data and technological citizenship: principled public interest governing

Data and Technological Citizenship:

Principled Public Interest Governing

GovMaker Conference Fredericton, New Brunswick

November 20, 2017

Dr. Tracey P. LauriaultCritical Media and Big DataSchool of Journalism and CommunicationCarleton University, Ottawa, ON, [email protected]@TraceyLauriaultORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1847-2738

mailto:[email protected]

Databased & Technological Society

Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, School of Journalism and Communication, Carleton University

Datafication

Data & Technological Society

Technology in the environment collects data

We are a

Databased & technological society

Are more than the unique arrangement of objective and politically neutral facts & things

&

they do not exist independently of ideas, techniques, technologies, systems, people and contexts regardless of them being presented

in that way

&

data are inseparable from their technological enablers – storage, computational power, network, ID, ubicomp/IOT –

infrastructure

Data & Technology are social constructions

Tracey P. Lauriault, 2012, Data, Infrastructures and Geographical Imaginations. Ph.D. Thesis,

Carleton University, Ottawa, http://curve.carleton.ca/theses/27431

Data & technology are an assemblage

Kitchin’s Data Assemblage, 2015

Material Platform

(infrastructure – hardware)

Code Platform

(operating system)

Code/algorithms

(software)

Data(base)

Interface

Reception/Operation

(user/usage)

Systems of thought

Forms of knowledge

Finance

Political economies

Governmentalities & legalities

Organisations and institutions

Subjectivities and communities

Marketplace

System/process

performs a task

Context

frames the system/task

Digital socio-technical assemblage

Algorithm Studies

Critical code studies

Software studies

Critical data studies

New media studies

game studies

Critical Social Science

Science Technology Studies

Platform studies Places

Practices

Flowline/Lifecycle

Surveillance studies

HCI, remediation studies

Framing Data

1. Technically

2. Ethically

3. Politically & economically

4. Spatial/Temporal

5. Philosophically

Data & technological citizenship


Agency

“Citizenship implies agency, but what is agency and how is agency possible in a technologically advanced society where so much of life is organized around technological systems commanded by experts?”

Andrew Feenberg, (2011)

Data & Technological Citizenship

• Agency = Capacity to act

• Capacity to act implies 3 conditions:

1. Knowledge

2. Power

3. Appropriate occasion to act

Politics – Citizen agency is the legitimate right and power to influence political events

Data & Technological politics

Feenberg (2011)

Data & technological context in government


Open Data Definitions

• 1959 Antarctic Treaty• 1992 - UNCED – Agenda 21 Chapter 40,

Information for Decision Making • 1996 Global Map• 2002 – UNCED – Ageda 21 + 10 Down To Earth • 2005 - Open Knowledge Foundation (OKNF) -

11 Principles (Licence specific) • 2007 GEOSS - Data Sharing Principles for the

Global Earth Observing System of Systems• 2007 - US Open Government Working Group -

8 principles of Open Government Data • 2007 Science Commons Protocol for

Implementing Open Access Data• 2007 Sunlight Foundation - 10 Principles for

Opening Up Government Information• 2007 OECD, Principles and Guidelines for

Access to Research Data from Public Funding

• 2008 OECD, Recommendations on Public Sector Information

• 2009 W3C - Publishing Open Government Data• 2010 Tim Berners-Lee 5 Star of Open Data• 2010 Panton Principles for Open Data in

Science• 2010 Ontario Information Privacy

Commissioner - 7 Principles• 2013 Open Economics Principles• US Association of Computing Machinery

(USACM) – Recommendations on Open Government

• American Library Association (ALA) – Access to Government Information Principles

• 2013 G8 Open Data Charter• 2015 International Open Data Charter

Earth Summit 1992, 2002

Agenda 21 – Chapter 40

INFORMATION FOR DECISION-MAKING

40.1. In sustainable development, everyone is a user and provider of information considered in the broad sense. That includes data, information, appropriately packaged experience and knowledge. The need for information arises at all levels, from that of senior decision makers at the national and international levels to the grass-roots and individual levels. The following two programme areas need to be implemented to ensure that decisions are based increasingly on sound information:

a. Bridging the data gap;

b. Improving information availability.

