BUILDING THE EVIDENCE BASE OF THE AGRICULTURE / NUTRITION NEXUS:

The case of Mali

Dr Sokona Dagnoko, CTA ConsultantNovotel, Dakar, September 21-25, 2015

Cross-Learning Workshop and Writeshop

OUTLINE

• Presentation of Mali• Key challenges • Root causes of the challenges• Existing instruments and tools to tackle the challenges• Agriculture and Nutrition Nexus• Profile of key commodities• Stakeholders, Institutions, and the institutional framework• Summary of the findings• Conclusions and recommendations/Possible entry Points

Tombouctou 6

Gao 7

Kidal 8

Mopti 5Segou 4

Sikasso 3

Koulikoro 2Kayes 1

INTRODUCTION

Mali- Physical data 08 Administrative regions 01 District (The Capital City) 49 small districts (cercles) 703 Communes Landlocked 07 bordering countries Capital City: Bamako Country size: 1.241 million km2

43.7 Million ha (agriculture & Pastures)

Tombouctou

Gao

Kidal

MoptiSegou

Sikasso

KoulikoroKayes

INTRODUCTIONMali- Demographic data Pop: 14.5 Million (RGPH, 2009) Women: 50.41% (RGPH, 2009) Rural Population: 77% (PNISA 2013) Population < 15: 46% (PNISA, 2013) Growth rate: 2.94% (WB, 2013) Rural Growth rate: 1.71% (2015-2020), WB, Sept 2015 Urban Growth rate: 4.64% (2015-2020), WB, Sept 2015 805,000 rural households (RGPA2003-2004/CPS, 2006)

Opportunities to FNS in Mali- Irrigation Agriculture

> 800,000 ha5% improved

20,000 ha11.5% improved 2311

farmers (13% women)

19,708 ha23% improved

2993 farmers3% women

1018 ha irrigated village perimeters

(Bafoulabe) 922 ha improved

lowland (Kita and Bafoulabe)

680 ha controlled flooding (Bafoulabe)

The Upper Senegal River Valley

Development Agency (ADRS)

The irrigated Perimeter Office of Baguineda

(OPIB)

The Rural Development

Office of Selingue (ODRS)

Central Niger Delta

/Niger Office

FNS Opportunities in Mali- Irrigation Agriculture

Village irrigated perimeters (PIV) Mopti Region

> 1,200 ha > 3,827 Farmers (4% women) > 50 FBOs > 38 villages

Tombouctou Region > 6,092 ha > 3,863 farmers (8% Women) > 40 FBOs > 30 villages

FNS Opportunities in Mali- Adapted Rice Genetic Materials

Shwetasoke Gambiaka

Nerica 4 Nerica 8 DKA-P27

BW -148 Sik 350-150-A

Adny 11 Wassa Kogoni 91-1 Nionoka BG 90 Nerica L1 IER Nerica L2 IER

Irrigated Rice varietiesRain fed lowland

Rain fed uplandControlled Flooding

FNS Opportunities in Mali- Vegetable sub-sector

Cash income Nutrient rich and

health promoters Vitamins Minerals Antioxidants Digestion Intestinal health

04 dimensions FS

Exotic species Hot rainy

season tomatoes

Cucumbers Etc.

Indigenous species Okra Roselle Amaranthus Corchorus

Producers (Men) Processors

(women) Sellers (Women) Family and paid

labor

45 ha (2009/2010)> 20 Species874,000 MT

03 main production BeltsActors in vegetable

value-chains

Adapted and locally accepted genetic materials

Dual Purpose(Strategic to FNS)

Tombouctou

Gao

Kidal

MoptiSegou

Sikasso

Koulikoro

Kayes

1. Segou region (Irrigated Perimeter of Niono and Rice Office project)

2. Koulikoro region (OPIB) /Tomato and OHVN Zones

3. Mopti region (Bandiagara)/shallot

4 major production zones:

FNS Opportunities in Mali- Vegetable sub-sector – Main production zones

Tombouctou

Gao

Kidal

MoptiSegou

Sikasso

KoulikoroKayes

4 major production zones:

Secondary production zones Kayes region (irrigated perimeter Senegal river valley)

Village community gardens / FBOs scattered in the country and supervised or not by local or international NGOs

Sikasso (Potato and sweet Potato

FNS Opportunities in Mali- Vegetable sub-sector – Secondary production zones

SOME POPULAR PROCESSED VEGETABLE PRODUCTS

Dry whole pepper

Dry Crushed Corchorus

Dry okra slices Broken okra Okra powder

Dry whole Corchorus

Dry Shallot slices

Dry Ground hot pepper

FNS Opportunities in Mali- Vegetable sub-sector – Locally processed vegetables [Photos by S. Dagnoko]

FNS Opportunities in Mali- Livestock sub-sector

Cash income Sources of proteins Sources of Iron Sources of Ca Year round

production 04 dimensions FS

Cattle (6.8 million), CPS07 Sheep (7.2 million),

CPS07 Goat (8.3 million) CPS07 Pigs (84,600), CPS07 Poultry (42 million) (FAO,

2013)

Living animals Draught animal

>340,000 rural hh.

