darwin core facility sampling report...pangaea (nt) pty ltd was granted permission to carry out...
TRANSCRIPT
Page | 1
Darwin Core Facility Sampling Report
Titleholder Pangaea (NT) Pty Ltd
Titles/Tenements EP167, EP168, EP169 and EP198
Corporate authors(s) Pangaea (NT) Pty Ltd
Target Commodity or
Commodities
Oil and gas
Date of report 15th May 2013
Date of Sampling 31st July – 3rd August 2012
Datum/Zone GDA 94 Zone 53
1:250 000 mapsheet Larrimah, Hodgson Downs, Victoria River Downs
Contact Details
Postal address
Todd Hoffman - Geoscientist
Level 50,
1 Farrer Place,
Governor Phillip Tower, Sydney NSW 2000
Fax +61 2 9017 9638
Phone +61 2 9017 9600
Email for further technical
details
Email for expenditure [email protected]
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ 2
TABLE OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 4
2. SAMPLE PREPARATION and ANALYTICAL METHODS ................................................... 7
2.1 Total Organic Carbon .............................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis .................................................................................................................. 9
2.3 X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy ............................................................................................... 9
2.4 Grain Volume and Grain Density ............................................................................................ 9
2.5 He-Boyles Porosity .................................................................................................................. 9
2.6 Steady-State Air Permeability ................................................................................................. 9
2.7 Anhydrous Kerogen Kinetics Analysis ................................................................................... 10
2.8 Thin Section Preparation....................................................................................................... 10
3. RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 10
4. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 11
APPENDIX 1 ........................................................................................................................ 12
CORE and GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................
APPENDIX 2 ....................................................................................................................... 15
TOC and ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS RESULTS ....................................................................................
APPENDIX 3: ......................................................................................................................131
CORE POROSITY, PERMEABILITY AND GRAIN DENSITY ................................................................
APPENDIX 4: .....................................................................................................................132
KINETICS .......................................................................................................................................
APPENDIX 5: .................................................................................................................... 137
XRD RESULTS ................................................................................................................................
APPENDIX 6: .....................................................................................................................144
Thin Sections ................................................................................................................................
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 MAP SHOWING PANGAEA (NT) TENEMENTS AND THE LOCATION OF WELLS SAMPLED AND
SIMPLIFIED TECTONIC FRAMEWORK. ............................................................................................. 5
FIGURE 2 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE MCARTHUR-BEETALOO BASIN. MODIFIED FROM PIETSCH ET AL
(PIETSCH, RAWLINGS ET AL. 1991). ................................................................................................ 6
FIGURE 3 COMPOSITE STRATIGRAPHY FOR VICTORIA-BIRRINDUDU BASIN. ........................................ 7
1. INTRODUCTION
Pangaea (NT) Pty Ltd was granted permission to carry out sampling of core at the Northern Territory
Department of Mines and Petroleum’s core facility in Darwin during July and August 2012. The
purpose of the sampling programme was three-fold; (1) to verify the existing Rock-Eval data sampled
from the Roper Group (Velkerri Formation) (Figure 2); (2) to model the kerogen conversion kinetics of
the organic-rich shale in the Velkerri Formation in Walton-2; and (3) as a preliminary assessment on the
reservoir quality in the Seale Sandstone (Figure 3).
A combination of five (5) mineral, petroleum and stratigraphic wells were sampled in total (Table 1).
The locations of the wells are illustrated in Figure 1. The sample collection procedure adhered to the
conditions set by the Geological Survey of Northern Territory.
In total, 68 samples were collected from the available core. This included 40 samples which were sent
to Core Laboratory Indonesia for Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE) and Total Organic Carbon analysis (TOC), five
(5) samples were analysed using X-Ray Diffraction Spectrometry (XRD) for Bulk and Clay Fraction, and
corresponding thin sections. 30 samples were analysed by Core Laboratory Perth for He-Boyles
Porosity, and a subset of 16 samples were further assessed for Steady-State Permeability. Kerogen
Conversion Kinetics was conducted by Weatherford Houston on one (1) Middle Velkerri shale sample
from Walton-2.
Appendix 1 illustrates the samples evaluated for core and/or geochemical analyses.
Table 1: List of wells sampled on Daly River, Victoria River and McArthur Basins.
Wells Assessed
1. Sever-1
2. Walton-2
3. 99VRNTGSDDH2 (DDH2)
4. 99VRNTGSDDH1 (DDH1)
5. DWD-1
Figure 1 Map showing Pangaea (NT) tenements and the location of wells sampled and simplified tectonic framework.
Page | 6
Figure 2 Stratigraphy of the McArthur-Beetaloo Basin. Modified from Pietsch et al (Pietsch, Rawlings et al. 1991).
Page | 7
Figure 3 Composite stratigraphy for Victoria-Birrindudu basin.
2. SAMPLE PREPARATION and ANALYTICAL METHODS
A total of 64 samples were selected for geochemical and conventional core analysis to infill the
existing database. Core samples from Sever-1 and DDH-1 wells were analysed for He-Boyles
Page | 8
Porosity and Air Steady-State Permeability. A selection of core samples from Sever-1 were
further analysed for Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), along with X-Ray
Diffraction Spectrometry (XRD) for Bulk and Clay Fraction. A total of five (5) thin sections were
prepared but not analysed.
All 17 core samples from DDH-2 and 15 core samples from DWD-1 were analysed for Rock-Eval
Pyrolysis and TOC. Kerogen Conversion Kinetics was conducted on one core sample from
Walton-2.
Appendix 1 illustrates in detail the samples that have been submitted for the various core and
geochemical analyses for each wells.
2.1 Total Organic Carbon
Total organic carbon (TOC) is a measurement of the organic richness of a rock in weight percent
organic carbon. Organic richness is the first requirement for an oil or gas source rock and used
as a screening technique to determine whether a sample merits further detailed analysis. The
organic carbon content is determined by combustion of the sample in the Rock-Eval 6 Analyser
(standard model S/N 18-001). Blank, standards and duplicates are routinely run to insure highly
reliable results.
The majority of the TOC work was obtained by pyrolysis using the Rock-Eval 6 Analyser by adding
pyrolyzed carbon and residual carbon. The pyrolyzed carbon is computed from: (1) the
hydrocarbon compounds released in peaks S1 and S2 (assuming they contain 83% of organic
carbon), (2) the CO released during pyrolysis up to 500°C (S3CO peak), and (3) the CO2 released
during pyrolysis up to 400°C (S3CO2 peak). To avoid interference by release of pyrolytic CO2 from
carbonate minerals such as siderite and ankerite, only the first part of the CO2 pyrolysis curve is
taken into account. Also, to avoid possible interference caused by Boudouard's reaction, where
the CO2 released early during carbonate decomposition can react with the residual carbon to
produce CO, the calculation for CO is limited to a temperature of 500°C. The residual carbon is
obtained during the oxidation phase by summing the organic carbon oxidized into CO (S4CO
peak) and CO2 up to 650°C (S4CO2 peak). At higher temperatures, there is no more CO
production and the CO2 comes generally from the decomposition of carbonates (calcite and
dolomite).
For five (5) of the core samples on Sever-1 that were submitted for XRD analysis, TOC content
was also obtained using the LECO method. The dried samples were pulverised and treated with
hot and cold hydrochloric acid to remove carbonates (inorganic carbon). After acid treatment,
the organic carbon content is determined by combustion of the sample in LECO WR 112 Carbon
Analyser.
A total of 40 samples were analysed for TOC content; 17 from DDH-2, 15 from DWD-1 and eight
(8) from Sever-1 where five (5) of which were obtained by LECO method.
Page | 9
2.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
Rock-Eval pyrolysis is used to identify the type and maturity of organic matter and to detect
petroleum potential in sediments. In summary, the four basic parameters obtained by pyrolysis
are S1 (the amount of free hydrocarbons), S2 (the potential to produce hydrocarbon), S3 (the
amount of oxygen in the kerogen) and Tmax (indication of the stage of maturation of the organic
matter, S2 maximum peak) (Tissot and Welte 1984). From these, the Hydrogen Index (S2/TOC x
100), Oxygen Index (S3/TOC x 100), Potential Yield (S1+S2) and Production Index (S1/(S1+S2))
can be calculated.
A total of 40 samples were submitted for RE; 17 from DDH2, 15 from DWD-1 and eight (8) from
Sever-1 wells. Each of the core samples were ground and homogenised prior to analysis.
2.3 X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy
Approximately 10 grams of representative sample is required for routine XRD analysis. The
sample is dried, disaggregated and then cleaned of hydrocarbons using chloroform and
methanol. The sample is gently crushed in a ceramic mortar using a rubber pestle, passed
through a 120-mesh sieve and then split into two equal portions for bulk and clay mineral XRD
analysis.
Five (5) samples from Sever-1 were submitted for XRD analysis on both the Bulk and Clay
content.
2.4 Grain Volume and Grain Density
The weight, diameter and length of the selected samples were measured before they were
processed through the Ultrapore™ porosimeter to determine grain volume by helium injection.
As a standard quality control measure, a calibration check plug was run after every fifth sample.
Grain density data was calculated from grain volume and sample weight data.
2.5 He-Boyles Porosity
Porosities were calculated using grain volume, combined with bulk volume by mercury
displacement (Archimedes).
A total of 30 core samples were submitted for porosity analysis; 18 from DDH-1 and 12 from
Sever-1.
2.6 Steady-State Air Permeability
Page | 10
Permeability measurements were made at a confining stress of 800psi (ambient) in the CMS-
300™ automated core measurement system (unsteady-state principle). Two standard check
plugs were run with each batch of plug samples.
A total of 30 core samples were submitted for permeability analysis; 18 from DDH-1 and 12 from
Sever-1.
2.7 Anhydrous Kerogen Kinetics Analysis
Source rock kinetics refers to the parameters that define the rates at which organic matter
(kerogen) thermally decomposes to form oil and/or gas over a range of temperatures.
The source rock kinetic measurements were derived using the Arrhenius equation, which defines
the rate at which a chemical reaction takes place. The formula is:
Where:
k = Reaction rate A = Arrhenius or frequency factor Ea = Activation energy T = Absolute temperature R = Universal gas constant e = natural logarithm base
The method involves heating isolated kerogen or extracted whole rock (if the TOC is sufficient) at
multiple heating rates (ie 1, 5, 15, 25, and 50 0C/minute) between 3000C and 6000C.
