1. Presented By: Rajesh Kumar 2k10/CSE/60 4/18/2014 1

2. WAVES There are two types of waves 1) Radio wave 2) Micro wave 4/18/2014 2 3. Radio waves Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies from 300 GHz to as low as 3 KHz, and corresponding wavelengths from 1 millimeter to 100 kilometers. All other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light Used for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and other navigation systems, communications satellites 4/18/2014 3 4. Microwave Radio Relay Works Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point- to-point communication systems Microwave radio relays work to transmit both digital and analog signals. As such, it is capable of relaying information such as long distance calls and television signals to transmitters, which lay along the line of sight of the radio path. For microwave radio relay, radio waves are exchanged between two points using directional antennas to create a point of contact. 4/18/2014 4 5. What Seattleite Do ? Any thing which revolve around the earth is called Seattleite. Example: Moon is natural settle. Different satellites are used for the different purposes Example Commutations Seattleites, Military & Civilian Earth Observation Observation, Navigation Satellites, Weather satellites What is Seattleite ? Seattleite Boost up the signals 4/18/2014 5 6. 4/18/2014 6 7. Satellite Point to Point Link 4/18/2014 7 8. 4/18/2014 8 9. 4/18/2014 9 10. 4/18/2014 10 11. Microwave 4/18/2014 11 12. 4/18/2014 12 13. 4/18/2014 13 14. Wireless Propagation Line of Sight 15. Wireless Propagation Ground Wave 16. Wireless Propagation Sky Wave 17. How To Internet Work 27.01.2013Raja Kumar 4/18/2014 17 18. How To Internet Work 27.01.2013Raja Kumar 4/18/2014 18 19. 4/18/2014 19 20. How To Internet Work 4/18/2014 20 21. 4/18/2014 21 22. 4/18/2014 22 23. 4/18/2014 23 24. 4/18/2014 24 25. 4/18/2014 25 26. How To Dial Up Network Work? 4/18/2014 26 27. 4/18/2014 27 28. How To Computer Network Work? 4/18/2014 28 29. 4/18/2014 29 30. PORT NUMBER Port number is the identification of network program e.g. Server , Client. Server and client identified by its port number. 0-65535 server/ client can be run on single machine 0-1024 port numbers and reserved by the current operating system because many well known services installed on O.S and they may use port number under that range. 4/18/2014 30 31. PROTOCOLS Set of rules through which transfer data one place to an other place. Way of transfer data one place to an other place. The way , syntax or format , sequence of transferring or receiving data called protocol 4/18/2014 31 32. THE MOST USEFULL PROTOCOLS 1) Transport level protocol 2) Application level protocol 4/18/2014 32 33. APPLICATION LEVEL PROTOCOL FTP (File Transfer Protocol) TELENT FINGER SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) POP3 (Post Office Protocol Resiant) HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) RTP (Real Time Protocol) 4/18/2014 33 34. TRANSPORT LEVEL PROTOCOLS TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 4/18/2014 34 35. TCP vs. UDP TCP is connection oriented protocol e.g. SMS It makes single time (one) connection. It is important that connection and resources must be open. UDP is connectionless protocol Call , video call. Every packet transfer require new connection It is not import that connection and resource must open. 4/18/2014 35 36. TCP vs. UDP TCP is best for text data transmission. TCP provide acknowledgement. TCP is slow. TCP dont lose your data Perfect series of transmission/ order. Best for audio video data transfer. UDP dont have acknowledgement. UDP is fast. UDP may loss your data. Data may arrive at destination in different order as data travelling on network using different routes. 4/18/2014 36 37. TCP vs. UDP TCP uses streaming for transmission and receiving of data. TCP only support uncast IP address. It uses each and every time different bandwidth. UDP dont use I/O streaming for transmission and receiving data. UDP use multicast IP address of multicast transmission of data. One packet transfer thousand machine receive through using one bandwidth.4/18/2014 37 38. NOTE Do change in application protocol instead of changing in the TCP and UDP protocol. 4/18/2014 38 39. Internet Protocols 4/18/2014 39 40. 4/18/2014 40 41. 4/18/2014 41 42. OSI MODEL 4/18/2014 42 43. 4/18/2014 43 44. 4/18/2014 44 45. 4/18/2014 45 46. 4/18/2014 46 47. 4/18/2014 47 48. 4/18/2014 48 49. 4/18/2014 49 50. 4/18/2014 50 51. 4/18/2014 51 52. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Transport Network Access Internet HTT P FT P SMT P DN S RI P SNM P SSL ASCII Sockets NetBIOS TCP UDP IPv4(ICMP, IGMP ) IPv6(ND, MLD, IC MPv6) Ethern et 802.11 Wireles s LAN Frame Relay ATM 53. 53 54. OSI 7 LEYER MODEL 4/18/2014 54 55. 4/18/2014 55 56. 4/18/2014 56 57. TCP /UDP are now install with operating system automatically Dos is TCP/IP based operating system. TCP/ UDP work on lower level protocol , work as binary Programmer work on high level protocol IP address itself a software. Every LAN card have different number or address 4/18/2014 57 58. TCP/IP MODEL 4/18/2014 58 59. 4/18/2014 59 60. 4/18/2014 60 61. SERVER Definition: Server provide listening state / facility due to its listening one can create heavy business servers in java as earlier development c/c++ programming. Server listening on particular number that number known port number. 0-65535 servers programs can be run on single machine. 0-1024 port numbers reserved by well known services which are normally default come with your operating system 4/18/2014 61 62. Well know services FTP HTTP FINGER SMTP POPS PING FILE etc. 4/18/2014 62 63. DNS There are two types of DNS. Local DNS Global DNS DNS is actually is a database server who maintain the IP address along with host name of system. DNS working same as hash table. DNS register the domain name. 4/18/2014 63 64. 4/18/2014 64 65. IP addresses and its classes It is numerical number assign for each device particularly in computer network. An IP address servers two principal function 1.host/ network interface identification 2.location address. IP address is 32 bit number introduced called internet version 4. IP address 128 bit IP version6. Each class coded into first 4 bits of the address. 4/18/2014 65 66. IP addresses and its classes 4/18/2014 66 67. 4/18/2014 67 68. IP addresses and its classes 4/18/2014 68 69. IP addresses and its classes 4/18/2014 69 70. IP addresses and its classes UNICAST: class A , class B, class C MULTICAST: class D class E reserved for the future experiment purpose. 4/18/2014 70 71. Why IP address divided into classes? Because they can be assign to a particular business , government or other entity based on size and need. 4/18/2014 71 72. Class A: These are reserved for very large network like huge international company. Class B: These are reserved for medium size network like university campus. Class C: These are typically use for small business. Class D: These are used for multicast , enable a message to transmit to a group of hosts instead of having to address to send message to each group member 4/18/2014 72 73. 4/18/2014 73 74. 4/18/2014 74 75. Sub Net Masking 4/18/2014 75 76. Sub Net Masking 4/18/2014 76 77. 4/18/2014 77 78. 4/18/2014 78 79. MULTICAST Broadcast: Source is one destination is all nodes Multicast: Source is one destination is few. IP multicast refers to the implementation of multicast communication in the internet. Multicasting is not connection oriented. IP multicast group is identified by class D addresses. Applications: news, sports, weather, updates, stocks, distance learning distributive interactive gaming routing updates, service location Teleconferencing (audio , video ,shared white boarded , text editor) 4/18/2014 79 80. MULTICAST Three essential component of multicast addresses. IP multicast addressing IP group management multicast routing. IP multicasting only support UDP as higher layer. There is no multicast TCP 4/18/2014 80 81. Multicast Packet Sent Using Router 4/18/2014 81 82. What Is Router Routers is the device which forwards the data packet to the shortest route towards decantation in computer network Router converts the class A to Another class address Router Boost up the signals 4/18/2014 82 83. 4/18/2014 83 84. 4/18/2014 84 85. Network Firewall Definition: A network protects a computer network from unauthorized access. Network firewalls may be hardware devices, software programs, or a combination of the two. Network firewalls guard an internal computer network used to help keep a network secure control the incoming and outgoing network traffic. 4/18/2014 85 86. 4/18/2014 86 87. 4/18/2014 87 88. 4/18/2014 88 89. 4/18/2014 89 90. Blocked Streaming Blocked URLs Better to close Block Every thing Access Denied 4/18/2014 90 91. BLOCKED Can't Access 4/18/2014 91 92. How To Network Switches Work 4/18/2014 92 93. 4/18/2014 93 94. Multicast Windows OS do not provide a way through which one can multi cast IP address Multiple System may have some Multicast ip address Bandwidth will reserve only one packet even it will sanded to thousands of machine Single packet will reserve bandwidth of one packet even it send to thousands of system. 4/18/2014 94 95. How to Assign Multicast Ip Address To a System? Using network program 4/18/2014 95 96. Proxy Server 4/18/2014 96 97. Proxy Server Working with client as well as server Proxy server receive requests from the client machine and the proxy some request transfer from the internet machine Firewall is extra feature of proxy 4/18/2014 97 98. Client Server Model 4/18/2014 98 99. Client Server Model 4/18/2014 99 100. Peer To Peer Model 4/18/2014 100 101. Hybrid Model 4/18/2014 101 102. LANs and WANs Local Area Networks (LAN) Wide Area Networks (WAN) There are two broad categories of networks: 4/18/2014 102 103. Local Area Networks (LAN) 4/18/2014 103 104. Wide Area Networks (MAN) 4/18/2014 104 105. Local Area Networks (LANs) usually owned by the organization that is using the network to interconnect equipment key elements: topology transmission medium wiring layout medium access control 4/18/2014 105 106. 4/18/2014 106 107. Network Topology By Topology / Physical Connectivity Choice affects Network performance Network size Network collision detection BUS STAR RING TREE MESH 108. Bus Topology Also called linear bus One wire connects all nodes Terminator ends the wires Nodes must wait for token to send Easy to setup Small amount of wire Advantages 4/18/2014 108 Slow Easy to crash Disadvantages 109. Send data to PC3 Receive d data from PC4 Discar d Discar d 110. 4/18/2014 110 111. 