Cattle/Donkeys Skins and leather Meat (56,584MT in

2012) Milk (529 million

liter in 2012

62 Billion CFA F (NFSP) > Skins and leather Living animals Export countries

Cote d’Ivoire Ghana Senegal Algeria Nigeria Sierra Leone Guinea Benin

Export marketLivestock products

Species available

Dual Purpose(Strategic to FNS)

FNS Opportunities in Mali- Potential of the Seed Sector

• Seed is strategic to FNS• High performing varieties• Climate smart varieties• Quality seeds• Limiting factor to sovereignty• Cereal Seeds• Vegetable seeds• Forage Seeds• Public – private Partnership• Private – private Partnership

Commercial certified (R1) Seed Need versus Supply, Mali 2013-2014

Maize Rice Sorghum Millet Cowpea Groundnut

Area (ha) 600,000 500,000 1,200,000 1,500,000 186,166 402,864

TNCS (t) 15,750 37,400 8,336 9,000 ? ?

PNCS (t) 5,512 14,265 2,501 2,488 ? ?

Supply (t) 470.9 1,282.0 213.3 60.3 14.4 21.2

% Supply _TNCS 2.99 3.43 2.56 0.67 - -

% Supply_PNCS 8.54 8.99 8.53 2.42 - -

% Variance _Practical 91.46 91.01 91.47 97.58 - -Table source: WASP, 2014 Data source: Areas: IER/WASP Seed production planning Workshop, Dec 2013Supply: LABOSEM (National Seed Certification Agency) Statistics, cropping season 2014-2015Other data: WASP, 2013-2014TNCS: Theoretical Need for Commercial SeedPNCS: Practical Need for Commercial Seed (the part of TNCS that is interest to the private sector)

Food and Nutrition InsecurityFood insecurity

Nb. hungry people: 02 Million (2004 – 2006) 01 Million (2007-2009) 01 Million (2012)

Percent hungry people: 25% (2004 – 2006) 10% (2007-2009) 8% (2012)

Data source: World Bank, 2012

Regional disparities: 166 most vulnerable communes

Seasonal disparities: Hungry season versus post-harvest season or normal versus abnormal years

Nutrition insecurityChildren < 5 Years

Wasting (Acute malnutrition): 12%

Stunting: (Chronic malnutrition): 29.3%

Regional disparities: Sikasso, Tombouctou, Mopti and Kayes most affected

Data source: SMART (2015)

Nutrition insecurityWomen 15 – 49 Years

Wasting (Acute malnutrition): 8.4%

Overweight: 20.2 %

Normal weight: 71.5%

Regional disparities Koulikoro, Kayes, Mopti and

Gao most affected by wasting Tombouctou, Bamako, and

Gao most affected by overweight.

Data source: SMART (2015)

• Unfavorable agro-climatic conditions Low amounts of rainfall in most

areas Large fluctuations in rainfall

distribution among regions

NATURAL CAUSES

• Unfavorable agro-climatic conditions Large fluctuations in annual

rainfall distribution Erratic beginning of rainy season Erratic ending of rains Terminal drought often leading to

zero harvest Drought spells at any time during

the rainy season Poor soil fertility

NATURAL CAUSES

0200400600800

100012001400

Year

Bengou Samanko Sotuba

Data source: ICRISAT, IER, INRAN

Fluctuation in the amount of rainfall at two locations of Mali (Samanko and Sotuba) and at Bengou (Niger) from 1991 to 2006

• Incidence of poverty• 55.6% in 2001 (WB, Sept 2015)• 47.5% in 2006 (WB, Sept. 2015)• 43.6% in 2010 (WB, Sept 2015)• 51% in rural areas• Contribution of rural pop: 81%

CAUSES RELATED

TO MONETARY POVERTY

• Low use of improved technologies• Good agricultural practices• Quality seed of improved varieties• Good post-harvest management practices• Processing and transformation• Infrastructure and equipment for production,

processing and transformation• Low use of input fertilizers• Poor access to markets• Low credit access• Fragmented weak capacity of the

private sector

CAUSES RELATED TO

FOOD PRODUCTION

CaCadreCa

Natio

nal

Food

Secu

rity

Stra

tegy

Agriculture

orientation

LawAgri

cultu

re

Develo

pmen

t Poli

cy

National Nutrition

Policy

National

Strategy for

Infant and child

Nutrition

Social and Sanitary Development Program

National

Policy for Non-

Transmissible

Diseases

National Seed Policy

Poverty ReductionAgricultural production

Food and Nutrition Security

Strategic Framework for

Growth and Poverty Reduction

FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY

Agriculture policies/programs Nutrition policies/programs

Family farmingRural entrepreneurship

Youth/women

Intensification/DiversificationValue-chains

Center of specializationInfrastructure and equipment

Availability Accessibility Utilization

Stability

ProcessingTransformation

CompetitivenessRegional market

integration

Credit assistanceRural insurance

National Seed stockFood sovereignty

Non-transmissible diseasesMalaria/HIV/AIDChild and infant

Women 15-49

Promotion of traditional food and nutrition

habits/Culinary habits

Vulnerable regions

The institutional FrameworkFS Specific

Components6. National FS Council

5. FS Technical and Coordinating Committee

4. Food Security Commission

3. Regional FS Committee

2. District FS committee

1. Community FS Committee

Services /Tools of the Food

Security Commission

Technical Secretariat of the Food Security Commission

System d’Alerte Précoce [SAP]

Office des Produits Agricole du Mali [OPAM]

Observatoire du Marche Agricole [OMA]

Sectoral Institutions

National Directorate of Agriculture

ND for Animal Production and Industries

National Directorate of Health N. Division

National Public Health Research Institute

National Agency for Food Safety

Ministry of Education

APCAM

FBOs/Women organizations

Private Sector

• Mali has tremendous opportunities for increasing its agricultural production and productivity, and thereby FNS outcomes

• Despite these opportunities, FNS remains a concern with 8% of its population suffering from hunger in more than 166 communes

• Acute and chronic malnutrition [AM & CM] are prevailing especially among children under five [AM 12%, CM 29%]

• Regions of Sikasso, Tombouctou, Kayes, and Mopti are the most affected by AM and CM

Summary of the

Findings/ The

Problem and root causes

• AM and overweight are also prevailing among women of 15-49.

• Regions of Koulikoro, Kayes, Mopti, and Gao are the most affected by AM while Bamako, Tombouctou, and Gao are the most affected by overweighting

• These conditions are due to natural causes pertaining to the prevailing climatic conditions and patterns, poverty, and food production systems

Summary of the

Findings/ The

Problem and root causes

• Key commodities such as rice, millet, sorghum, maize, cowpea, groundnut, vegetables, and livestock can be further improved to achieve FNS outcomes.

• The regional market of WA offers more than 300 million consumers for marketing of the commodities and thereby generating cash income and reducing poverty

• Policies, Programs, stakeholders, and institutional framework is in place for addressing FNS issues

• The institutional framework has a more vertical structure between its components, making it difficult to efficiently coordinate, implement, monitor and evaluate the FNS interventions

• Agriculture and Nutrition Nexus is more visible at the level of accessibility, Utilization, and Stability but less visible at the level of food availability

Summary of the

Findings/ Instruments and Tools

• Interventions are needed to strengthen the Agriculture – Nutrition Nexus. Possible entry points include:

• Commodities that have dual purpose or triple purpose use (cash income, nutrient rich, and calorie intake)

• Such commodities include vegetables, both exotic and indigenous, livestock products, rice, millet, sorghum, maize, cowpea, groundnut, fonio, and sesame

Conclusions & Recommendations/ Possible entry points

• Indeed quality seed of improved genetic materials is a key commodity to the success of the exploitation of the other commodities to improve Agriculture and Nutrition Nexus and thereby, FNS outcomes

• Interventions in seed must focus on the:• availability of improved germplasm

• availability and accessibility to sufficient quantities of breeder and foundation seeds

• capacity strengthening of both the private and public sector [human capital, technical competencies, infrastructures and equipment]

Conclusions &

Recommendations/

Possible entry points

• Involvement of women and youth is key to the success of the interventions and would help align with the guidelines of the prevailing policies and programs.

• Women being more visible in the production, processing, and marketing segments, intervention should be oriented towards those segments especially for lowland rice, groundnut, cowpea, vegetables, milk, fonio and sesame

• Interventions with women should be targeted to most vulnerable zones such as in Sikasso, and Kayes regions for lowland rice, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, and Bamako for fonio and sesame, and Sikasso and Koulikoro regions for maize.

Conclusions &

Recommendations/ Possible

entry points

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION