DAY 1Structure and Life Processes of Plants

Introduction to the Animal Body’s Structure and Function

Presented by : Franz Christian Irorita, 2012

Structure and Life Processes of Plants

Plant Structure and Function

Stems and Plant Transport

Growth Responses and Regulation

Plant Structure and Function

Tissue System Tissue Cell Types

Ground tissue system

Parenchyma tissueCollenchyma tissueSclerenchyma tissue

Parenchyma cellCollenchyma cellSclerenchyma cell

Vascular tissue system

Xylem

Phloem

TracheidsVessel elementsParenchyma cellsFibers

Sieve tube membersCompanion cellsParenchyma cellsFibers

Dermal tissue system

Epidermis

Periderm

Parenchyma cellsGuard CellsTrichomes

Cork cellsCork cambium cellsCork parenchyma

Tissue Systems

Ground Tissue System

-Responsible for photosynthesis, storage of nutrients and support.

-Parenchyma tissue-Collenchyma tissue-Schlerenchyma tissue

Parenchyma tissueConsists of living, actively

metabolizing cells with thin primary

cell walls responsible for storage,

secretion and photosynthesis,

located throughout the plant body.

Important : Parenchyma cells have

the ability to differentiate into other

kinds of cells.

Shown are potato parenchyma cells with starch grains.

Photo credits : www.sbs.utexas.ed/mauseth/weblab/webchap3par/chapter_3.htm

Collenchyma tissueComposed of living cells that

have

unevenly thickened primary cell

walls responsible for supporting

the

plant found just under the plant

epidermis.

Photo credits : http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/Resources/Botany/Cells%20and%20Tissues/Old%20lesson/Celery%20Petiole/Collenchyma.jpg.html

Sclerenchyma tissueComposed of cells that are dead

at

functional maturity, that have

both

thin primary cell walls and thick

secondary cell walls that are

responsible for strengthening the

plant body found throughout the

plant body.

Photo credits : http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-i/tissues-plants-animals/permanent-tissues.php

Sclerenchyma tissueComposed of two types of cells:

Sclerids

- short, cubical cells found in

the shells of nuts and in the

pits of stony fruits

- hard and inflexible

Fibers

- long, tapered cells that often

occur in patches, found in the

inner bark of flowering plants

- elastic

Photo credits : http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-i/tissues-plants-animals/permanent-tissues.php

Tissue Systems

Vascular Tissue System- Responsible for transporting the materials

and nutrients throughout the plant.

-Xylem-Phloem

Xylem Tissue

Photo credits : http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/28542/enlarge

-conducts water and dissolved

nutrient materials from the roots to

the stems and leaves. It also provides

structural support.

-xylem tissues are complex tissues;

they are made up of different kinds of

cells:

Tracheids, vessel elements, xylem

parenchyma cells and fibers.

Phloem Tissue

Photo credits : http://virtualplant.ru.ac.za/Main/GLOSSARY/Primary%20phloem.htm

-conducts food materials,

carbohydrates formed in

photosynthesis. Like the xylem tissue,

they also provide structural support.

-phloem tissues are also complex

tissues; they are also made up of

different kinds of cells:

Sieve tube members, companion

cells, fibers and phloem parenchyma

Tissue Systems

DermalTissue System

- Responsible for protecting the plant by providing a protective covering over plant parts. It also prevents dessication.

-Epidermis-Periderm

Epidermis Tissue

Photo credits : http://biology.touchspin.com/onion_epidermis.php

-composed of parenchyma cells with

scattered guard cells and outgrowths

called trichomes. It is responsible for

supporting the plant and preventing

water loss

-doesn’t have chloroplast

-secretes a waxy layer called cuticle

over the surface of the exterior walls

to prevent water loss

Periderm Tissue

Photo credits : http://web.itctel.com/plantanatomy/unit5.htm

-composed of cells that are dead at

functional maturity. It replaces

Epidermis tissues as the plant begins

to increase in girth. It composes the

outer barks of the older stems and

roots of the plant.

-composed of cork cells and cork

parenchyma cells whose cell walls are

impregnated with waterproof

materials. These cork cells prevent

disease-causing organisms to

penetrate to the plant.

Plant Structure and Function

Tissue System Tissue Cell Types

Ground tissue system

Parenchyma tissueCollenchyma tissueSclerenchyma tissue

Parenchyma cellCollenchyma cellSclerenchyma cell

Vascular tissue system

Xylem

Phloem

TracheidsVessel elementsParenchyma cellsFibers

Sieve tube membersCompanion cellsParenchyma cellsFibers

Dermal tissue system

Epidermis

Periderm

Parenchyma cellsGuard CellsTrichomes

Cork cellsCork cambium cellsCork parenchyma

Plant Transport

Xylem = water and minerals Phloem = sugar

Water potential , Tension-Cohesion Model, Root Pressure, Pressure Flow Hypothesis

Tension-Cohesion Model

1. The sun causes the water from the leaves to evaporate.

2. Transpiration occurs as water leaves the leaf.

3. Pressure is made because of the transpiration and the hydrogen bonding of the water molecules.

4. Cohesion between the water molecules maintains the water column.

5. Water is then “pulled” upward because of this.

Root Pressure

1. Minerals absorbed from the soil to the roots “push” the water upwards.

Note : The force of Root Pressure is not enough to bring the water to higher parts of the plant. The Tension-Cohesion model, however, can be used to explain how water reaches tall trees above 375 feet high.

Pressure Flow Hypothesis

1. “Source” cell (leaf) has high concentration of sugar.

2. Osmotic gradient (difference in concentration) is present between the “Source” and the “Sink”.

3. Water enters the “Source” cell. 4. Sugar moves through bulk flow from

“Source” to “Sink” by means of turgor pressure.

Plant Transport

Xylem = water and minerals Phloem = sugar

Water potential , Tension-Cohesion Model, Root Pressure, Pressure Flow Hypothesis

Growth Responses and Regulation

Environmental Cues that Elicit Plant Responses

Tropisms

Environmental Cues that Elicit Plant Response

Photoperiodism -Long Night Plants -Short Night Plants -Intermediate Day Plants -Day-Neutral Plants

Temperature

Photoperiodism

-response of a plant based on the length of daylight and darkness

-light is detected by a plant’s photoreceptor, a light-sensitive substance.

Simply put…

Short-Day plants flower during late summer and fall because there are long uninterrupted period of darkness.

Long-Day plants flower during spring and summer because of the shortened period of darkness.

Intermediate-Day plants flower when the length of daylight and darkness are equal.

Day-Neutral plants don’t just give a heck of the season.

Temperature

Plants have to be exposed to low temperature for a period of time. This is called vernalization.

Tropisms

-directional growth response to external stimulus causing a change in the position of a plant part. Phototropism Gravitropism Thigmotropism – ex. Vines and Makahiya Heliotropism – ex. Sunflowers

Growth Responses and Regulation

Environmental Cues that Elicit Plant Responses

Tropisms

Introduction to the Animal Body’s Structure and Function

Form fits function

Photo credits : http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/darkfieldgallery/mosquito.html

Photo credits : http://www.betterphoto.com/gallery/dynoGallDetail.asp?photoID=1705295

Introduction to the Animal Body’s Structure and Function

Homeostasis

Introduction to the Animal Body’s Structure and Function

Endotherms and Ectotherms

Introduction to the Animal Body’s Structure and Function

Stenohaline vs. Euryhaline

Introduction to the Animal Body’s Structure and Function

Organ Systems Digestive Excretory Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Respiratory Muscular Immune Reproductive

Questions?