4/18/2014 111 112. Ring Topology a closed loop of repeaters joined by point- to-point links receive data on one link & retransmit on another links unidirectional stations attach to repeaters data transmitted in frames circulate past all stations destination recognizes address and copies frame frame circulates back to source where it is removed medium access control determines when a station can insert frame4/18/2014 112 113. Ring Topology Nodes connected in a circle Tokens used to transmit data Nodes must wait for token to send Nodes must wait for token to send Time to send data is known No data collisions Advantages 4/18/2014 113 Slow Lots of cable Disadvantages 114. Send data to PC4 Receive d data from PC1 Reached at source station Data not for this PC Data not for this PC 115. Ring Tapology 4/18/2014 115 116. Hub Send data Hub Hub Destro y 117. Star Topology each station connects to common central node usually via two point-to-point link one for transmission and one for reception operate in broadcast fashion physical star, logical bus only one station can transmit at a time (hub) can act as frame switch central node 4/18/2014 117 118. Star Topology All nodes connect to a hub Packets sent to hub Hub sends packet to destination Easy to setup One cable can not crash network Advantages 4/18/2014 118 Easy to setup One cable can not crash network Disadvantages 119. PC 5 Hub 120. Star Tapology 4/18/2014 120 121. Ring and Star Topologies Ring very high speed links over long distances potential of providing best throughput single link or repeater failure disables network Star uses natural layout of wiring in building best for short distances high data rates for small number of devices 4/18/2014 121 122. 4/18/2014 122 123. 4/18/2014 123 124. 4/18/2014 124 125. 4/18/2014 125 126. 4/18/2014 126 127. 4/18/2014 127 128. 4/18/2014 128 129. 4/18/2014 129 130. Many Paths are Possible, only one path are selected per call Telep hone Switc h Telep hone Switc h Telep hone Switc h Telep hone Switc h Telep hone Switc h Once a call established, all communication takes place on this path, or circuit. A circuit is dedicated to this call for the duration of the call 131. Many paths may be for a single communication as individual packets routed to a destination No fixed path established. Packets are routed according t the best path available at the time 132. = 53 byte cells 133. PC 5 Hub 134. When choosing the transmission media, these factors to be considered Transmission Rate Distances Cost and Ease of Installation Resistance to Environmental Conditions There are TWO types of transmission media Guided Media Unguided Media 4/18/2014 135 135. Air Vacuu m Seawate r Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber- Optical Cable Guided Media Unguided Media 136. Guided Transmission Media uses a "cabling" system that guides the data signals along a specific path. The data signals are bound by the "cabling" system. Guided Media is also known as Bound Media. There are THREE guided media commonly used: Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber 137. Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Cable consists of two copper wires, usually twisted around each other to cancel out any noise in the circuit Two main type of Twisted Pair Cabling: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) 4/18/2014 138 138. Protected the copper wire from physical damage Outer Jacket Protected the signals from interference Twisted Pair Electrically isolates wires from each other and identifies each pair Color- Coded Plastic Insulation 139. Protected the copper wire from physical damage Outer Jacket Protected the signals from interference Twisted Pair Overall Shield Pair Shields Electrically isolates wires from each other and identifies each pair Color- Coded Plastic Insulation 140. Plastic Jacket Metallic Shield Dielectri c Insulator Center Core 141. Graded-index fiber 125 m 50- 100 m Simple mode fiber 125 m -10m Step-index fiber Output pulse 380 m 200 m Index of refraction Input puls e 142. Black polyurethan e outer jacket Buffer jacket Strengt h membe r Silicon e coating Core (silica) Fiber-optic cable itself is composed of a core glass fiber surrounded by cladding. Cladding (silica) 143. Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media Frequency Range Typical Attenuation Typical Delay Repeater Spacing Twisted pair (with loading) 0 to 3.5 kHz 0.2 dB/km @ 1 kHz 50 s/km 2 km Twisted pairs (multi-pair cables) 0 to 1 MHz 0.7 dB/km @ 1 kHz 5 s/km 2 km Coaxial cable 0 to 500 MHz 7 dB/km @ 10 MHz 4 s/km 1 to 9 km Optical fiber 186 to 370 THz 0.2 to 0.5 dB/km 5 s/km 40 km 144 144. oUnguided transmission media are methods that allow the transmission of data without the use of physical means to define the path it takes. Unguided media provide a means for transmitting electromagnetic waves but do not guide them Unguided media, also called wireless communication, transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor; examples unguided media propagation through: Air Vacuum Seawater 145. There are TWO communication types: Simplex Duplex Half duplexThere are TWO 146. Simplex Simplex communication is permanent unidirectional communication. Some of the very first serial connections between computers were simplex connections. Simplex links are built so that the transmitter (the one talking) sends a signal and it's up to the receiving device (the listener) to figure out what was sent and to correctly do what it was told. No traffic is possible in the other direction across the same connection. 4/18/2014 147 147. Simplex Transmission Mode 148. High- density polyurethan e Jacket .9 diameter Metal armor Rip cord Inner sheat h Water- blocking tape Core tube Each of 12 ribbons has 24 fibers Dielectric strength number 149. 4/18/2014 152