darkroom,processing & artifacts review. types of safelights kodak wratten 6b – brownish red...
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DARKROOM ,PROCESSINDARKROOM ,PROCESSINGG& Artifacts REVIEW& Artifacts REVIEW
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Types of SafelightsTypes of Safelights
Kodak Wratten 6B – brownish red filter Kodak Wratten 6B – brownish red filter 7.5 to 15 watt bulb @ 4 feet above counter7.5 to 15 watt bulb @ 4 feet above counter
Kodak GBX – brighter (reddish) light is Kodak GBX – brighter (reddish) light is directed upwardsdirected upwards
White walls and dust freeWhite walls and dust free
What type of film was amber filter used for?What type of film was amber filter used for?
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SAFELIGHTSSAFELIGHTS
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Safelight distance?Safelight distance?
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UNLOAD EXPOSED UNLOAD EXPOSED FILMFILM
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FILM BIN - STORAGEFILM BIN - STORAGE
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FILM ID PRINTERFILM ID PRINTER
What information What information Must be presentMust be present For Legal For Legal
reasons?reasons?
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PT ID
LEGAL
SHOULD NOT BE WRITTEN ON
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Film/IMAGE Film/IMAGE IdentificationIdentification Pt namePt name Exam date & Exam date &
timetime Pt x-ray numberPt x-ray number Pt Birthday/DOBPt Birthday/DOB Rt or Lt markerRt or Lt marker OptionalOptional
– Exam typeExam type– Dr. NameDr. Name
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Position of film Position of film travel on feed travel on feed tray may tray may determine type determine type of artifactof artifact
What are the 3 What are the 3 classification?classification?
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Processing FilmProcessing FilmFloor model Table top Floor model Table top (LAB)(LAB)
Close the lid
Before leaving
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No longer in use in clinicsNo longer in use in clinicsDARKROOM DARKROOM DAYLIGHTDAYLIGHTProcessor Processor ProcessorProcessor
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NOTES ON NOTES ON PROCESSINGPROCESSING DEVELOPERDEVELOPER
FIXERFIXER
WASHWASH
DRYDRY
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LOAD CASSETTELOAD CASSETTE
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Stored on end Stored on end prevents what prevents what type of artifacttype of artifact
Check expirationCheck expiration
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DEVELOPERDEVELOPER FIXERFIXER WASHWASH DRY DRY
WATER - WATER - SOLVENTSOLVENT
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Silver recoverySilver recovery
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silver recoverysilver recovery- see - see notesnotes A final consideration in film processing is A final consideration in film processing is silver recoverysilver recovery. . This term is the process by which silver in the This term is the process by which silver in the
processing chemicals is reclaimed and recycled by a processing chemicals is reclaimed and recycled by a unit, such as the one shown in the illustration. unit, such as the one shown in the illustration.
This recycling is important for two reasons. This recycling is important for two reasons. Silver has economic value in its recycled form and helps Silver has economic value in its recycled form and helps
recover some of the cost of the unexposed film, which is recover some of the cost of the unexposed film, which is expensive, in part, because of the silver in it.expensive, in part, because of the silver in it.
Secondly, federal regulations require that heavy metals Secondly, federal regulations require that heavy metals like silver be reclaimed from waste solutions before they like silver be reclaimed from waste solutions before they are disposed of, to prevent pollution of the environment.are disposed of, to prevent pollution of the environment.
Roughly half the silver in the film ends up dissolved in Roughly half the silver in the film ends up dissolved in the fixer in the automatic processor. Different kinds of the fixer in the automatic processor. Different kinds of silver recovery units are used to process the used fixer silver recovery units are used to process the used fixer to recover the silver. to recover the silver.
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List the 3 types of List the 3 types of silver recovery silver recovery systemssystems
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Metallic, Electyolytic & Metallic, Electyolytic & ChemicalChemical
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““FILM” & IMAGE FILM” & IMAGE ARTIFACTS ARTIFACTS
RT 244RT 244
REV 11/09REV 11/09
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ARTIFACTS:ARTIFACTS:AN UNWANTED DENSITYAN UNWANTED DENSITYON THE FILMON THE FILM
http://www.xray2000.co.uk/
Can be a PLUS density (dark ) or MINUS density (LIGHT)
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Artifacts - TypesArtifacts - Types
Processing ArtifactsProcessing ArtifactsExposure ArtifactsExposure ArtifactsHandling & Storage Handling & Storage
ArtifactsArtifacts
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Exposure ArtifactsExposure Artifacts
MotionMotion Improper patient positionImproper patient position Wrong screen-film matchWrong screen-film match Poor film/screen contactPoor film/screen contact Double exposureDouble exposure Warped cassetteWarped cassette Improper grid positionImproper grid position
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PATHOLOGY
?
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pneumoniapneumonia
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Pathology?Pathology?
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Progressive massive fibrosis
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SCOLIOSISSCOLIOSIS
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GRIDS GRIDS CAN CAN
LEAVE LEAVE LINESLINES
ON THE ON THE IMAGE IMAGE
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POOR POOR
DETAILDETAIL
GOOD GOOD DETAILDETAIL
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Lack of contact between film and cassette can cause “blurring” of the image
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When there is a space between the contact When there is a space between the contact of the film to the intensifying screens, a of the film to the intensifying screens, a larger amount of light is allowed to reach larger amount of light is allowed to reach the film – causing “more density” on fimthe film – causing “more density” on fim
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POOR SCREEN POOR SCREEN CONTACTCONTACT
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Patient motionPatient motion
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Blurring of image due to patient movement during exposure.
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ArtifactArtifact
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CR image – CR image – NEW IMAGENEW IMAGE
Line caused Line caused from dirt from dirt collected in collected in a CR a CR ReaderReader
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Patient swallowed batteriesWhat size are they?
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castcast
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Processing ArtifactsProcessing Artifacts
Emulsion pickoffEmulsion pickoff Chemical fogChemical fog Guide-shoe marksGuide-shoe marks Water marksWater marks Chemical spotsChemical spots Guide-shoe & roller scratchesGuide-shoe & roller scratches
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Developer Spots
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Water spot
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Discolored film due to hypo (fixer) retention.
Chemicals not washed off – over time will turn
film brown
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Scratch marks from rollers in automatic processor.
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PATIENT ARTIFACT - PATIENT ARTIFACT - JEWERLYJEWERLY
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Handling & Storage Handling & Storage ArtifactsArtifacts Light fogLight fog Radiation fogRadiation fog StaticStatic Kink marksKink marks ScratchesScratches Dirty cassettesDirty cassettes
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Crimping /cresent Crimping /cresent markmark
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Double Exposure
2 exposures made on top of each other –
from poor handling of cassettes
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Type and cause?
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Dirt on screen mimicking a foreign object.
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Scratch marks from improper handling.
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Light fog
Vs
Radiation fog
HOW can you tell the difference on a film/ cassette?
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Kink mark or nail pressure mark
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motionmotion
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Double Double exposureexposure
ChildChild
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PoorPoorscreen screen contactcontact
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Double exposureDouble exposure
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Exposure ArtifactsExposure Artifacts
Could be corrected before Could be corrected before exposure =exposure =
JewelryJewelry Hands in the anatomyHands in the anatomy Something on the patientSomething on the patient
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??
Hands over upper abdomen
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Is itIs itmotion or motion or double double exposure?exposure?
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Pt clothing
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Hip replacement
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2 chest tubes in the patient
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PATHOLOGY NOT PATHOLOGY NOT ARTIFACTARTIFACT
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Name &Name & cause causeof this?of this?
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scratches
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Pacemaker
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Digital image
Mis-
Registrationi
error
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Roller marks from film stuck –
then pulled from processor
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Hardware
In cervical
spine
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Dust in imaging plate can Dust in imaging plate can cause white marks on cause white marks on image –image –
Both in film/screen and Both in film/screen and computed radiographycomputed radiography
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E E G MONITOR
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Does this show good detail?Does this show good detail? Is all of the anatomy present?Is all of the anatomy present? How is the density / contrast?How is the density / contrast?
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Does this show good detail? Does this show good detail? – YESYES
Is all of the anatomy present? Is all of the anatomy present? – No (part of the little finger is not seen)No (part of the little finger is not seen)
How is the density / contrast?How is the density / contrast? Density – a little “light” underexposedDensity – a little “light” underexposed Contrast is goodContrast is good
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Which image showsWhich image shows“better” detail“better” detail
Faster speed Slower speed
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CR - ? Which shows CR - ? Which shows “better detail” “better detail” Why/how?Why/how?
8 x 10 cassette 14 x 17 cassette
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See anythingSee anythingwrong wrong
with with this this
image?image?
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Contrast? What influences this? in f/s & Contrast? What influences this? in f/s & CR?CR?
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?
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What are the following What are the following types of artifact types of artifact classifications?classifications?
Handling/StorageHandling/StorageExposureExposureProcessing (Chemical)Processing (Chemical)
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NEW IMAGENEW IMAGE
Double Double expousureexpousure
Femur & chestFemur & chest
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grid cut-offgrid cut-off
Grid linesGrid lines
grids are grids are not necessary not necessary for a 3 year oldfor a 3 year old
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Review of some CR Review of some CR artifactsartifacts
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NEW IMAGENEW IMAGE towel that was towel that was used to help in used to help in positioning a childpositioning a child
CR is MORE CR is MORE sensitive to sensitive to
ARTIFACTSARTIFACTS
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What do you
See?
2 exposures
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Collimation – reducing the size of beamCollimation – reducing the size of beamhelps to improve the image, and reduce the helps to improve the image, and reduce the dose to the patientdose to the patient
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Discarded x-ray film Discarded x-ray film used to make ♫ records used to make ♫ records ♫♫