Three samples from the Middle Velkerri Formation in Walton-2 were submitted to be analysed
by Weatherford Houston (WFH). The samples were first screened by Rock-Eval to select one
sample with the highest-S2/lowest-S1 for kinetics analysis.
2.8 Thin Section Preparation
Five (5) thin sections of the size 39mm x 79mm with high pressure, blue dye impregnation with
no stain were made. No permanent cover slips were mounted. All samples were taken from
Sever-1 well from the Middle and Lower Velkerri Formation. The thin sections are shown in
Appendix 6.
3. RESULTS
See appendix 2 to 6 for the results of the core analysis.
Page | 11
4. REFERENCES
Tissot, B. P. and D. H. Welte (1984). Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. Berlin, Springer-Verlag
Page | 12
APPENDIX 1
CORE and GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Chips/Cores/SW
C/Plugs/Cuttings
He‐Boyles Porosity
Tran
scient Perm
XRD ‐ BOTH
Thin Section Preparation
TOC by Pyrolysis
Rockeval Pyrolysis
Kinetics (kerogen conversion kinetics)
Pangaea Lab ID Top Depth Lab
PRD1‐1 553.65 CLP Core X
PRD1‐2 556.24 CLP Core X
PRD1‐3 558.84 CLP Core X
PRD1‐4 561.71 CLP Core X
PRD1‐5 563.81 CLP Core X
PRD1‐6 565.84 CLP Core X
PRD1‐7 568.08 CLP Core X X
PRD1‐8 570.80 CLP Core X
PRD1‐9 572.60 CLP Core X X
PRD1‐10 575.50 CLP Core X X
PRD1‐11 576.10 CLP Core X X
PRD1‐12 576.80 CLP Core X X
PRD1‐13 578.10 CLP Core X X
PRD1‐14 579.10 CLP Core X X
PRD1‐15 581.65 CLP Core X
PRD1‐16 583.40 CLP Core X
PRD1‐17 585.90 CLP Core X X
PRD1‐18 588.10 CLP Core X
PRD2‐5 153.00 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐9 156.20 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐13 159.20 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐40 204.45 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐41 209.39 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐42 216.40 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐43 219.28 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐44 226.99 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐47 323.19 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐54 335.03 CLI Core X X
PRD2‐55 339.90 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐1 521.50 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐2 526.60 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐3 530.60 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐4 532.60 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐5 534.60 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐6 547.60 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐7 548.60 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐8 549.20 CLI Core X X
Chips/Cores/SW
C/Plugs/Cuttings
He‐Boyles Porosity
Tran
scient Perm
XRD ‐ BOTH
Thin Section Preparation
TOC by Pyrolysis
Rockeval Pyrolysis
Kinetics (kerogen conversion kinetics)
Pangaea Lab ID Top Depth Lab
PRDW‐9 550.20 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐10 559.30 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐11 561.40 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐12 563.10 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐13 564.10 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐14 564.60 CLI Core X X
PRDW‐15 566.30 CLI Core X X
PRSV‐1 288.58 CLP/CLI Core X
PRSV‐2 298.76 CLP/CLI Core X X
PRSV‐3 317.44 CLP/CLI Core X X
PRSV‐4 321.62 CLP/CLI Core X X
PRSV‐10 687.44 CLP/CLI Core X X X X X X
PRSV‐11 690.27 CLP/CLI Core X X X X X X
PRSV‐12 700.83 CLP/CLI Core X
PRSV‐22 918.80 CLP/CLI Core X X
PRSV‐26 1081.00 CLP/CLI Core X X
PRSV‐28 1150.00 CLP/CLI Core X X
PRSV‐29 1092.18 CLP/CLI Core X X X X X X
PRSV‐30 1093.02 CLP/CLI Core X X X X X X
PRSV‐31 193.58 CLP/CLI Core X X X X X X
PRSV‐32 1094.62 CLP/CLI Core X
PRSV‐33 1097.00 CLP/CLI Core X
PRWT‐1 307.15 WFH Core X X X
PRWT‐2 311.80 WFH Core X X X
PRWT‐3 314.67 WFH Core X X X
APPENDIX 2
TOC and ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS RESULTS
These analyses, opinions or interpretations are based on observations and materials supplied by the client to whom; and for whose exclusive and confidential use; this report is made. The interpretations or opinions expressed represent the best judgment of Core Laboratories, (all errors and omissions excepted); but Core Laboratories and its officers and employees, assume no responsibility and make no warranty or representations, as to the productivity, proper operations, or profitableness of any oil, gas or other mineral well or sand in connection with which such report is used or relied upon.
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
Prepared for: Pangaea Resources Pty Ltd
File No. Geochem-12225 (Batch III) May 2013
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 1
1.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 1
1.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE-6) 1 Geochemical Analytical Data Table
Table
Table 1 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and TOC Content
APPENDIX
Appendix 1 Rock-Eval Pyrograms
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD 1
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
This report presents the result and geochemical analytical procedures of a petroleum
geochemistry study performed on a suite of cores samples drilled by Pangaea Resources Pty
Ltd.
1.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Total organic carbon analysis measures the organic richness of a rock in weight percent organic
carbon. Organic richness is the first requirement for an oil or gas source rock. The analysis is
also used as a screening technique to determine which samples merit more detailed analysis.
