Data Resource Management

Chapter # 5

• Illustrate each of the following concepts:– Logical data elements– Major types of databases– Data warehouses and data mining– Fundamental database structures– Database access methods– Database development

• Explain how database management software helps business professionals and supports the operations and management of a business.

Learning Objectives (continued)Learning Objectives (continued)

Learning Objectives

• Explain the importance of implementing data resource management processes and technologies in an organization.

• Understand the advantages of a database management approach to managing the data resources of a business.

Section I

• Technical Foundations of Database Management

• Levels of data– Character• Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol

or (byte) example a, C, 8, *

– Field• Groupings of characters• Represents an attribute of some entity• Example Lahore , Asim, 1200, 12/42008

Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

– Records• Related fields of data• Collection of attributes that describe an

entity• Fixed-length or variable-length• Example: name course grade

– Files • A single table may be referred to a flat

file• A group of related records• Classified by

– Primary use– Type of data– permanence

Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

– Database• Integrated collection of logically related data

elements• Combine records into a common pool of data

elements• Data is independent of the application

program using them and type of storage device

Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

Foundation Data Concepts

• Logical Data Elements

Database Structures

• A database is an integrated collection of logically related data elements. Five fundamental database structure:-

• Hierarchical– Treelike– One-to-many relationship– Used for structured, routine types of

transaction processing

Database Structures (continued)

• Network– More complex– Many-to-many relationship– More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc

requests well

• Relational– Data elements stored in simple tables– Can link data elements from various tables– Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at

processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models

• Relational operations– Select : to create a subset on given criteria– Join : two or more table– Project: join columns to construct specific report, or

answer question

– Tools: oracle , DB2, SQL, Access

Database Structures (continued)Database Structures (continued)

• Multi-Dimensional– A variation of the relational model– Cubes of data and cubes within cubes– Easy to understand– Popular for online analytical processing

(OLAP) applications

Database Structures (continued)Database Structures (continued)

Database Structures (Database Structures (Multi-DimensionalMulti-Dimensional))

• Object-oriented– Key technology of multimedia web-based

applications– Entity, attributes, and related operations

are combined in single object– Good for complex, high-volume

applications like graphics, audio, video– Web based applications and CAD

Database Structures (continued)Database Structures (continued)

Database Structures (continued)Database Structures (continued)

Evaluation of Database Structure

• Hierarchal: Basic and for routine types of transaction processing

• Network: more flexible, can handle data for more than one department

• Relational: easier to work easier to maintain, end user easily retrieve information

• Object oriented and Multidimensional models are growing steadily

Database Development

• Database administrators use the DDL (Data Definition Language) like Oracle 10g or IBM DB2

• Data dictionary– Directory containing metadata (data about data)

• Structure• Data elements• Interrelationships• Information regarding access and use• Maintenance & security issues

Database Development

• Data Planning & Database Design– Planning & Design Process• Top down planning process (figure 5-10)• Enterprise model• Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)• Data modeling

– Develop logical framework for the physical design

• Data Planning– Corporate planning and analysis function– Developing the overall data architecture

Section II

• Managing Data Resources

Data Resource Management

• A managerial activity• Applies information systems technology to

managing data resources to meet needs of business stakeholders.

• Data from internal operations and from external environment

• Each mouse click generate fresh piece of data, analyze each click for competitive advantage

Types of Databases

• Operational database– Supports business processes and

operations– Also called subject-area databases,

transaction databases, HR database, and production databases

Types of Databases (continued)

• Distributed– Replicated and distributed copies or parts of

databases on network servers at a variety of sites.

– Done to improve database performance and security• Storage requirements

– Primary challenge is data accuracy, – Replication and duplication

• External– Available for a fee from commercial

sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web, google

• Hypermedia– Hyperlinked pages of multimedia– XML,HTML

Types of Databases (continued)Types of Databases (continued)

Data Warehouses and Data Mining

• Data warehouse– Stores data extracted from operational,

external, or other databases of an organization

– Central source of “structured” data– May be subdivided into data marts– Metadata :data about data

Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)

• Data mining– A major use of data warehouse and

databases– Data is analyzed to reveal hidden

correlations, patterns, and trends• Perform market basket analysis• Find root cause of problems• Cross sell

Traditional File Processing

• Different application programs creates information• Organized in different file and in different ways• Too difficult, inflexible and too costly• No common application to retrieve

• Data redundancy :– wasted and inefficient storage of data

• Lack of Data integrity :– conflicted contents of files

• Updating: – adding and modifying records

Traditional file Processing

Database Management Approach

• Consolidates data records and objects into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs

• DBMS provides common interface between user and database

Database Management Approach (continued)

• Database Management System– Software interface between users and

databases that controls the development, use and maintenance of database

– Functions• Creation, • Maintenance the data quality,• and use of the database

Database Management Approach (continued)Database Management Approach (continued)

• Database Interrogation– Query• Supports ad hoc requests• Tells the software how you want to organize

the data• SQL queries• Graphical (GUI) & natural queries

– Boolean Logic• Consist of three logical operators

– AND, OR , NOT

– Report Generator• Turns results of query into a useable report

• Database Maintenance– Updating and correcting data

Database Management Approach (continued)Database Management Approach (continued)

• Application Development– Data manipulation language– Data entry screens, forms, reports, or

web pages

Database Management Approach (continued)Database Management Approach (continued)

Discussion Questions

• How should an e-business enterprise store, access, and distribute data & information about their internal operations & external environment?

• What roles do database management, data administration, and data planning play in managing data as a business resource?

Discussion Questions (continued)

• What are the advantages of a database management approach to organizing, accessing, and managing an organization’s data resources?

• What is the role of a database management system in an e-business information system?

Discussion Questions (continued)Discussion Questions (continued)

• Databases of information about a firm’s internal operations were formerly the only databases that were considered to be important to a business. What other kinds of databases are important for a business today?

• What are the benefits and limitations of the relational database model for business applications?

• Why is the object-oriented database model gaining acceptance for developing applications and managing the hypermedia databases at business websites?

• How have the Internet, intranets, extranets, and the World Wide Web affected the types and uses of data resources available to business end users?

Discussion Questions (continued)Discussion Questions (continued)

References

• James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems: 8th Ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin