data presentation using descriptive graphs introduction to business statistics, 5e...
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![Page 1: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Data Presentation
Using Descriptive Graphs
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 2: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Constructing a Frequency Distribution
1. Gather the data.
2. Arrange the data in an ordered array.
3. Select the number of classes.
4. Determine the class width.
5. Determine the class limits for each class.
6. Count the number of data items in each class.
7. Summarize into a frequency distribution table.Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 3: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Frequency Distribution
• Number of Classes (K) value chosen to best represent the data
• Class Width (CW)
range
number of classesH – LK
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 4: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Frequency Distribution for Continuous Data
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 5: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Frequency Distribution for Continuous Data
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 6: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Frequency Distribution for Discrete Data
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 7: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Histogram
A Histogram is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution for continuous data.
The height is proportional to the frequency of that class
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 8: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 9: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 10: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams were developed to summarize data without loss of information.
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 11: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Stem-and-Leaf DiagramsIllustration
Reports of the after-tax profits of 12 companies are(recorded as cents per dollar of revenue) asfollows:3.4, 4.5, 2.3, 2.7, 3.8, 5.9, 3.4, 4.7, 2.4, 4.1, 3.6, 5.1
Stem Leaf (unit = .1)
2345
3 4 74 4 6 81 5 7 1 9
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 12: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Stem-and-Leaf S
tem
L
eaf
( uni
t = . 1
)
2 3 4 5
3 4
74
4 6
81
5 7
1 9
By rotating the Stem-and-Leaf we get an image of the shape of the data.
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 13: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 2.9
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 14: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a graph that represents the shape of the data. It can be conceptualized as a connection of the midpoints of the classes at the height specified by the frequency.
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 15: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Relative Frequency Polygon
A relative frequency polygon is similar to a frequency polygon, except that the height is dictated by the relative frequency
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 16: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 2.17
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 17: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cumulative Frequencies
A Cumulative Frequency table provides information on the number of values that are less than the upper class limit.
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 18: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 19: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Bar Charts
• Bar Charts are used for graphical representation of Nominal and Ordinal data.
• As with a Histogram the height of the bar is proportional to the number of values in the category.
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 20: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 2.20
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 21: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Pie Chart
• The Pie Chart is an alternative to the Bar Chart for Nominal and Ordinal data.
• The proportion of the Pie represents the category’s percentage in the population or sample.
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 22: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Figure 2.23
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Deceptive Graphs
• If care is not taken in constructing graphs, the graph may not properly present the data.
• Also, Graphs can be purposely manipulated to provide false impressions of the data.
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 24: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Common Deceptive GraphsFigure 2.26
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 25: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Common Deceptive Graphs Figure 2.27
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 26: Data Presentation Using Descriptive Graphs Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000 South-Western College Publishing](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d5f5503460f94a40685/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Common Deceptive Graphs Figure 2.28
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur
(c)2000 South-Western College Publishing