The organic carbon content is determined by combustion of the sample in Rock-Eval 6
Analyser (standard model S/N 18-001). Blank, standards and duplicates are routinely run to
insure highly reliable results.
1.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE-6)
The Rock-Eval 6 Analyser (standard model S/N 18-001) provides a rapid (30min/sample)
source rock analysis on a small (50-70 mg) sample of rock by heating over temperature range
of 300-650 °C. The temperature was set to hold on 300 oC for 3 minutes and increase to 650
°C at 25 °C /min temperature rate. An industry standard (IFP 160000) is used as standard
sample for calibration. This analysis quickly evaluates the concentration of volatile and soluble
organic matter plus amount of pyrolysable organic matter is the sample and thermal maturity.
The results identify possible source and reservoir intervals on which more detailed analyses may
be performed.
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL DATA TABLE
Company : Pangaea Resources Pty LtdSample Type : CoresFile No. : Geochem-12225 (Batch III)
TABLE 1 ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS AND TOC CONTENT *
S1 S2 S3
0.42 0.06 0.07 0.15 368 0.46 0.13 17 360.37 0.05 0.06 0.19 330 0.45 0.11 16 510.39 0.06 0.07 0.20 443 0.46 0.13 18 510.45 0.08 0.10 0.18 341 0.44 0.18 22 400.05 0.02 0.05 0.19 455 0.29 0.07 100 3800.29 0.05 0.08 0.17 324 0.38 0.13 28 590.37 0.05 0.03 0.30 331 0.63 0.08 8 810.49 0.08 0.06 0.27 334 0.57 0.14 12 550.85 0.08 0.05 0.27 356 0.62 0.13 6 320.28 0.04 0.05 0.11 446 0.44 0.09 18 390.18 0.03 0.05 0.30 360 0.38 0.08 28 1670.22 0.04 0.09 0.17 599 0.31 0.13 41 770.33 0.04 0.05 0.25 319 0.44 0.09 15 760.50 0.04 0.06 0.15 440 0.40 0.10 12 300.54 0.04 0.07 0.12 365 0.36 0.11 13 220.23 0.04 0.07 0.13 338 0.36 0.11 30 570.20 0.07 0.10 0.12 498 0.41 0.17 50 600.18 0.06 0.12 0.12 608 0.33 0.18 67 670.17 0.03 0.09 0.20 609 0.25 0.12 53 1180.50 0.09 0.40 0.15 453 0.18 0.49 80 30
S1 = Free Hydrocarbons S2 = Pyrolysable Hydrocarbons S3 = Organic CO2
Oil Production Index = Transformation Ratio = S1/(S1+S2) Tmax = Temperature of Maximum S2 Oxygen Index = (S3/TOC) x 100* Pyrolysis and TOC content by Rock Eval 6 Hydrogen Index = (S2/TOC) x 100
Hydrogen Index
PRDW-1
mg/gm rock Oxygen Index
Tmax (°C)
Oil Production Index (OPI)
Potential Yield
(S1+S2)Sample ID
TOC (wt.%)
PRDW-15
PRDW-2PRDW-3PRDW-4PRDW-5PRDW-6PRDW-7PRDW-8PRDW-9
PRD2-42PRD2-43PRD2-44
PRDW-10PRDW-11PRDW-12
PRD2-41
PRDW-13PRDW-14
PRD2-40
Company : Pangaea Resources Pty LtdSample Type : CoresFile No. : Geochem-12225 (Batch III)
TABLE 1 (Cont'd) ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS AND TOC CONTENT *
S1 S2 S3
0.54 0.08 0.24 0.12 585 0.25 0.32 44 220.59 0.04 0.26 0.07 406 0.13 0.30 44 120.04 0.04 0.26 0.10 565 0.13 0.30 650 250
S1 = Free Hydrocarbons S2 = Pyrolysable Hydrocarbons S3 = Organic CO2
Oil Production Index = Transformation Ratio = S1/(S1+S2) Tmax = Temperature of Maximum S2 Oxygen Index = (S3/TOC) x 100* Pyrolysis and TOC content by Rock Eval 6 Hydrogen Index = (S2/TOC) x 100
PRD2-54PRD2-55
TOC (wt.%)
Hydrogen Index
PRD2-47
mg/gm rock Oxygen Index
Tmax (°C)
Oil Production Index (OPI)
Potential Yield
(S1+S2)Sample ID
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
Appendix 1
ROCK EVAL PYROGRAMS
These analyses, opinions or interpretations are based on observations and materials supplied by the client to whom; and for whose exclusive and confidential use; this report is made. The interpretations or opinions expressed represent the best judgment of Core Laboratories, (all errors and omissions excepted); but Core Laboratories and its officers and employees, assume no responsibility and make no warranty or representations, as to the productivity, proper operations, or profitableness of any oil, gas or other mineral well or sand in connection with which such report is used or relied upon.
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
Prepared for: Pangaea Resources Pty Ltd
File No. Geochem-12225 (Batch IV) May 2013
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 1
1.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 1
1.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE-6) 1 Geochemical Analytical Data Table
Table
Table 1 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and TOC Content
APPENDIX
Appendix 1 Rock-Eval Pyrograms
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD 1
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
This report presents the result and geochemical analytical procedures of a petroleum
geochemistry study performed on a suite of cores samples drilled by Pangaea Resources Pty
Ltd.
