all household members.

We assign the household to a livelihood group according to the proportion of time spent in the income generating activities.

Page 14: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Description of livelihood profiles

Livelihood group DefinitionSubsistence farmer, fisherman or hunter only All time use in subsistence activities only

Mixed crop or cash crops only All time use in agricultural activities only

Mainly agriculture with other activities

More than 50 percent of time in agriculture, with other activities

Mainly industrial laborerMore than 50 percent of time use as an industry employee

Mainly small business (craftsman) Mainly self employed artisans and craftsmen

Mainly business/commerceMainly managing a business, involved in sales, and other larger commercial activities

Mainly livestock/poultryMore than 50 percent of time use in animal husbandry

Mainly professionals Salaried workers in public or private sector with professional qualifications.

Mainly service laborersMore than 50 percent of time use in provision of services that require no rigorous qualification

Agricultural & non agricultural mixed activities

Carries out a variety of livelihood activities in agriculture and other sectors

Non agricultural mixed activities

Carries out a variety of activities in the non-agricultural sector.

Page 15: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Percent of total households in each livelihood group

subs

farm

fish

hun

ter o

nly

mixed

crop

or c

ash

crop

s on

ly

mai

n ag

ricul

ture

with

oth

er a

ctivity

mai

nly

indu

stria

l lab

orer

mai

nly

smal

l bus

ines

s (c

rafts

man

)

mai

nly

busine

ss/com

mer

ce

mai

nly

lives

tock

/pou

ltry

mai

nly

prof

ession

al ju

nior

or s

enio

r

mai

nly

serv

ice

labo

rer

agric

utur

e & n

on a

gric m

ix a

ctiviti

es

non

agric

utur

e m

ix a

ctiviti

es

0

5

10

15

20

25

3.8

15.213.3

7.7

5.0

21.4

1.6

11.312.3

4.3 4.0

Perc

en

t

Page 16: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

FOOD SECURITY AND VULNERABILITY INDICATORS

Page 17: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

WHICH GROUPS ARE MOST VULNERABLE?

Page 18: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Geographic distribution of wealth

North Central

North East

North West

South East

South South

South West

Urban

Rural

Regi

onSe

ctor

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

25.5

36.2

38.2

8.9

6.4

9.4

31.5

25.6

30.4

30.5

16.3

13.4

9.8

7.7

28.1

21.1

17.8

18.4

26.4

21.0

17.4

20.4

19.8

19.1

10.9

9.2

25.4

27.7

25.5

30.1

13.3

8.7

23.1

31.5

37.9

39.4

7.2

poorest poorer moderate wealthier wealthiest

Page 19: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Percent of population in the two poorest wealth quintiles – by region

nort

h ce

ntra

lno

rth

east

nort

h wes

tso

uth

east

sout

h so

uth

sout

h wes

t

0

20

40

60

80

50

6467

2219

16

% hh in the two poorest wealth quintiles

Perc

en

t

• A greater proportion of households are poor in the northern regions

Page 20: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Percent of population in the two poorest wealth quintiles – by livelihood

0

20

40

60

80

100

7770

56

29 26 26

97

2319

44

9

Perc

en

t

• The majority of the poorest households work in agriculture.

• Poor agricultural households are better off if they are also engaged in non-farm activities

Page 21: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Livelihood groups by rural/urban divide

mainly industr

ial laborer

mainly small b

usiness

(craftsm

an)

mainly business/

commerce

mainly professional

mainly service

laborer

non agric.m

ix activities

0

10

20

30

40

10.086.48

30.1

15.2717.33

8.246.14

4.03

15.75

8.64 9.04

1.2

urban rural

Perc

en

t of

hou

se-

hold

s

Wealthy livelihood groups

• Poor livelihoods are more prevalent in rural areas

Page 22: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Vulnerability: High food expenditures

Nat

ion

al

Urb

an

Ru

ral

No

rth

Cen

tral

No

rth

Eas

t

No

rth

Wes

t

So

uth

Eas

t

So

uth

So

uth

So

uth

Wes

t

Sector Zone

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

48%

27%

62%

50%

64%

73%

39% 41%

29%

Food expenditure share >75% by region

Page 23: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Vulnerability: High Food expenditures

% with high food expenditure (> 75%)

subsf

arm fi

sh h

unter o

nly

mixe

dcrop o

r cash

crops o

nly

main

ly agric

with

oth

er act

ivity

main

ly in

dustria

l labore

r

main

ly sm

all busin

ess (c

rafts

man)

main

ly busin

ess/co

mm

erce

main

ly liv

estock

/poultr

y

main

ly pro

fess

ionals

main

ly se

rvice

labore

r

agric &

non a

gric m

ix act

ivitie

s

non agric

mix

activi

ties

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%72% 68% 63%

41% 41% 37%

78%

30%36%

55%

21%

Food expenditure>75% : By livelihood group

Page 24: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

FOOD DEFICITS AND COPING STRATEGIES

Page 25: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Food Sources by geographic area

Nat

ion

al

Urb

an

Ru

ral

No

rth

ce

ntr

al

No

rth

ea

st

No

rth

w

est

So

uth

ea

st

So

uth

so

uth

So

uth

w

est

Sector Zone

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

15% 20% 12% 14% 11% 16% 14% 13% 19%

66%

73%

62% 58% 59%

66% 67% 70%

72%

16%

4%

24% 26% 28%18% 17% 14%

5%

Own production

Purchased

Away from home

Share

of

food

expen

dit

ure

Page 26: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Food sources by wealth quintile

poor

est

poor

mod

erat

e

wea

lthie

r

wea

lthie

st

Natio

nal

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

10% 12% 15% 18% 20% 15%

56%62%

67%72%

75%

66%

31%24%

15%8% 4%

16%

Share of food exp from own prodShare of food exp purchasedShare of food exp away from home

Share

of

food

expen

dit

ure

• Poorer households rely more on own production, but purchased food is the most important category for in all wealth groups

Page 27: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Mean number of days per week food item is consumed at home

National

North Central

North East

North West

South East

South South

South West

Urban

RuralRe

gion

Sect

or

0 10 20 30

6.5

6.5

6.7

6.7

6.1

6.7

6.3

6.4

6.6

2.9

3.0

3.8

2.9

2.3

2.8

2.9

3.1

2.9

4.9

5.1

5.4

5.5

4.1

4.9

4.5

4.9

5.0

3.7

3.9

3.1

2.3

3.8

5.0

4.2

4.3

3.4

2.5

2.6

3.8

3.4

2.5

2.4

5.4

5.7

5.5

5.9

4.9

5.7

4.8

5.3

5.4

cereals and tubers

pulses

vegetables

fruit

meat and fish

milk

sugar

oil

Days

Page 28: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Food consumption categories by wealth quintile

Poorest

Poorer

Moderate

Wealthier

Wealthiest

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

20.4

15.3

12.4

14.3

13.0

71.0

79.7

82.1

82.2

84.8

poor

borderline

acceptable

Page 29: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Causes of food shortages

Civil unrest/riots

Crop pest damage

Drought

Small land size

Lack of farm inputs

Other reasons

Financial hardship

High food prices

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

5.6

2.2

4.7

5.0

3.9

16.1

21.0

35.8

2.6

6.8

9.9

13.8

16.0

7.9

4.8

29.5

RuralUrban

Page 30: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Most frequent coping strategies for dealing with food shortages

poor

est

poor

er

mod

erat

e

wea

lthie

r

wea

lthie

st0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Go a whole day without food

Reduce number of meals eaten in a day

Rely on less pre-ferred foods

• Poorer households use more severe coping strategies

Page 31: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Conclusion

Key message: • Rural/urban differences• Regional differences• Poverty concentrated in the agricultural

sector

Analysis is ongoing – the full report is forthcoming

Page 32: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

THANK YOU

Page 33: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

The role of Nigerian agriculture in West African Food Security

Dr. R.O. BabatundeUniversity of Ilorin, Nigeria

NSSP Report 11

NSSP 2012 National Conference, 13-14 November, 2012, Rockview Hotel Royale, Wuse 2, Abuja, Nigeria.

