Recap: Introduction to Water

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Answer the following questions: Where do we get our drinking

water? Where is it stored? Where does the wastewater from

all the toilets go? Where does the water from the

sinks and bathrooms go?

Stakeholders Revision! What is a Stakeholder? It is anyone who is involved with your design:

ClientYour InstructorsCompeting project designersAnyone who helps build the projectPeople who will use the project

A stakeholder is anyone who has a ‘stake’ in your project.

They could be involved in the design, construction, maintenance or use of your project.

Stakeholder Analysis We need to make sure that our design

meets the needs of the stakeholders. How do we do this?1) Identify who is involved in your project2) Access how important their ‘stake’ is. 3) Communicate with them to find out their

needs.4) Ensure your design meets their needs.

Global Water

Where does the water come from?

70% of the earth’s surface is occupied by water.

However 97% of this water is salty

2% is fresh water locked in snow and ice.

Therefore only 1% of the earth’s water is available for drinking.

Distribution of the World’s WaterHow much of the World’s water is fresh & available?

Our main source of water is groundwater

Where does it come from?

Surface water can be obtained from lakes, reservoirs and rivers.

Ground water can be accessed through wells

Desalination: Removing the salt from sea water.

Groundwater Groundwater is located

beneath the ground in small spaces between soil particles or fractures of rock.

When the soil is completed submerged below a point – at that level is the water table

When the space is quite big it is called an aquifer.

Groundwater can be accessed through wells

Groundwater is recharged naturally.

Groundwater Groundwater can be accessed

through wells

Revision: Ground Water

Storage of groundwater

Movement of water through the ground /rocks

Saturated Zone

Fact We always have the same amount

of water on the plant and in our atmosphere.

Water is always recycled...

Your next drink of water could have once been drunk by a dinosaur...

For more information on water visit: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleatmosphere.html

The Water/Hydrological Cycle

Lakes and Streams

Rain

Groundwater

Water Shortage

Case Study: Mumbai Population over 20 MillionPrimarily collect surface water 2009: City wide cutbacks when levels in six nearby lakes and reservoirs used for storage fell low.

What affects water supply: Infrastructure Pollution Irrigation Dams Tourism and trade Wars Drought Anything else?

What affects water supply?

Pipes and other methods now serve some 87% of the planet’s population (1.6 billion more people than in 1990)

In Western cities with century old pipes, more than 10 % of

water is often lost to leakage. In developing nations,

better ways of delivering water

seem to be on the rise.

Infrastructure:

Options for obtaining fresh water

Some countries have an urban population that use bottled water as their primary drinking source due to water shortage.

Irrigation Irrigation for agriculture consumes

2/3 of the world’s fresh water withdrawals.

As the world’s population is growing, more food is needed, therefore more agricultural output.

Therefore we will need more water or use water more efficiently.

Discussion Water shortage Biggest problem facing the 21st

century? Reuse, reduce, recycle Irrigation Rural issues

PDF Copy of Magazine.

Available for download from internet (april 2010)

Local problems/ solution What does this mean for us? Task: Conduct water assessment of Pabal. Just like yesterday, map out what you

see. Take lots of photos. Identify problems to do with water. Identify current practices that are

good and bad. Where could we solve a water problem in

Pabal? Can you think of any solutions?

Consider the Design Brief:

To design a water system that can be used to recycle grey water.

Water terminology! White Water:

Portable, fresh water than can be used for drinking

Grey Water:Left over water from kitchen sink, bathroom,

showers, hand basins, washing machine etc.

Black Water:Sewage or Wastewater: Any water containing

human waste.