1.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Total organic carbon analysis measures the organic richness of a rock in weight percent organic
carbon. Organic richness is the first requirement for an oil or gas source rock. The analysis is
also used as a screening technique to determine which samples merit more detailed analysis.
The organic carbon content is determined by combustion of the sample in Rock-Eval 6
Analyser (standard model S/N 18-001). Blank, standards and duplicates are routinely run to
insure highly reliable results.
1.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE-6)
The Rock-Eval 6 Analyser (standard model S/N 18-001) provides a rapid (30min/sample)
source rock analysis on a small (50-70 mg) sample of rock by heating over temperature range
of 300-650 °C. The temperature was set to hold on 300 oC for 3 minutes and increase to 650
°C at 25 °C /min temperature rate. An industry standard (IFP 160000) is used as standard
sample for calibration. This analysis quickly evaluates the concentration of volatile and soluble
organic matter plus amount of pyrolysable organic matter is the sample and thermal maturity.
The results identify possible source and reservoir intervals on which more detailed analyses may
be performed.
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL DATA TABLE
Company : Pangaea Resources Pty LtdSample Type : CoresFile No. : Geochem-12225 (Batch IV)
TABLE 1 ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS AND TOC CONTENT *
S1 S2 S3
0.10 0.05 0.07 0.22 339 0.42 0.12 70 2200.09 0.06 0.08 0.22 348 0.43 0.14 89 2440.17 0.04 0.08 0.24 337 0.33 0.12 47 1410.29 0.13 0.12 0.20 323 0.52 0.25 41 690.21 0.17 0.13 0.24 313 0.57 0.30 62 1140.33 0.13 0.16 0.16 325 0.45 0.29 48 480.67 0.15 0.45 0.17 450 0.25 0.60 67 250.16 0.08 0.17 0.15 597 0.32 0.25 106 940.32 0.09 0.22 0.24 588 0.29 0.31 69 750.13 0.02 0.04 0.24 470 0.33 0.06 31 1852.70 0.11 0.25 0.15 569 0.31 0.36 9 61.93 0.06 0.17 0.09 576 0.26 0.23 9 5
S1 = Free Hydrocarbons S2 = Pyrolysable Hydrocarbons S3 = Organic CO2
Oil Production Index = Transformation Ratio = S1/(S1+S2) Tmax = Temperature of Maximum S2 Oxygen Index = (S3/TOC) x 100* Pyrolysis and TOC content by Rock Eval 6 Hydrogen Index = (S2/TOC) x 100
Sample ID
PRD2-43
Hydrogen Index
PRD2-5
mg/gm rock Oxygen Index
Tmax (°C)
Oil Production Index (OPI)
Potential Yield
(S1+S2)
TOC (wt.%)
PRD2-9
PRD2-37PRD2-39PRD2-40PRD2-41PRD2-42
PRD2-13
PRSV-22PRSV-26PRSV-28
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
Appendix 1
ROCK EVAL PYROGRAMS
These analyses, opinions or interpretations are based on observations and materials supplied by the client to whom; and for whose exclusive and confidential use; this report is made. The interpretations or opinions expressed represent the best judgment of Core Laboratories, (all errors and omissions excepted); but Core Laboratories and its officers and employees, assume no responsibility and make no warranty or representations, as to the productivity, proper operations, or profitableness of any oil, gas or other mineral well or sand in connection with which such report is used or relied upon.
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
Prepared for: Pangaea Resources Pty Ltd
File No. Geochem-12225 (Batch VII) May 2013
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 1
1.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 1
1.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE-6) 1 Geochemical Analytical Data Table
Table
Table 1 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and TOC Content
APPENDIX
Appendix 1 Rock-Eval Pyrograms
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD 1
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
This report presents the result and geochemical analytical procedures of a petroleum
geochemistry study performed on a suite of cores samples drilled by Pangaea Resources Pty
Ltd.
1.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Total organic carbon analysis measures the organic richness of a rock in weight percent organic
carbon. Organic richness is the first requirement for an oil or gas source rock. The analysis is
also used as a screening technique to determine which samples merit more detailed analysis.
The organic carbon content is determined by combustion of the sample in Rock-Eval 6
Analyser (standard model S/N 18-001). Blank, standards and duplicates are routinely run to
insure highly reliable results.
1.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE-6)
The Rock-Eval 6 Analyser (standard model S/N 18-001) provides a rapid (30min/sample)
source rock analysis on a small (50-70 mg) sample of rock by heating over temperature range
of 300-650 °C. The temperature was set to hold on 300 oC for 3 minutes and increase to 650
°C at 25 °C /min temperature rate. An industry standard (IFP 160000) is used as standard
sample for calibration. This analysis quickly evaluates the concentration of volatile and soluble
organic matter plus amount of pyrolysable organic matter is the sample and thermal maturity.
The results identify possible source and reservoir intervals on which more detailed analyses may
be performed.