Page 34: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Identifies Nigeria’s potentials and comparative advantage in the production of main agricultural commodities within the sub-region

Assess the implication of Nigeria’s agricultural production and the potential of its export in enhancing food security in the WA sub-region

Identify the key drivers of food security in WA and the role of Nigeria

This study was commissioned by IFPRI to:

Approach:

Review and analysis of secondary information obtained from ECOWAS, FAOSTAT, CBN and NBS

Specific evidences in different countries

Page 35: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Background• State of food security and agricultural production in West Africa• Significance of Nigeria’s economy in West Africa sub-region

Nigeria’s agricultural potentials• Agricultural resources in Nigeria• Key agricultural commodities and their production level

Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria• Agriculture• Intra-regional trade in agricultural commodities• Agricultural research and development• Peace and security• Technology transfer

Conclusion and policy issues

OutlineNSSP Report 11

Page 36: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

West Africa – socioeconomic characteristics

• 15 countries with a total population of 317 million people (2012 estimation)

• Population density ranges from 168/km2 in the forest to 3/km2 in the sahel

• Population growth rate is 2.6% per annum in 2000-2005, expected to grow at 1.2% in 2045-2050 (OECD, 2009)

• Population of WA is expected to exceed 400 million by 2020 and 500 million between 2030 and 2050

• Urban population in WA is 45% and expected to reach 70% in 2050

• Annual urbanization rate of approximately 4% (USAID, 2010)

Page 37: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

West Africa – socioeconomic characteristics• Land area of WA is 5,113,000 km2 (2.4 times the size of India and 1.8

times the size of 27 EU countries)

• Nigeria account for 50% of the population of WA

Page 38: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

West Africa – economy

• One of the least developed regions in the World, mostly agro-based economies with agriculture contributing 35% of regional GDP and over 15% of export earnings

• Average regional GDP of $391 billion, growing at 5.89% annually for the last 10 years (USAID, 2010)

• Average GNI per capita of $1,198 in 2011 based on 2005 PPP

• Human development index (HDI) ranges from 0.295 in Niger to 0.568 in Cape Verde (average HDI is 0.403) (UNDP, 2012)

• Life expectancy ranges from 47.8 years in Sierra Leone to 74.2 years in Cape Verde (average life expectancy at birth is 56.3 years)

NSSP Report 11

Page 39: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

West Africa – agriculture and food security• About 60% of the population is involve in agriculture, but the region as a

whole import 20% of its food need

• Agricultural land make up about 49.7% of the total land area with the highest in Nigeria (81.8%) and lowest in Cape Verde (21.8%)

• The region has about 9 million hectare of irrigable land (OECD, 2009)

• WA has one of the lowest yields in the World and only 30% of growth in agric production is through productivity increases

• Main staple food crops include sorghum, millet, cassava, yam, plantains, maize (maize and livestock being the most traded) (USAID, 2010)

• Major cash crops include cocoa and cotton

Page 40: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Countries Population(millions)

Food supply(kcal/cap/day)

Food insecurity(% of pop)

Stunting(% of children)

Poverty(% of pop)

Benin 9.4 2,510 12 44.7 39.0

Burkina Faso 17.5 2,670 8 35.1 46.4

Cape Verde 0.5 2,550 11 NA 26.6

Cote d’Ivoire 20.6 2,510 14 39.0 42.7

Gambia 1.8 2,350 19 27.6 58.0

Ghana 25.5 2,850 5 28.6 28.5

Guinea 10.5 2,530 16 39.3 53.0

Guinea-Bissau 1.6 2,288 22 28.1 64.7

Liberia 4.2 2,160 32 39.4 63.8

Mali 16.3 2,580 12 38.5 47.4

Niger 16.6 2,310 16 54.8 59.5

Nigeria 166.6 2,710 6 41.0 54.7

Senegal 13.1 2,320 19 20.1 50.8

Sierra Leone 6.1 2,130 35 37.4 66.4

Togo 6.3 2,150 30 26.9 61.7

West Africa 317 2,441.2 17.1 40.5 50.8

Ref. year 2012 2006/07 2008 2010 2009

Profile of West African countries

Source: UNDP, 2012 Africa Human Development Report

Page 41: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

In summary ……….. Dietary energy supply (DES) has increased in WA from about 2,000

kcal/capita/day in 1980s to 2,440 kcal/capita/day in 2007• The increase is more in the coastal zone than in the sahelian zone• Protein availability also increase from 45g to 50g per capita/day• Diet quality and diversity has not improve proportionally• Child malnutrition has actually increase (UNDP, 2012)

Prevalence of undernourishment also declines from 22.1% of the population in 2004/05 to 17.1% in 2008 (UNDP, 2012)

• In SSA the prevalence has fallen from 27.2% to 26.5%• Region may not reach the MDG target if prevailing trends persist

Despite improvement, challenges still persist• Conflict in northern Mali • Flooding in Nigeria, Benin has affected more than 1.5 million people• Desert locust in Niger and Mali

Page 42: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Significant of Nigeria’s economy in West Africa sub-region

Largest economy in WA and second largest in Africa• Account for approximately 53% of the population and over 50% of the regional

gross domestic product (GDS, 2010) Largest producer of major agricultural products in the region

• Responsible for 50-60% of total regional cereals production (GDS, 2010) Largest oil producer, followed by Cote d’Ivoire, Senegal and Ghana

• Nigeria accounts for 86% of total WA oil production (OECD, 2009)• Largest combined oil and gas reserves in WA and Africa

Provides fuel, electricity and gas to countries in the sub-region• About 80% of fuel consume in Benin is from Nigeria (IMF, 2012)• Supply gas to Ghana• Supply electricity to Niger• 5% of Nigeria oil is exported to WA countries (OECD, 2009)

Page 43: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Agricultural potentials of Nigeria

Agricultural land area of 79 million hectares• 32 million hectares under cultivation• 30% of arable land in WA is found in Nigeria (GDS, 2010)• 3.14 million hectares of potential irrigable land (Ruma, 2009)• 5-8 million hectares of fadama

Adequate supply of water• 267 billion cubic meters of surface water (Ruma, 2009)• 57.9 billion cubic meters of underground water (Ruma, 2009)• Annual rainfall ranging from 300mm to 4,000mm

Page 44: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Agricultural potentials of Nigeria

Availability of labour• Population of 166 million (2012 estimates)• Close to 70% of the population engage in agriculture

Availability and supply of other inputs• 30,000 tractors available in the country

• To be increased by 10,000 tractors per annum (Ruma, 2009)• 70% of tractors in WA countries are in Nigeria (GDS, 2010)

• One extension agent per 10,000 farmers (Ruma, 2009)• Average fertilizer demand of 3 million tons per year• Establishment of 774 agro service centres (1 stop shop for farmers)• 4% of bank credit lending go to agric sector (2007)

Page 45: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Current agricultural production level in Nigeria Output of major staple crops has continue to increase

• Total output and index of production of staples have continue to increase

Commodities Output in 1000 tons Percent change

1990 2006

Maize 5768 11005 90.7

Millet 5136 7845 52.7

Sorghum 4185 11239 168.5

Rice 2500 4169 66.7

Wheat 554 15 -97.2

Beans 1354 4739 250

Cassava 19043 38254 100.8

Yam 13624 30188 121.5

Cocoyam 731 2633 260.1

Plantain 1215 1317 83.9

Source: CBN Statistical Bulletin, 2007

Page 46: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

Year

Ou

tput

of

ag

ricu

ltura

l com

mod

ities

(10

00 t

onn

es)

Total output of major staple agricultural commodities in Nigeria, 1970-2006

Source: FAOSTAT

Page 47: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Ind

ex

of

sta

ple

s, li

vest

ock

an

d f

ish

ery

ou

tpu

t

STAPLES LIVESTOCK FISHERY

Index of production of staples, livestock and fishery in Nigeria (1999 = 100)

Source: FAOSTAT

Page 48: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Current agricultural production level in Nigeria Area under cultivation and productivity of major staple crops has

increase

Source: FMAWR, 2009

Commodities Area under cultivation (1000 ha)

Yield (t/ha) Total output (1000 tons)

Maize 4,460 1.59 7,091

Rice 2,131 1.97 4,200

Cassava 3,261 15.0 48,915

Wheat 150 1.09 163

Millet - 1.3 7,700

Tomato 305 8 2,440

Sugar Cane 296 17.9 5322

Page 49: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria

Agriculture Relative share of Nigeria’s agricultural production in the ECOWAS

sub-region and implication for food security• Largest producer of staple crops in WA (GDS, 2010)• Largest producer of Cassava in the World and second largest producer of

Sweet Potatoes (Eboh et al., 2004)• Account for 51% of total food supply in WA (FAOSTAT)• Root and tuber output was 89 million tons in 2008 (69% of WA total)• Account for 53% of Maize, 48% of Rice, 69% of Millet and 58% of

Cowpea regional production (GDS, 2010)• Livestock production in Nigeria is 36% of total for the region

Total food output in Nigeria and WA followed similar trend• Nigerian agriculture is a major component of regional agriculture?• Food output in Nigeria is one of the drivers of WA food security?

Page 50: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Source: Computed from FAOSTAT

West African countries that rank first in average yield, output and cultivated area of selected food crops, 1980-2002

Crops Average yield Production output Cultivated area

Beans Mauritania Cote d’Ivoire Guinea

Banana Cape Verde Benin Togo

Cassava Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria

Rice Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria

Yam Nigeria Benin Nigeria

Millet Nigeria Nigeria Niger

Maize Gambia Nigeria Nigeria

Groundnut Gambia Nigeria Nigeria

Sorghum Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria

Plantain Ghana Nigeria Cote d’Ivoire

Page 51: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

Year

To

tal f

oo

d o

utp

ut

(10

00

to

nn

es)

NIGERIA WEST AFRICA

Total food output in Nigeria and West Africa, 1970-2007

Source: FAOSTAT

Page 52: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Agriculture

Contribution of Nigeria’s agricultural production to regional food security

• During the 2005 food crisis, Nigeria supplies 60-70% of Niger’s grain import (Diao, 2010), which help to improve food availability in the country

• 80-100 % of markets in Niger are supplied dry grains from Nigeria every week (FEWSNET, 2010)

• Food produce from Nigeria are exported and sold in markets in Benin, Mali and Ghana (GDS, 2010)

• Nigeria herself is a net importer of food such as rice, wheat, meat sugar, milk

• Many of the countries in WA obtain part of their food import from Nigeria• Larger proportion of this food import are smuggled and unaccounted for, example include

grain, garri and yam (GDS, 2010)

• There is re-exportation of food from Nigeria to WA countries, which has contributed to food availability in those countries, e.g. Benin, Ghana (GDS, 2010)

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NSSP Report 11

Agriculture

Role of Nigeria in ECOWAS regional agricultural policy (ECOWAP)

• Nigeria supported the establishment of ECOWAP as a regional policy framework for agriculture and food security in 2005

• ECOWAP proposes a common agricultural policy in WA countries• Aims to improve productivity and competitiveness of agriculture in WA• Implement trade regimes within the region and between the region and outsider

• Nigeria facilitated the signing of ECOWAP/CAADP agreement in 2009, when the country is holding the chairmanship of ECOWAS

• Nigeria facilitated the decision by ECOWAS to establish the regional programme for food security (RPFS) as a component of ECOWAP

• Based on the success of the Nigeria’s special programmes for food security (SPFS) (Ruma, 2009)

Page 54: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Intra-regional trade

Role of Nigeria in intra-regional trade in agricultural commodities

• Promote intra-regional trade in ECOWAS countries• 5% of Nigeria export is to WA countries and 2% of import is from WA countries• Important for cross-border trade in agricultural commodities (GTZ, 2010)• Participate in more than 60% of intra-regional trade involving mostly agricultural

commodities• Level of intra-regional trade is still low with export and import within the region making

up 8.4 and 16.7% respectively of the total value of regional export and import• Adopted trade liberalization in 2004

• Facilitate access to agricultural commodities through the cross-border trade (GDS, 2010)

• Net supplier of millet, sorghum, maize to Niger, Chad and Cameroun (GDS, 2010)

Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria

Page 55: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Intra-regional trade

Role of Nigeria in regional trade integration

• Major supporter of the ECOWAS common currency• Reduced her protectionist trade policy and adopted the ECOWAS common

external tariff (CET) regime• Instrumental to the negotiation of economic partnership agreement (EPA) with

the EU in 2007 (GDS, 2010)• Nigeria Banks providing financial services in WA countries e.g. Ghana, Liberia

Page 56: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Agricultural research and development

Role of Nigeria in regional agricultural research and development

• Promotion of agricultural R&D• Has the largest R&D in WA in terms of investment and number of researchers• Investment in R&D doubled from 12 million naira in 2000 to 24 million naira in

2008 (Flaherty et al., 2010)• Nigeria has some of the best agricultural universities and research institutes in the

WA region• Between 2000 and 2008, research capacity increased from 1,300 to more than

2,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers• Agricultural R&D in Nigeria is primarily funded by government and donor• Mainly focus on crops and livestock improvement, with cassava and poultry being

the most heavily researched components (Flaherty et al., 2010)

Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria

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NSSP Report 11

Peace and security

Role of Nigeria in regional peace and security

• Maintenance of peace and security in the region• Leading contributor to ECOMOG intervention force to monitor ceasefire in conflict-

stricken countries (GDS, 2010)• Provide support for the establishment of AU parliament and the court of justice• Maintain bilateral agreement for maritime and border security e.g. with Benin

• Resolution of conflicts in the region• Mediate and facilitate conflict resolution in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Cote d’Ivoire• Participate in UN peace keeping operation even beyond WA region e.g. in Sudan,

Chad, Somalia, Angola and Congo (Okunnu, 2010)

Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria

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NSSP Report 11

Technology transfer

Role of Nigeria in technology transfer

• Deployment of Technical Aid Corps

• Agricultural experts are deployed to countries in WA to assist in capacity building for improve agricultural production

Drivers of food security in West Africa and the role of Nigeria

Page 59: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

NSSP Report 11

Conclusion

At the regional level, agriculture, trade, peace and security, R&D and technology are the main drivers of food security and in these sectors, Nigeria has the greatest potential to contribute to increase food security

Agriculture will guarantee food availability Intra-regional trade can enhances food accessibility Agricultural R&D can improves yield and increase food availability Peace and security can ensure stability of food supplies

Implication is that Nigeria’s agricultural production has the greatest potentials to contribute to food security through intra-regional trade in agricultural commodities

Largest producer and marketer of agricultural commodities in WA

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NSSP Report 11

What should be done……….. Support Nigeria’s effort to increase the production of key agricultural

commodities such as cereals, root and tuber where the country has

comparative advantage

• Development of smallholder agriculture• Intensify agricultural R&D to improve yield• Investment in rural infrastructure and storage facilities• Input subsidies for farmers

Strengthen regional integration in trade especially in agricultural

commodities

• Remove barriers to trade and ensure free movement of goods and people• Harmonization of tariffs to the ECOWAS common external tariff• Single currency should be pursued more vigorously like in the EU

Page 61: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Thank you for your attention

NSSP Report 11

Page 62: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Paul Ilona, Country Manager - Nigeria

Making micronutrients accessible in Nigeria through biofortification of staple crops

Page 63: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Background

• The Copenhagen Consensus – 2008 reviewed and identified the best ways to solve the world’s biggest problems

• Of the top 10 solutions 5 are focussed on reducing malnutrition

• Biofortification is one of such interventions. It ranked 5th along with supplementation (1st) and Fortification (2nd)

This is an acknowledgement of a problem that is so widespread, needing more than one set of

solutions or interventions to make impact.

Page 64: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

What constitutes malnutrition?

Macronutrients• Carbohydrate• Protein• Fat

Micronutrients• Vitamins (A, B, C etc)• Minerals (Fe, Zn etc)

Inadequate intake of food nutrients required by the body cells to function properly:

Page 65: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

• Malnutrition and nutrition related diseases continue to be problems of public health importance in Nigeria

• Nutrition should be considered a critical component of National development which cuts across many sectors

• Malnutrition slows economic growth and perpetuates poverty through direct losses in productivity from poor physical status; indirect losses from poor cognitive function and deficits in schooling; and losses owing to increased health care costs.

24%

20%

17%

13%

11%

10% 3%

2%

NeonatalMalariaPneumoniaDiarrhoeaMeaslesOthersHIV/AIDSInjuries

Malnutrition

53%

Wasting and vitamin A deficiency increase substantially the risk of dying from the listed conditions.

Malnutrition: a contributory cause of half of under-five deaths in Nigeria

Page 66: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Status of micronutrient deficiency in Nigeria

Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)

- 23% among children < 5 yrs- 13% among mothers- 19% among pregnant women

Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA)

- 34% among u-5 children- 24% among mothers- 48% among pregnant women

Iodine deficiency (IDD)

- 13% among children < 5 yrs- 10% among pregnant women- 13% among nursing mothers

Zinc Deficiency

- 20% among u-5 children- 28% among mothers- 44% among pregnant women

Page 67: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Status of Malnutrition in Nigeria by region

Page 68: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Why the attention on Vit A?

