In the name of Allah who is most beneficial and most merciful

Rules• You can ask question after completion of

topics.

• Your questions should be according to topic.

•Any misbehave during presentation would lead you to some serious actions like asked to leave the class room.

Topic Outline

• What is Pipelining?

• Types of Pipelining.

• What is Data Hazard?

• Types of Data Hazard.

• Solutions for Data Hazards.

Pipelining

• A technique used in advanced microprocessors where the microprocessor begins executing a second instruction before the first has been completed.

• That is, several instructions are in the pipeline simultaneously, each at a different processing stage.

Types of Pipelining

CONTROL HAZARD

DATAHAZARD

STRUCTURE

HAZARD

Pipelining

• A situation that prevent the starting next instruction in the next cycle

• They reduce speedup of pipeline execution

• Hazards can always be resolved by waiting

HAZARD

• Attempt to use item before it is ready

• Instruction depends on result of prior instruction still in the pipeline

DATA HAZARD@@

Any Questions???

Types of Data Hazard

RAW WAR WAW

DATA HAZARD

RAW(Read After Write)

• It is also known as TRUE DEPENDENCY .

• An instruction modifies a register or memory location

• Succeeding instruction reads data in that location

• Hazard if read takes place before write complete

Write After Read (RAW)

• It is also known as Anti dependency

• An instruction reads a register or memory location

• Succeeding instruction writes to location

• Hazard if write completes before read takes place

Write After Write (RAW)

• Two instructions both write to same location

•Hazard if writes take place in reverse of order intended sequence

Any Questions???

Problem with Data Hazard

Problem

• All the instructions after the ADD use the result of the ADD instruction (in R1). The ADD instruction writes the value of R1 in the WB stage .

• SUB instruction reads the value during ID stage (IDsub). This problem is called a data hazard

Two instruction with add and Sub using three register $sO(in addition) and $t2(in subtraction) =Destination Register

$tO , $t1 and $t3 are Read /Write RegisterWhile $sO is read/write register in Subtraction instruction

ID

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

IF ID EX MEM

16

add $s0 ,$t0,$t1

18

sub $t2, $s0 ,$t3 IF EX MEM

Ws0

WBRs0

new value of s0

Data hazard occur at this stage

Solution of Data Hazard

Solution

Data Hazards – Forwarding

• Key idea: connect new value directly to next stage

• Still read s0, but ignore in favor of new result

Forwarding-Data HazardA instruction goes into four state

Let two instruction Add $sO, $tO , $t1 Sub $t2, $sO ,$t3

How to avoid data hazard?

$sO registe

r

If we use this path as shown by arrow then we left the $sO register for

instruction SUB

Solution

• Usually solved by data or register forwarding (bypassing or short-circuiting). This is based on the fact that the data selected is not really used in ID but in the next stage: ALU.

• Forwarding works as follows: ALU result from EX/MEM buffer is always fed back to the ALU input keys. If the forwarding hardware detects that its source operand has a new value, the logic selects the newer result rather than the value read from the register file.

Any Question???