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL DATA TABLE
Company : Pangaea Resources Pty LtdSample Type : CoresFile No. : Geochem-12225 (Batch VII)
TABLE 1 ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS AND TOC CONTENT *
S1 S2 S3
PRSV-10 (CL#23) / 687.44-687.56 m 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.12 548 0.46 0.26 140 120PRSV-11 (CL#24) / 690.27-690.40 m 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.14 512 0.48 0.25 144 156PRSV-29 (CL#26) / 1092.18-1092.27 m 0.12 0.09 0.23 0.04 546 0.28 0.32 192 33PRSV-30 (CL#27) / 1093.02-1093.12 m 0.29 0.10 0.28 0.08 607 0.26 0.38 97 28PRSV-31 (CL#28) / 1093.58-1093.71 m 0.21 0.07 0.14 0.12 603 0.33 0.21 67 57
S1 = Free Hydrocarbons S2 = Pyrolysable Hydrocarbons S3 = Organic CO2
Oil Production Index = Transformation Ratio = S1/(S1+S2) Tmax = Temperature of Maximum S2 Oxygen Index = (S3/TOC) x 100* Pyrolysis and TOC content by Rock Eval 6 Hydrogen Index = (S2/TOC) x 100
TOC (wt.%)
Sample ID/Depth (metres)Hydrogen
Indexmg/gm rock Oxygen
IndexTmax (°C)
Oil Production Index (OPI)
Potential Yield
(S1+S2)
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
Appendix 1
ROCK EVAL PYROGRAMS
These analyses, opinions or interpretations are based on observations and materials supplied by the client to whom; and for whose exclusive and confidential use; this report is made. The interpretations or opinions expressed represent the best judgment of Core Laboratories, (all errors and omissions excepted); but Core Laboratories and its officers and employees, assume no responsibility and make no warranty or representations, as to the productivity, proper operations, or profitableness of any oil, gas or other mineral well or sand in connection with which such report is used or relied upon.
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
Prepared for: Pangaea Resources Pty Ltd
File No. Geochem-12225 (Batch VII) May 2013
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 1
1.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 1
1.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE-6) 1 Geochemical Analytical Data Table
Table
Table 1 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and TOC Content
APPENDIX
Appendix 1 Rock-Eval Pyrograms
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD 1
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
This report presents the result and geochemical analytical procedures of a petroleum
geochemistry study performed on a suite of cores samples drilled by Pangaea Resources Pty
Ltd.
1.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Total organic carbon analysis measures the organic richness of a rock in weight percent organic
carbon. Organic richness is the first requirement for an oil or gas source rock. The analysis is
also used as a screening technique to determine which samples merit more detailed analysis.
The organic carbon content is determined by combustion of the sample in Rock-Eval 6
Analyser (standard model S/N 18-001). Blank, standards and duplicates are routinely run to
insure highly reliable results.
1.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis (RE-6)
The Rock-Eval 6 Analyser (standard model S/N 18-001) provides a rapid (30min/sample)
source rock analysis on a small (50-70 mg) sample of rock by heating over temperature range
of 300-650 °C. The temperature was set to hold on 300 oC for 3 minutes and increase to 650
°C at 25 °C /min temperature rate. An industry standard (IFP 160000) is used as standard
sample for calibration. This analysis quickly evaluates the concentration of volatile and soluble
organic matter plus amount of pyrolysable organic matter is the sample and thermal maturity.
The results identify possible source and reservoir intervals on which more detailed analyses may
be performed.
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL DATA TABLE
Company : Pangaea Resources Pty LtdSample Type : CoresFile No. : Geochem-12225 (Batch VII)
TABLE 1 ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS AND TOC CONTENT *
S1 S2 S3
PRSV-10 (CL#23) / 687.44-687.56 m 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.12 548 0.46 0.26 140 120PRSV-11 (CL#24) / 690.27-690.40 m 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.14 512 0.48 0.25 144 156PRSV-29 (CL#26) / 1092.18-1092.27 m 0.12 0.09 0.23 0.04 546 0.28 0.32 192 33PRSV-30 (CL#27) / 1093.02-1093.12 m 0.29 0.10 0.28 0.08 607 0.26 0.38 97 28PRSV-31 (CL#28) / 1093.58-1093.71 m 0.21 0.07 0.14 0.12 603 0.33 0.21 67 57