• Vision (night, day, colour)

• Epithelial cell integrity against infections

• Immune response

• Red Blood Cell Production

• Skeletal growth

• Embryogenesis and fetal development

• Blindness• Preventable illness• Stunted growth• Lower cognitive ability• Reduced ability to work• Loss in GDP• Premature death

Importance Consequences

A weak and malnourished labour force will contribute less to ATA in Nigeria

Page 69: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Supplementation Commercial

Fortification

“Biofortification”

New and only complementary

Dietary

Diversi

ficatio

n

Strategies employed to fight deficiency

Page 70: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

What is biofortification?Biofortification is the process of breeding food crops that are rich in bioavailable micronutrients such as vitamin A, Iron and Zinc

Page 71: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Targeted crops to deliver micronutrients

Target Micro-N Target Release date Target Country

Rice Zinc 2013 Bangladesh / India

Wheat Zinc 2013 India / Pakistan

Millet Iron 2012 India

Bean Iron 2012 Rwanda / DRC

Maize Vit A 2012 Zambia / Nigeria

Cassava Vit A 2011 Nigeria / DRC

Sweet P Vit A 2007 Uganda / Moz / Nig?

Page 72: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Will Biofortification Work?

• Can breeding increase nutrient levels enough to improve human nutrition?

• Will the extra nutrients be bioavailable at sufficient levels to improve micronutrient status?

• Will farmers adopt and consumers buy/eat in sufficient quantities?

Page 73: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Three Vit A cassava varieties were released in Nig in 2011

(1) UMUCASS 36 (2) UMUCASS 37 (3) UMUCASS 38

7 – 8 u/g of TCC

Progress in meeting targets

Page 74: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Progress in meeting targets

Vitamin A maize released in July 2012

7 – 8 u/g of TCC

Page 75: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

<2007

2008

2011

2013

2015

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

TMS 30572

TMS 96/1089A

TMS 01/1368, TMS 01/1412, TMS

01/1371

TMS 07/0593, NR 07/0220

???

Total carotene content (ug/g) FW

Next wave of imp. Vit A Cas varieties and target levels

Page 76: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Comparatively higher than in other crops (average of 3-5 units = 1 retinol)

Bioavailability of vitamin A in cassava

Boiled Fried Gari Fufu0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Rete

ntion

(%)

Page 77: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Consumer acceptance study

• This study investigated consumer acceptance of biofortified gari from two yellow cassava varieties (TMS 01/1368 and TMS 01/1371) vs local varieties in Oyo and Imo states

• Consumer acceptance investigated in terms of– Sensory (organoleptic) evaluation – Economic valuation (willingness to pay)

• Some consumers accepted yellow cassava varieties only after receiving information on their nutritional benefits while others accepted these varieties even without any information– Information was received as a simulated radio

message in local languages. – This message explained the importance of Vitamin A

for family health and that yellow cassava contained Vitamin A

Page 78: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Ex ante cost-effectiveness study

• This study estimated the costs and potential benefits of biofortification of cassava with vitamin A in Nigeria

• Benefits of biofortification were estimated in terms of the reduction in Disability Adjust Life Years (DALY) burden of vitamin A deficiency

• Cost per DALY averted as a result of biofortification of cassava with Vitamin A in Nigeria range from $8 in optimistic scenario to $137 in pessimistic scenario

• According to the World Bank (World Development Report, 1993), public health interventions costing less than $196 per DALY averted (in 2004 dollars) are highly cost effective.

• Therefore even in the pessimistic scenario, biofortification is a cost-effective public health intervention for combatting vitamin A deficiency in Nigeria

Page 79: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Over 500 ha planted in 2012

Multiplication and dissemination of stems

100,000 households to receive planting materials in 2013

Page 80: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

AdvocacyMalnutrition has severe national consequences and we are all challenged to:

‘Seed a better life’

Page 81: Day 2, Session 4: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Agricultural Growth

Conclusion

• Rural health is very important if agriculture is to continue to contribute to GDP

• Agriculture is fundamental for good health through the production of more nutritious foods

• Biofortification will make agriculture deliver necessary nutrients naturally through the foods we eat, more cost efficiently and sustainably

• Therefore agriculture and health policies should not be treated in isolation

• Relevant policies in agriculture, health and perhaps education should be analysed to create synergies