Data Communities

Research/scientific

Data

GovData

GeoDataPhysical

Sciences

AdminData

Public Sector Data

NGOs

Access to Data Open Data

Social

Sciences

2005

Operations Data

Infrastructural Data

Sensor Data

Social Media Data

AI/Machine Learning Data

Smart Open Data?2015

Private Sector

IOT

- Smart Cities

- Precision Agriculture

- Autonomous Cars

SM Platforms

Algorithms

P2P – Sharing Economy

Predictive Policing

Surveillance

Digital Labour

Drones

5GPublic/Private Sector Data?

Crowdsourcing

Citizen Science

Civic Teck

OCAP

Local and

Traditional

Knowledge

Digital Strategies

• Delivering faster, better and ‘consistently good’ • government services online to citizens • web bases government enterprise services for public

servants/administrators• Providing greater and easier access to government information

and resources on the multiple devices and platforms

• Enterprise-wide alignment and cost-effective use of information resources, and to promote and sustain a culture of innovation

Open

Platform

Open

data

Open

Source Open

Government

Digital Strategies


YesNo Maybe LikelyUnlikely

Digital

StrategiesOpen

Science

Smart Cities/

Precision Ag/

IoT Web

Services

Open Government

• “is about making government more accessible to everyone. This means giving greater access to government data and information to the …public and the businesses community”

• “is about creating a more open and transparent government for the people of…”

• “foster a global culture of open government that empowers and delivers for citizens, and advances the ideals of open and participatory 21st century government.

Digital

Strategies

Open

Platform Openness

Policy

Law

Open Government


YesNo MaybeUnlikely

Open

dataOpen

Science

Smart Cities/

Precision Ag/

IoT

Open

Government

Likely

Open Data

“is digital data that is made available with the technical and legal characteristics necessary for it to be freely used, reused, and redistributed by anyone, anytime, anywhere”

1. Access

2. Redistribution

3. Reuse

4. Absence of Technological Restriction

5. Attribution

6. Integrity

7. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups

8. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor

9. Distribution of License

10. License Must Not Be Specific to a Package

11. License Must Not Restrict the Distribution of Other Works

(Inernational Charter)

Digital

Strategies

Open

Platform

Open

Source

Open

Government

Open Data


YesNo MaybeUnlikely

Open

Science

Smart Cities/

Precision Ag/

IoT

Open

Data

Likely

Open Science

“Open Science is the practice of science in such a way that others can collaborate and contribute, where research data, lab notes and other research processes are freely available, under terms that enable reuse, redistribution and reproduction of the research and its underlying data and methods.”

https://www.fosteropenscience.eu

Digital

Strategies

Open

Science

Open

Platform

Open Source

Open

Government

Open Science


YesNo MaybeUnlikely

Smart Cities/

Precision Ag/

IoT

Open Data

Likely

Open Platform

Federal Geographic Data Platform

• Comprehensive collection & sharing of authoritative data

• Search, discovery, access, & visualization tools built once & reused many times, search once and find everything

• Common web-based environment enabling data integration, analysis, & visualization to support informed decision-making

• Shared governance & management of geospatial assets and capabilities, through operational standards & policies

2015…

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/canadas-spatial-data-

infrastructure/geospatial-communities/federal

Open Data

Open

ScienceOpen

Platform

Open Source

Open

Government

Open Platforms


YesNo MaybeUnlikely

Digital

Strategies

Smart Cities/

Precision Ag/

IoT

Likely

Smart Cities / Precision Agriculture

Digital

Strategies

Open

Data

Open

Science

Open

Platform

Open SourceOpen

Government

Smart Cities / Precision Ag. /IoT


YesNo MaybeUnlikely

Smart Cities/

Precision Ag/

IoT

Likely

Open DataDigital

Strategy

Open

Science

IoT Smart

City /

Prec. Ag.

Open

Platforms

Open

Source

Open

Gov’t

Integration

of

data and

TechnologiesAll levels

of

govern

ment

Data Brokers

They are consuming government open data & fuse them with big

data, and HQ may not be here!


Convergence of corporate surveillance & government

Dataveillance

What will be encoded?

Can food security & ecosystem farming be encoded locally?