S1 = Free Hydrocarbons S2 = Pyrolysable Hydrocarbons S3 = Organic CO2
Oil Production Index = Transformation Ratio = S1/(S1+S2) Tmax = Temperature of Maximum S2 Oxygen Index = (S3/TOC) x 100* Pyrolysis and TOC content by Rock Eval 6 Hydrogen Index = (S2/TOC) x 100
TOC (wt.%)
Sample ID/Depth (metres)Hydrogen
Indexmg/gm rock Oxygen
IndexTmax (°C)
Oil Production Index (OPI)
Potential Yield
(S1+S2)
CORE LABORATORIES
PANGAEA RESOURCES PTY LTD
Appendix 1
ROCK EVAL PYROGRAMS
Page | 16
APPENDIX 3:
CORE POROSITY, PERMEABILITY AND GRAIN DENSITY
APPENDIX 4:
KINETICS
Kinetics Data Table: Discrete Model Results
Country: AUSTRALIA Sample ID: 3402650692
Kinetics Output Files: 0692D.OUT
Client ID: PRWT-2 Heating Rates 2, 5, 10, 25, 50
Well: Walton-2
Depth: 311.8
Discrete Model, Free A Results Discrete Model, Fixed A Results
Arrhenius Factor (/sec): 1.3858E+14 Arrhenius Factor (/sec): 1.00E+14
Ea (cal/mole) % of Reaction Ea (cal/mole) % of Reaction
41000 0.01 41000
42000 0.03 42000 0.11
43000 0.21 43000 0.06
44000 0.13 44000 0.43
45000 0.59 45000 0.49
46000 0.47 46000
47000 47000 1.34
48000 1.70 48000 0.48
49000 0.25 49000
50000 50000
51000 51000
52000 52000
53000 53000 29.23
54000 78.56 54000 58.59
55000 55000
56000 14.77 56000 3.87
57000 57000 4.15
58000 1.34 58000
59000 0.62 59000
60000 60000 0.03
61000 0.40 61000 0.53
62000 0.03 62000
63000 63000 0.14
64000 0.77 64000 0.55
65000 0.10 65000
Total: 100 Total: 100
Approximate Error (%): 0.06 Approximate Error (%): 0.06
Standard Error (cal/mole): 1019 Standard Error (cal/mole): 1019
Geochemical Data:
TOC (wt.%): na HI (mg HC/gTOC): na
S1 (mg HC/g Rock): 1.24 OI (mg CO2/gTOC): na
S2 (mg HC/g Rock): 13.03 S2/S3: 26
S3 (mg CO2/g Rock): 0.51 S1/TOC (mg HC/gTOC): na
Tmax (oC): 434 PI (S1/(S1+S2)): 0.09
Kinetics Data Table: Gaussian Model Results
Country: AUSTRALIA Sample ID: 3402650692
Kinetics Output Files: 0692D.OUT
Client ID: PRWT-2 Heating Rates 2, 5, 10, 25, 50
Well: Walton-2
Depth: 311.8
Distributed Gaussian Model Kinetics Distributed Gaussian Model Kinetics
(7 energy distribution) (15 energy distribution)
Arrhenius Factor (/sec): 4.4889E+12 Arrhenius Factor (/sec): 4.4889E+12
Ea (cal/mole) % of Reaction Ea (cal/mole) % of Reaction
49328 0.44 49328 0.19
49356 5.40 49340 0.63
49384 24.20 49352 1.72
49412 39.91 49364 3.94
49440 24.20 49376 7.49
49468 5.40 49388 11.86
49496 0.44 49400 15.62
49412 17.12
49424 15.62
49436 11.86
49448 7.49
49460 3.94
49472 1.72
49484 0.63
49496 0.19
Total: 100 Total: 100
Approximate Error (%): 0.06 Approximate Error (%): 0.06
Dist. Parameter (cal/mole): 28 Dist. Parameter (cal/mole): 28
Gaussian Model (n=1.00) Geochemical Data:
Arrhenius Factor (/sec): 4.4889E+12 TOC (wt.%): na
Act. Energy (cal/mole): 49412 S1 (mg HC/g Rock): 1.24
Dist. Parameter (cal/mole): 28 S2 (mg HC/g Rock): 13.03
S3 (mg CO2/g Rock): 0.51
Gaussian Model (best n) Tmax (oC): 434
Arrhenius Factor (/sec): 1.0109E+14
Act. Energy (cal/mole): 53632 HI (mg HC/gTOC): na
Dist. Parameter (cal/mole): 30 OI (mg CO2/gTOC): na
Reaction Order (n): 1.31 S2/S3: 26
S1/TOCx100 (mg HC/gTOC): na
PI (S1/(S1+S2)): 0.09
0 50 100 150 200
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
TR
AN
SF
OR
MA
TIO
N R
AT
IO (
%)
% R
o
TEMPERATURE (ºC)
TRANS. RATIO COMPUTED %Ro
COMPUTED TRANSFORMATION RATIOAND VITRINITE REFLECTANCE (%Ro)
USING A 3.3°C/million years CONSTANT HEATING RATE
0 50 100 150 200
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
GE
NE
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E
% R
o
TEMPERATURE (ºC)
GEN. RATE COMPUTED %Ro
COMPUTED GENERATION RATE CURVEAND VITRINITE REFLECTANCE (%Ro)
USING A 3.3°C/million years CONSTANT HEATING RATE
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
PE
RC
EN
T O
F R
EA
CT
ION
ACTIVATION ENERGY (kcal/mole)
A = 1.3858E+14/sec
DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVATION ENERGIES
0
9
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
CLIENT:
PROJECT:
SAMPLE TYPE:
WFT ID:
WELL:
CLIENT ID:
DEPTH:
TOC (%):
MODEL USED:
PANGAEA
BH-59899
Core
3402650692
Walton-2
PRWT-2
311.80
Discrete
CALCULATED RESULTS USING 3.3ºC/million years MODEL:
COMPUTED ONSET (10% TR) TEMPERATURE (ºC):
COMPUTED ONSET (10% TR) %Ro VALUE:
134
0.79
COMPUTED PEAK GENERATION TEMPERATURE (ºC):
COMPUTED PEAK GENERATION %Ro VALUE:
150
0.97
Weatherford Labs
KINETICS DATA GRAPHICAL REPORT SUMMARY
