data collection and analysis sem ii 2014

8/18/2019 Data Collection and Analysis Sem II 2014

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Methods of Datacollection


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Primary andPrimary and

Secondary DataSecondary Data


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Primary Vs Secondary

Customized to

objectives

Time Consuming

Expensive

Usually not totally

relevant

Readily Accessible

Economical


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The Data Collection Process

All methods of collection require rigorous andsystematic design and execution that includes

thorough planningell considered development effective pilotingeighed modification

deliberate implementation and execution appropriate management and analysis


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Secondary Data Data gathered by another source (e.g.

research study, survey, interview) Secondary data is gathered BEFORE

primary data. !"# Because you want to $nd out what is

a%ready &nown about a sub'ect beoreyou dive into your own investigation.!"#

Because some o your uestions canpossib%y have been a%ready answeredby other investigators or authors. hy*reinvent the whee%+#


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Secondary Data Sources !ibrary" hard and electronic copies #

periodicals$ boo%s etc&

'nternet # search engines" (oogle$

)ahoo etc&Electronic *atabases" C*#R+,$

online$ in#house$ statistical etc&

Company 'nformationEncyclopedias$ -andboo%s etc&


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Primary DataData never gathered beoredvantage- $nd data you need to suit

your purposeDisadvantage- usua%%y more cost%y and

time consuming than co%%ectingsecondary data

o%%ected ater secondary data isco%%ected


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Primary Research Methods

Focus /roups 0 bring togetherrespondents with common characteristics

Observation 1 actua%%y view respondentsE2periment 1 contro%%ed variab%es and

respondent groups.3on1persona% survey 0 on site, te%ephone,

mai%, a2, computer, pane%4ersona% interview 1 one1on1one surveywith respondents


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Primary Sources of Data.uantitative" quantify research /urveys

.ualitative" tends to be less structuredand more in#depth Expert +pinion

0ersonal 'ntervies 1ocus (roups


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Constructing theQuestionnaire

Se%ect the correct types o uestions-open ended 0 harder to score but get

*richer+ inormation closed ended, dichotomous 0 o5er

two either6or responses (true6a%se7yes6no7 or6against

multiple choice 0 se%ect one or morethan one

scaled response 0 gather range o*va%ues+ (strong%y disagree, somewhatdisagree, neutra%, somewhat agree,strong%y agree


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Surveys

/urveying involves gathering information fromindividuals using a questionnaire

/urveys can

reach a large number of respondents generate standardized$ quantifiable$ empirical data #

as ell as some qualitative data and offer confidentiality 2 anonymity

*esigning survey instruments capable ofgenerating credible data$ hoever$ can bedifficult


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SurveysExplain hy research necessary

!imit number of questions

Use questions that produce

quantifiable ansers Avoid 3leading4 and 3ambiguous4

questions

/elect sample carefullyConsider piloting the survey


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Descriptive Research

1. Surveys

,ay be used to reveal

summary statistics by

shoing responses to all

possible questionnaireitems&

+ften provide leads in

identifying needed

changes

,ay be used to explore

relationships beteen 5

or more variables&


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Survey Forms

6ritten questionnaires

0ersonal intervies

Telephone intervies

Factors to be considered /ampling Type of population .uestion 1orm

.uestion Content Response rates Costs Available facilities !ength of data collection Computer assisted techniques

for data collection


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pen!"nded #uestions !imitations *epends on participant4s articulateness

*epends on intervieer4s recording ability

7 filtering and quic%ness Time consuming at the data collection

and data tabulation stages


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Closed!"nded #uestions Advantages Easy to anser

Require less effort by intervieer

,a%e collection and tabulation easier !ess intervieer and participant bias

Can compare from participant to

participant


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Closed!"nded #uestions !imitations -arder to develop

0rovide little opportunity for self#

expression or qualification Can provide a list of responses to

participants


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#uestion $ordin%Ensure ording simple$ direct$ and

familiar to all participants

Avoid ords ith vague or ambiguous

meanings Avoid double#barreled questions

Ensure instructions are clear


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Se&uence and 'ayout+pen ith an easy and non#

threatening question

.uestionnaire should flo smoothly

from one topic to the next0roceed from the general to the

specific

!ayout should be easy to follo


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(ntervie)in%

'ntervieing involves as%ing respondents a series ofopen#ended

questions 'ntervies can generate both standardized quantifiable

data$ and more in#depth qualitative data -oever$ the complexities of people and the

complexities of communication can create manyopportunities for miscommunication andmisinterpretation


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(ntervie) Types

'ntervies can range from formal to informal

structured to unstructured

can be one on one or involve groups


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*. Survey Form ! (ntervie)s

,ore time efficient Allo the researcher to establish a rapport

ith the respondent Allo the acquisition of more in#depth

information Allo for intervieer observation

Allo the intervieer to obtain visual cues,ay be personal or telephone intervies


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Conductin% (ntervie)s

6hen conducting your intervies you ill

need to question$ prompt$ and probe in ays that help you

gather rich data

actively listen and ma%e sense of hat is being

said manage the overall process


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(ntervie)s

'dentify intervieees0repare for the intervie

,a%e questions objective$

understandable$ and friendly6atch the time

End graciously


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Survey Form + Personal (ntervie)s

Disadvanta%es

Require more staff timeRequire more travel time


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Survey Form + Telephone (ntervie)

,dvanta%es

!ess expensive

!ess time#consuming

Disadvanta%es

!imited telephone access

!ac% of intervieer4s

ability to observe therespondent and obtain

visual cues


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Descriptive ResearchSurvey Form + Mailed #uestionnaires

Advantages Ability to reach large number

of people across a ide

geographic area

Ease and lo cost ofdistribution

,inimal amount of staff

required

Allos respondents to respond

in their time frame

*isadvantages

!oer response rate

8eed to design a survey

instrument ith a simpleformat


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bservation

+bservation relies on the researchers4 abilityto gather data though their senses # andallos researchers to document actual

behaviour rather than responses related tobehaviour


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The bservation Process

The observation process is sometimes

treated casually$ but is a method that needs

to be treated as rigorously as any other

The process should include planning$

observing$ recording$ reflecting$ and

authenticating


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bservational Research Methods

/tructured +bservations

Rigid and controlled

0redetermined methods

Unstructured +bservations Used to determine unselective$

detailed$ continuous

description of behavior&

*etects unintended effects

,ore time consuming because

of time and labor required to

collect and analyze sets of

extensive observations


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*evelop observation form

,ay be paper and pencil or electronic

,ay use a rating scale to evaluate behavior A 9#point rating scale is sufficient


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8eer ,ediated +bservation Techniques

Audio

:ideotape

Computers provide on#line monitoring ;process ofcapturing characteristics of the human#computer

interaction automatically< =eystro%e records

Audit trails !ogging data


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"-perimentation

Experimentation explores cause and effectrelationships by manipulating independentvariables in order to see if there is a

corresponding effect on a dependent variable


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"-perimentation

0ure experimentation requires both a controlled

environment and the use of a randomly

assigned control group

This can be difficult to achieve in human centredexperiments conducted in the real#orld


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Than% you

data collection and analysis sem ii 2014

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