DESCRIPTIVE

STATISTICS

&

ASSUMPTIONS

Descriptive Statistics for 1 Variable

Qualitative Quantitative

ScaleNominal Ordinal

Descriptive Stats for Nominal Data

Summary Figure

Graphs Distribution

Mode

Dispersion

Shape

Centre

CoV

No

Bar Pie Frequency

Relative Frequency

Percentage

Descriptive Stats for Ordinal Data

Summary Figure

Graphs Distribution

MedianDispersio

n

Shape

Centre

Percentile

No

Bar Pie Frequency

Relative Frequency

Percentage

Descriptive Stats for Scale Data

Summary Figure

GraphsDistributio

n

Symmetric

Dispersion ShapeCentre

Standard Deviatio

n

Skewness

Histogram

1. Frequency2. Relative

Freq3. Percentag

e

Skewed Kurtosis

Mean MedianPlaty, Meso, Lepto

SymmetricSkewed (+, -)

Descriptive Statistics Through SPSS

Summary Figures

GraphsDistribution

Meth

ods

in

SPSS

Analysis (Descriptives)

Analysis (Frequency)

Analysis (Crosstabs)

Analysis (Tables)

Analysis (Tables)

Graph Buider

Analysis (Frequency)

Analysis (Crosstabs)

Split File & Analyze

Descriptive Statistics Through SPSS

Summary Figures

GraphsDistribution

Meth

ods

in

SPSS

Analysis (Descriptives)

Analysis (Frequency)

Analysis (Crosstabs)

Analysis (Tables)

Analysis (Tables)

Graph Buider

Analysis (Frequency)

Analysis (Crosstabs)

Split File & Analyze

Summary Figures Analysis (Descriptives)

Press

Summary Figures Analysis (Descriptives)

Check the Ones you

want

Press

Summary Figures Analysis (Descriptives)

Press

Summary Figures

Split File & Then Analyze (Descriptives)

Splitfile breaks the file into different parts.

Number of parts depend upon the qualitative variable used for

splitting. If Gender is used then there will be two groups.

What is Splitfile

Number of Groups

Analysis with

Splitfile ON Organize Output by Groups

Compare Groups

Summary Figures

Split File

Press

SORT CASES BY Gender.SPLIT FILE SEPARATE BY Gender.

Summary Figures

Tables with Quantitative & Qualitative Data

Summary Figures

Tables with Quantitative & Qualitative Data

Press

Descriptive Statistics Through SPSS

Summary Figures

GraphsDistribution

Meth

ods

in

SPSS

Analysis (Descriptives)

Analysis (Frequency)

Analysis (Crosstabs)

Analysis (Tables)

Analysis (Tables)

Graph Buider

Analysis (Frequency)

Analysis (Crosstabs)

Split File & Analyze

Distribution Analysis (Frequency)

Distribution Analysis (Frequency)

Distribution Analysis (Crosstabs)

Press

Distribution Analysis (Tables)

Descriptive Statistics Through SPSS

Summary Figures

GraphsDistribution

Meth

ods

in

SPSS

Analysis (Descriptives)

Analysis (Frequency)

Analysis (Crosstabs)

Analysis (Tables)

Analysis (Tables)

Graph Builder

Analysis (Frequency)

Analysis (Crosstabs)

Split File & Analyze

Graphs Graph Builder

Press

Press

CROSSTABULATION

Assumptions

NormalityHomogeneity of Variance

Independence

What

is it?

Pro

cedu

res

Data follows bell shape distribution

P-P Curve

Histogram

Q-Q Curve

Quantitities

Value of Variance is same for

different groups or …….

Levene’s Test

P-P CurveNormality

A graph between the cumulative probability of a variable against the cumulative

probability of a particular distribution. What is it?

ProcessData is

Ranked & Sorted

Expected Z Score

for Ranked

Data

Actual Z Score for Ranked

Data

Both the Variables

are Graphed

Expected Cumulative Probability

Actual Cumulative Probability

HistogramNormality

Graphical Presentation for the frequency distribution of quantitative data What is it?

ProcessGroup the data & get the frequency

for each group

Have the variable on x-axis with the interval and frequency on Y

axis

Quantitative Variable

Frequency

Skewness, KurtosisNormality

Measure of skewnessWhat is it?

Skewness

Kurtosis Measure of Peakdness or flatness of data

Positively Skewed

Skewness

Negatively Skewed

Symmetric

Mode

Media

nMean

Leptokurtic

Mesokurtic

Platykurtic

Measu

res

of

Shape

Skewness

Kurtosis

Positively Skewed (Sk > 0)

Negatively Skewed (Sk < 0)

Symmetric (Sk = 0)

Platykurtic (Kr< 0)

Mesokurtic (Kr=0)

Leptokurtic (Kr>0)

Skewness Kurtosis

Value

Standard Error in Value

Z-score of the Value

P Value

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov Sminov

Shapiro-Wilk

Methodology Compare Normal scores with the given scores

Non-Normal When tests are statistically significant

What is it?Homogeneity of

Variance

Male Female

Marks

Male Female

Marks

Same

Variance Different Variance

Levene’s TestHomogeneity of

Variance

Null Hypothesis Variances in different groups are

same

Process Compares the variances of

different groups

Significance means

Variances are different

Process in SPSS

Hypothesis Testing