(DISCRETE MODEL)
0 50 100 150 200
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
TR
AN
SF
OR
MA
TIO
N R
AT
IO (
%)
% R
o
TEMPERATURE (ºC)
TRANS. RATIO COMPUTED %Ro
COMPUTED TRANSFORMATION RATIOAND VITRINITE REFLECTANCE (%Ro)
USING A 3.3°C/million years CONSTANT HEATING RATE
0 50 100 150 200
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
GE
NE
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E
% R
o
TEMPERATURE (ºC)
GEN. RATE COMPUTED %Ro
COMPUTED GENERATION RATE CURVEAND VITRINITE REFLECTANCE (%Ro)
USING A 3.3°C/million years CONSTANT HEATING RATE
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
PE
RC
EN
T O
F R
EA
CT
ION
ACTIVATION ENERGY (kcal/mole)
A = 4.4889E+12/sec
DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVATION ENERGIES
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CLIENT:
PROJECT:
SAMPLE TYPE:
WFT ID:
WELL:
CLIENT ID:
DEPTH:
TOC (%):
MODEL USED:
PANGAEA
BH-59899
Core
3402650692
Walton-2
PRWT-2
311.80
Gaussian
CALCULATED RESULTS USING 3.3ºC/million years MODEL:
COMPUTED ONSET (10% TR) TEMPERATURE (ºC):
COMPUTED ONSET (10% TR) %Ro VALUE:
121
0.70
COMPUTED PEAK GENERATION TEMPERATURE (ºC):
COMPUTED PEAK GENERATION %Ro VALUE:
135
0.80
Weatherford Labs
KINETICS DATA GRAPHICAL REPORT SUMMARY
(GAUSSIAN MODEL)
APPENDIX 5:
XRD RESULTS
Company: Pangaea Resources PTY, Ltd. File No.: Petro-12.062
Sample ID
Depth (m)
Weight % TOC
Weight % Mineralogy (Without TOC)
Whole Rock Data
Quartz 52.1 53.6 70.0 76.3 62.5
K-Felspar 5.8 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Plagioclase 13.4 16.5 15.4 0.6 1.9
Calcite 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dolomite & Fe-Dolomite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Siderite 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3
Pyrite 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0
Total Clay 27.8 23.7 14.1 22.9 35.3
Relative Clay Data
Illite/Smectite 2.2 7.8 2.6 10.8 1.4 10.2 1.6 7.0 2.8 7.9
Illite & Mica 2.9 10.5 3.3 13.8 1.1 7.7 1.2 5.1 1.3 3.7
Kaolinite 1.7 6.0 1.2 5.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 4.9 0.0 0.0
Chlorite 21.0 75.7 16.6 70.3 11.6 82.1 19.0 83.0 31.2 88.4
Sum Bulk 100 100 100 100 100
Sum Clay 100 100 100 100 100
Volume % Mineralogy
(Includes TOC as Kerogen)
Quartz 53.0 54.4 70.5 77.1 64.0
K-Felspar 5.8 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Plagioclase 13.7 17.0 15.7 0.7 2.0
Calcite 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dolomite & Fe-Dolomite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Siderite 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2
Pyrite 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0
Illite/Smectite 2.2 2.6 1.5 1.6 2.9
Illite & Mica 2.9 3.3 1.1 1.2 1.3
Kaolinite 1.7 1.2 0.0 1.2 0.0
Chlorite 19.5 15.4 10.7 17.5 29.2
Kerogen 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.5
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Vclay 26.4 22.6 13.2 21.5 33.4
Calc. GD (g/cc) 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
% Smectite in I/S 5-15 5-15 25-35 25-35 25-35
Core Laboratories
TABLE 1
Composition Determined by XRD & TOC
PRSV-10
687.44 -687.56
PRSV-11
690.27 - 690.40
PRSV-29
1092.18 - 1092.27
PRSV-30
1093.02 - 1093.12
PRSV-31
1093.58 - 1093.71
0.10 0.09 0.12 0.29 0.21
APPENDIX 6:
Thin Sections
PRSV-31 – 1093.66m – a. x10, plane-polarised light; b.x10, cross-polarised light; c. x10, reflected-
light; d. x40 plane-polarised light. 1a, 1b and 1c shows overall field of view of sample in plane-
and crossed-polarised and reflected light. Muscovite (m), sutured quartz (qtz) and clays
highlighted. 1d shows lithic (lith) fragments against muscovite. On inspection, lithic has some
microporosity from dissolved primary minerals.
m
q
t
z
c
l
a
y
cl
ay
l
i
t
h
PRSV-11 – 690.27m – a. x2.5 plane-polars; b. x2.5 crossed-polars; c. x2.5 reflected light; d. x2.5 plane-polars; e. crossed-polars; f. x2.5 reflected light. 1a to 1c show coarser grained “blob” within finer grained siltstone host, more quartz-rich and fewer clays. Limonite highlighted in 1c (lim). 1d to 1f shows coarser grained lamination.
li
m
PRSV-10 – 687.44m –a. x10 plane-polars; b. x10 crossed-polars; c. x10 reflected light; d. x10 plane-polars; e. x10 crossed-polars; f. x10 reflected light. 1a – 1c shows possible organic matter in centre of view, with pyrite framboids highlighted in 1c. 1d to 1f shows organic matter intermingled with quartz and clay.