Can we improve the quality of life of city residents?


Can we equalize access to transportation & have shared

ownership? What of the loss of autonomy and anonymity?


Reducing waste & recycling, energy efficiency, fair Labour

practices, mining in the congo, ability and right to repair.


What does predictive policing look like in a paramilitary context?

Who’s future is being managed & which bodies are being

managed? Should the smart city & predictive policing converge?

Who watches the watchers & the algorithm makers?

Labour, Robotics, AI



Data invisibilities, counting choices, data politics.

Public Interest

Law is underfunded

Rights & Principles

1. The right to remain natural, i.e. ‘merely’ biological and organic

2. The right to be inefficient if, when and where it defines our basic humanness

3. The right to disconnect4. The right to be, or remain anonymous5. The right to employ or engage people instead of

machines6. The right to data sovereignty7. Technological citizenship

What kind of technological society do

we want?


What kind of data based technological society do we want?

How do we act as a community of data and technological citizens for the public good?

What does data & technological governance look like?

How are open data & corporate responsibility related?

What do open & ecosystem based & local ‘smart’ sensored cities/farms look like?

Asking hard questions & debating critically & doing data politics about data & technological issues

Open

Data

Digital

Strategy

Open

Science

IoT

Smart

City /

Prec. Ag.

Open

Platforms

Open

Source

OpenGov’t

Civil Society

Private Sector

Academia

Journalism

All levels

of

govern

ment

General Data Protection Regulation

• Data Subjects

• Breach Notification

• Data Sovereignty

• Data Portability

• Right to Access

• Right to Explanation – Algorithms

• Right to Repair????


Conclusion


Capacity to act in a technological society?

Knowledge We do, but especially those of us who work with data, technology, policy, law and governance.PowerWe do, but especially those of us who have jobs, pensions, live in a safe country, who are educated, … Appropriate occasion to act (when & where)Here now!

Abstract

Canada is a data and technological society. There is no sector that is uninformed by data or unmediated by code, algorithms, software and infrastructure. Consider the Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and precision agriculture; or smart fisheries, forestry, and energy and of course governing. In a data based and technological society, leadership is the responsibility of all citizens, a parent, teacher, scholar, administrator, public servant, nurse and doctor, mayor and councillor, fisher, builder, business person, industrialist, MP, MLA, PM, and so on. In other words leadership is distributed and requires people power. This form of citizenship, according to Andrew Feenberg, Canada Research Chair in Philosophy of Technology, requires agency, knowledge and the capacity to act or power. In this GovMaker Keynote I will introduce the concept of technological citizenship, I will discuss what principled public interest governing might look like, and how we might go about critically applying philosophy in our daily practice. In terms of practice I will discuss innovative policy and regulation such as the right to repair movement, EU legislation such as the right to explanation, data subjects and the right to access and also data sovereignty from a globalization and an indigenous perspective.


CGDI Principles

1. Open:

enables better decision making, the CGDI is based on open, barrier-free data sharing and standards that allow users to exchange data.

2. Accessible:

allows users to access data and services seamlessly, despite any complexities of the underlying technology.

3. Evolving:

the network of organizations participating in the CGDI will continue to address new requirements and business applications for information and service delivery to their respective users.

4. Timely:

the CGDI is based on technologies and services that support timely or real-time access to information.

5. Sustainable:

is sustained by the contributions of the participating organizations and broad user community and through the infrastructure’s relevance to these groups.

6. Self-organizing

the CGDI enables various organizations to contribute geospatial information, services and applications, and guide the infrastructure’s development.

7. User and community driven

emphasizes the nurturing of and service to a broad user community. These users, including Canadians in general, will drive the CGDI’s development based on user requirements.

8. Closest to source

maximizes efficiency and quality by encouraging organizations closest to source to provide data and services. Thereby eliminating duplication and overlap.

9. Trustworthy

is continually enhanced to protect sensitive and proprietary data. The CGDI offers this protection through policies and mechanisms that enable data to be assessed for quality and trusted by users.

Source: : 2012, Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure Vision, Mission and Roadmap - The Way Forward DOI:10.4095/292417

data and technological citizenship: principled public interest governing

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