data collection unit 3

8/8/2019 Data Collection Unit 3

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COLLECTION OF DATA

STEP- 5


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DATA COLLECTION

The facts expressed in quantitative form can be termed

as data.

The task of data collection begins after the researchproblem has been defined and research design has been

developed.

While deciding the method of data collection to be used

for the study, the researcher should keep in mind two

types of data viz., primary and secondary.


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PrimaryDataPrimaryData

The primary data are those which are collected afresh

and for the first time and thus happen to be original in

character.

The data used in a statistical study is collected under the

control and supervision of the investigation is referred

to as primary data.

Information that is developed or gathered by theresearcher specifically for the research project at hand.


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SecondaryDataSecondaryData

The secondary data are those which have already been

collected by someone else and which have already been

passed through the statistical process.

orWhen the data are not collected by the investigator but is

derived from other sources then such data is referred to

as secondary data.

information that has previously been gathered bysomeone other than the researcher and/or for some other

purpose than the research project at hand.


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DIFFERENCESBETWEEN PRIMARYDIFFERENCESBETWEEN PRIMARY

AND SECONDARY DATAAND SECONDARY DATA

1. Difference in originality

2. Difference in the suitability of

objectives

3. Difference in the cost of collection


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METHODSOF COLLECTING

PRIMARY DATA

1. Observation2. Interview

3. Questionnaire

4. Schedule


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SECONDARY DATA

Sources of unpublished data

1. Diaries

2. Letters3. Unpublished biographies

4. Autobiographies

Secondary data may either be published or

unpublished data.


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SECONDARY DATA

Sources of published data

1. Publications of central, state and local govt.

2. Publications of foreign govt. or international bodies and

their subsidiary organizations.3. Technical and trade journals

4. Books, magazines and newspapers

5. Reports and publications of various associations connected

with business and industry, banks, stock exchanges etc.

6. Reports prepared by research scholars, universities,

economists etc.

7. Public records and statistics

8. Historical documents


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1. OBSERVATION METHOD

In the Observation method the investigator asks no questions

but he simply observe or watch the participants or activities

in action and records the necessary data.

The information obtained under this method relates to what

is currently happening, which is collected by way of

investigators own direct observation without asking fromthe respondent.

METHODSOF COLLECTINGPRIMARY

DATA


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OBSERVATION METHOD

Types of observations

1. Structured vs Unstructured observation

2. Participant vs Non-participant observation

3. Controlled vs Uncontrolled observation

4. Disguised vs Non-disguised observation


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OBSERVATION METHOD

Advantages of observation method

1. Data is more reliable and free from respondent bias

2. Easy to note the effects of environmental influences

on specific outcomes

3. Easy to observe certain groups of individuals-veryyoung children, busy executives etc


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OBSERVATION METHOD

Disadvantages of observation method

1. Physical presence is a must

2. Tedious and expensive

3. Due to long periods of observation, observer

exhaustion could easily set in

4. Moods, feelings and attitude may affect the observation

5. Training is necessary


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2. INTERVIEW METHOD

Interview is a face-to-face interaction between two or

more persons for a particular purpose.

According to Scott, Interview is a purposeful

exchange of ideas, answering of questions and

communication between two or more persons.

METHODSOF COLLECTINGPRIMARY DATA


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TypesofInterviewTypesofInterview

1.1. StructuredStructured andand UnstructuredUnstructured InterviewInterview:: StructuredStructured inin

casecase ofof descriptivedescriptive andand causalcausal studystudy andand UnstructuredUnstructured inin

casecase ofof exploratoryexploratory studystudy

2. Focused Interview: It is mean to focus attention on thegiven experience of the respondent and its effects.

3. Clinical interview: It is concerned with the broad

underline feelings or motivation or with the course of

individuals life experience.

4. Non-directive interview: Its function is simply to

encourage the respondent to talk about the given topic

with a bare minimum of direct questioning.


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AdvantagesofInterviewMethod

1. Faster and Cheaper method

2. Easy and Flexible

3. Replies can be recorded

4. No field staff is required


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3. QuestionnaireMethod

It consists of number of question printed or

typed in a definite order on a form.

Used in case of big enquiries.

Free from bias of the interviewer.

Generally sent through mail.


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Tipsfor Designing thequestionnaireWhat are you trying to find out?

1. A good questionnaire is designed so that your results will

tell you what you want to find out.

2. Start by writing down what you are trying to do in a few

clear sentences, and design your questionnaire around

this.

How are you going to use the information?

1. There is no point conducting research if the results arent

going to be used make sure you know why you are

asking the questions in the first place. Make sure you

cover everything you will need when it come to analyzing

the answers.

e.g. Maybe you want to compare answers given by men and

women. You can only do this if youve remembered to record

the gender of each respondent on each questionnaire.


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Keep it short. In fact, quite often the shorter the better.

1. We are all busy, and as a general rule people are lesslikely to answer a long questionnaire than a short one.

2. If you are going to be asking your customers to answer

your questionnaire in-store, make sure the interview is

no longer than 10 minutes maximum (this will be about

10 to 15 questions).3. If your questionnaire is too long, try to remove some

questions. Read each question and ask, "How am I going

to use this information?" If you dont know, dont

include it!Use simple and direct language:

1. The questions must be clearly understood by the

respondent. The wording of a question should be simple

and to the point. Do not use uncommon words or long

sentences.


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Start with something general.

Respondents will be put-off and may even refuse to complete

your questionnaire if you ask questions that are too personal

at the start (e.g. questions about financial matters, age, even

whether or not they are married).

Do locate personal or confidential questions at the end of the

questionnaire. The early appearance of unsettling questionsmay result in respondents discontinuing the questionnaire.

