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Darwin & Evolution
Change Happens…
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Evolution• History and prehistory are full of creation stories• People have always guessed at how they “got
here”
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Evolution• Greeks
o Hypothesized that form of the organism was related to its function
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Evolution• Charles Bonnet
o Because fossils rarely looked like modern organisms, there must have been catastrophes after which new life arose
o First to use the word “evolution”
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Evolution• Jean Baptiste Lamarck
o Believed :“fossils are ancestors”o Wrote: “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”o His work later influenced Darwin.
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Evolution- Lamarko Organisms strive to improve themselveso Most used structures develop & others waste
awayo Once a structure is modified it is inherited
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Evolution• Weismann
o Disproved inheritance of acquired characteristics with tests on mice
o Change in an individual’s life time does not get passed on
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Charles Darwin
• 1831 HMS Beagle sailed around the world• Arrived at the Galapagos Islands
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Charles Darwin• Intrigued by the variety of finches and their
adaptations to different islands
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Charles Darwin• Used Lyell’s geologic theory of slow and gradual
change.• Used the ideas of selective breeding for
domesticated animals
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Charles Darwin• Thought these processes of change must happen in
wild populations naturally
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Charles Darwin• Used Malthus’ Economic Principles:
o (Human) populations that exceed their resources will decline due to war, famine, disease, etc. this must also happen in the wild.
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Charles Darwin• Reasoned not all offspring would survive because it
would lead to overpopulation• The ones who were best able to access limited
resources would surviveCheck for errors
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Charles Darwin• The survivors would be the ones to reproduce and
pass down the traits that enabled it to survive• This ability is as important as survival itself!
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Challenged the popular belief at the time (creation/church)
• He held off on publishing it• Alfred Russell Wallace came up with a similar theory
after working in the Amazon and the Malaysia & Indonesia
• They published them together• Wallace gave Darwin all the credit• “Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
1. Overproduction: Not all young in each generation can survive (disease, starvation, predation, etc)
2. Genetic variation: There are variations in all populations that are passed on genetically
3. Struggle to Survive: Some variations are
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Remember!• Variation does not happen because of the
environment; it is independent and happens:o During genetic recombinationo Through random pairing of gameteso Because of genetic mutations
• A variation only becomes an adaptation when it is favorable in the current environment.
• When adaptation happens to all or some of a population, it can lead to speciation
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Speciation• When a population changes enough so that fertile
offspring are no longer produced with other members of the original specieso Pre – zygotic – when the species don’t mate to begin with:
• Wrong timing• Not attractive (looks, behavior, smell)• Wrong area
o Post – zygotic – when the two species mate, but offspring is not viable• Offspring does not come to full term• Offspring is sterile
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Divergent evolution• Descendants of a single ancestor diversify because
of changes geographic barriers.
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Adaptive Radiation• One species spreads
out to fill different available nicheso Hawaiian Honey Creepers
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Convergent Evolution• Analogous adaptations
occur in response to similar niches
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Coevolution• The adaptation of closely dependant organisms
over time
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Evolution• Can result in speciation – the formation of a new
species from an existing one