DATA HANDLIN

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INTRODUCTION

Data Handling is the way to maintain data in a database system. It involved extraction and transformation of data from one media to another.

Frequency distribution

In statistics, a frequency distribution is an arrangement of the values that one or more variables take in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.

Class intervals frequency

0-5 4

5-10 5

10-15 8

15-20 6

20-25 3

Total 26

Examples

Graphical representation of data includes:-

Bar graphs

Double bar graphs

Histogram

Pie charts

Bar graphA bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.

Bar charts are used for plotting discrete data which has discrete values and is not continuous. Some examples of discontinuous data include 'shoe size' or 'eye colour‘ , for which you would use a bar chart.

Examples

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Series 3

Double bar graphs

•  A double bar graph is a bar graph with two bars that compare two sets of data. Don't get too overwhelmed by the name. They really are simple to figure out when you look at them.

Examples

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Series 3Series 2

Histograms A histogram is graph that shows data points as they apply to various ranges. Imagine, if you will, a graph that shows ascending years on the column and the amount of beer sold monthly on the line.

Examples

Pie chartsA pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. When angles are measured with 1 turn as unit then a number of percent is identified with the same number of centiturns.

Examples

Sales

1st Qtr

2nd Qtr

3rd Qtr

4th Qtr

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