Place the most important questions in the first half of the

questionnaire.

Respondents sometimes only complete part of aquestionnaire. By putting the most important items near the

beginning, the partially completed questionnaires will still

contain important information.


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Leave enough space to record the answers.

If you are going to include questions which may require along answer e.g. ask someone why they do a particular

thing, then make sure you leave enough room to write in

the possible answers. It sounds obvious, but its so often

overlooked!

Test your questionnaire on your colleagues (Pilot Study).

No matter how much time and effort you put into

designing your questionnaire, there is no substitute for

testing it. Complete some interviews with your colleaguesBEFORE you ask the real respondents. This will allow

you to time your questionnaire, make any final changes,

and get feedback from your colleagues.


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Do order categories. When response categories represent aprogression between a lower level of response and a higher

one, it is usually better to list them from the lower level to

the higher in left-to-right order, for example,

1) Never 2) Seldom 3) Occasionally 4) Frequently

Do ask responders to rate both positive and negative stimuli.

There is sometimes a difficulty when responders are asked

to rate items for which the general level of approval is high

(the "apple pie" problem). There is a tendency for

responders to mark every item at the same end of the scale.


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Avoid category increase. A typical question is the following:

Marital Status: 1) Single (Never married) 2) Married 3)

Widowed 4) Divorced 5) Separated

Avoid responses at the scale mid-point and neutral responses.

The use of neutral response positions had a basis in the pastwhen crude computational methods were unable to cope with

missing data. In such cases, non-responses were actually

replaced with neutral response values to avoid this problem.

The need for such a makeshift solution has long been

supplanted by improved computational methods. Consider thefollowing questionnaire item:

The instructor grades fairly. 1) Agree 4) Tend to disagree 2) Tend

to agree 5) Disagree 3) Undecided


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4.Schedules4.Schedules

It is like a questionnaire.

Performa containing a questionnaire being filled

by enumerators.

Enumerators ask question from respondent andrecord it in given space of the Performa.

Example: Population census


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DifferencebetweenQuestionnaireandDifferencebetweenQuestionnaireand

ScheduleSchedule1. Questionnaire can be sent via mail but schedule is doneonly personally

2. Questionnaire is cheaper method than schedule (for

schedule you have to move everywhere)

3. Questionnaire can be returned without answering all thequestions but, in schedule, enumerator ensures the filling

all the questions.

4. Questionnaire can be filled by anyone but schedule is

always filled by enumerator.

5. Respondent should be literate & co-operative in

Questionnaire but schedule can be filled by illiterate.


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6. Risk of incomplete & wrong information is more in

Questionnaire.7. Physical appearance of Questionnaire has to be attractive

but not such case is necessary with schedule.

8. Success of Questionnaire depends on its design but in

case of Schedule it depends on honesty & competency ofEnumerator.


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MeasurementMeasurement

Measurement in research consist of assigning

numbers to empirical events, objects or properties or

activities in fulfillment with a set of rules.

ScaleofMeasurementScaleofMeasurement

ScaleScale ofof measurementmeasurement refersrefers toto thethe unitsunits inin whichwhich aavariablevariable isis measuredmeasured..


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TypesofScaleTypesofScale

1. Nominal

2. Ordinal

3. Interval

4. Ratio


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1. NominalScale1. NominalScale

Lowest level of measurment

Scale values are only used as labels they just classify

sample units into categories

The coding may be assigned to the categories but they do

not reveal logical ordering.

e.g. sex: Male = 1, Female = 2

Type: Qualitative

Statistics: Frequencies/Percentage and Mode


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2. Ordinalscale2. Ordinalscale

Scale values indicate an order of magnitude (ranking) with

respect to the variable of interest

e.g. How do you evaluate class rooms at HHA

poor = 1, no opinion = 2, good = 3

Type: Qualitative

Statistics: Median and Range


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3. Intervalscale3. Intervalscale

Scale values indicate orders of magnitude as well as distance

(for most behavioral research, Interval scales are the highest

form of measurement) e.g. Average grade when entering

HHA

Type: Quantitative

Statistics: Mean and Standard Deviation/variance


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4. Ratioscale4. Ratioscale

Ratio scales have absolute quantities. Money and weight

are ratio scales, as they have an absolute zero as well as

interval properties.

e.g. Sales revenue in a sample of companies

Type: Quantitative

Statistics: Geometric Mean, Coefficient of Variation


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Likert Scales: Versatile format for measuring attitudes.

Please check the box that best represents your level of agreement ordisagreement with each of the following statements about downhill skiing:

Strongly Strongly

Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Disagree

Downhill skiing is...

exciting

dangerous

expensive

Can replace agree with importance satisfaction, interest

preference and other descriptors to fit the attitude you wish to measure.


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6. Rank Ordering: To measure preferences or priorities. Limit to short

lists.

Rank the following states in terms of your interest as possible traveldestinations for a summer vacation trip. (Place a 1 beside the stateyou would most like to visit, place a 2 besides your second choice, and a 3

beside your third choice.)

______ Michigan

______Wisconsin

______ Minnesota


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7. Filter Question. To screen for eligibility or knowledge prior to

asking other questions.

Did you stay overnight on your most recent trip?

NO YES

If Yes, How many nights did you spend away

from home? ________

To next question


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exciting ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ dull

expensive ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ inexpensive

safe ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ dangerous

8. Semantic Differential scale. Measure perception or image of something

using a set of polar adjectives.

For each of the characteristics listed below, mark an X on the line where you feel

downhill skiing falls with respect to that characteristic.

(Could repeat with cross country ski and snowmobiling and compare

perceptions; or Coke and Pepsi.

data collection unit 3

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