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Daniel Chapter 7

Lombards

Anglo-Saxons

Visigoths

SueviBurgundians

HeruliOstrogoths

AlemanniFranks

Vandals

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GREECE

PAGAN ROME

MEDO - PERSIA

BABYLON

THE FOUR EMPIRES OF Dan 2 & 7 605539

331168B.C.

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BrassIron

From among theten horns of Dan7 arose anotherhorn - the Papacy.

In its rise it had theVandals, Heruli,and Ostrogothsdestroyed.

A.D.5383 1/2 times, 42 months, 1260prophetic days (1260 years)

PAPALROME

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A.D.1798THE LITTLE HORN - PAPAL ROME1. It arose in Europe “among” the 10 horns into which theRoman Empire divided (Dan 7:8).2. It arose after A.D. 476, “after” (v 24) the 10 horns hadarisen. The papacy came to full power in A.D.538.3. Has a man at its head who speaks for it (v 8) - The Pope4. It uprooted 3 of the 10 European kingdoms (horns) (v 8)Papal forces destroyed the Vandals, Heruli & Ostrogoths.5. It would grow from the Roman Empire - the fourth beastIt is ROMAN Catholicism.6. It became more stout (strong) than the other horns (v 20)7. It is “diverse” (different) from the other 10 kingdoms (v 24)It is a religio-political power, a Church and a State.8. It would persecute God’s church (v 21, 25) - The Inquisition etc.9. It would reign for “3 1/2 times” (v 25) - 1260 years 538-1798In 1798 the Papal State was abolished.10. It would speak great words against God (v 25)It claims to be able to forgive sin which is blasphemous (Mark 2:7)11. It would think to change times and laws (v 25)It claims to have changed the 7th day Sabbath to Sunday.

The feet & toes (Dan 2) and the10 horns (Dan 7)symbolize ten kingdoms into which Pagan Rome divided

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Note: Daniel does not present everything in his book in strictly chronological order. The events of chapters 5 & 6 took place after those described in chapter 7. Daniel's book is written using the repeat and enlarge principle. That is, all the visions go over the same ground, but each one adds more details. The vision of chapter 7 covers the same material as the vision of chapter 2 but expands upon it adding more details: Daniel 2 contains four kingdoms. Daniel 7 contains four kingdoms. In Daniel 2 the fourth kingdom is divided. In Daniel 7 the fourth kingdom is divided. In Daniel 2 is the image of a man In Daniel 7 the little horn has the eyes of a man. In Daniel 2 the image is destroyed after the division. In Daniel 7 the fourth beast is destroyed after the division In Daniel 2 the kingdom of God is set up at the end. In Daniel 7 the kingdom of God is set up at the end. Daniel 2 deals largely with political changes. Chapter 7, like the rest of the book, was given to show the people of God their part in the great controversy between Christ & Satan. The efforts of Satan to destroy them through to their final victory are revealed. The four beasts in Daniel 7 parallel the four metals in the image of Daniel 2 and represent the same four kingdoms: Babylon; Medo Persia; Grecia and Rome. In Daniel 7 the focus of attention moves toward the last period of earth’s history. The judgment is described as occurring some time before the fourth beast is destroyed] DANIEL CHAPTER 7

1 In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon [The last king of Babylon. The first year of Belshazzar’s coregency (joint rulership) with his father Nabonidus was about 552B.C.] Daniel had a dream [literally “saw a dream”] and visions of his head upon his bed: then he wrote the dream [to preserve it for later generations], and told the sum of the matters [The Aramaic is difficult to translate. The word “sum” is re’sh, which means “head,” or “beginning.” The original Greek version reads, “eis, kephalaia logon,” which may be interpreted “summary.” Evidently Daniel wrote down the chief contents of the dream. Ehrlich translates the phrase, “the important details.”].

2 Daniel spake and said, I saw in my vision by night, and, behold, the four winds of the heaven [Aramaic ruach, equivalent to the Hebrew ruach, which has a variety of meanings:

“Air” (Jer 2:24, translated “wind”, “breath” (Job 19:17). human “spirit” (Ps 32:2), divine “Spirit” (Ps 51:12), and “wind” (Exo 10:13). Metaphorically the word is also used for vain & empty things (Jer 5:13). In the vision here is apparently denotes strife & war (See Jer 49:36-37; 25:31-33) for that which arises as an result of the winds stirring up the

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symbolic sea of peoples are nations] strove [Aramaic, guach, which means to “stir up.” The form of the verb suggests continued action] upon the great sea [No specific body of water such as the Mediterranean is inferred. Like the beasts which arise from it the sea here is symbolic. Waters symbolize many peoples. Rev 17:15; Isa 57:20; 60:5].

3 And four great beasts [according to verse 17 these beast symbolize “four kings which shall arise out of the earth.” For “kings” the LXX, Theodotiioans and the Vulgate read “kingdoms.” The fourth beast is specifically called the “fourth kingdom.” in verse 23. These is general agreement that these four kingdoms parallel the four world powers symbolized by the metallic man of Daniel 2] came up [the world powers represented did not rise contemporaneously but were successive, first, second etc.] from the sea, diverse [different. The diversity here spoken of was represented by the different metals in the vision of Daniel 2] one from another.

4 The first was like a lion [BABYLON The combination of a lion and eagle was a common motif in Babylonian art. The

winged lion was one of the forms of the beast often pictured in combat with Marduk, the patron god of the city of Babylon. On these lion, eagle combinations see S.H. Langdon, Semitic Mythology (“The Mythology of All Races” Vol. 13), pp. 118, 277-282, and Fig. 51 fascing p. 106 (winged lion), and pp. 116, 117 (lion-headed eagle); see illustrations of various Babylonian and Assyrian composite beasts in L.E. Froom, Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers, Vol. 1, p50, 52

Prophets referred to king Nebuchadnezzar by similar figures (Jer 4:7, 50:17, 43-44; Lam 4:19; Eze 17:3, 12). "For lo, I raise up the Chaldeans...[Babylon,] they shall fly as the eagle that hasteth to eat." Hab 1:6-8. Babylon was Israel’s northern enemy. Jer 50:17; 4:7.

“The lion, the animal of Ishtar, was so favourite a subject at all times in Babylonian art, that its rich and lavish employment at the gate of Babylon, the Ishtar gate, is by no means abnormal.” The Excavations at Babylon, R. Koldeway, p46], and had eagle's wings [The lion was known for its strength, the eagle for its power and range of flight (See 2Sam 1:23). Nebuchadnezzar’s power was felt from the Mediterranean to the Perisan Gulf, and from Asia Minor to Egypt. This was fittingly represented by the lion equipped with eagles wings]: I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked [In its latter years Babylon lost the power and glory it possessed in earlier years. The plucking of his wings may refer to the humiliation of the proud Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon during his period of madness (Daniel 4:31-37), or to the cowardice of Belshazzar, the last king of Babylon, who, instead of driving away his foes like a lion, shut himself up in the city, feasting and drinking with his lords, till he was killed, and the kingdom given to the Medes and Persians cf. Daniel 5:22-30], and it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand upon the feet as a man, and a man's heart was given to it [A loss of lion like characteristics. “The [human] heart is... desperately wicked (Jer 17:9). Belshazzar’s wickedness was seen in his drinking from God’s sacred vessels (Dan 5:1-3)].

5 And behold another beast, a second, like to a bear [MEDO PERSIA The Medes and the Persians corresponding to the silver in the image. See Daniel

2:39. As a bear is in some respects inferior to the lion so the Medes & Persians were inferior to Babylon. They were nevertheles cruel and rapacious in character (See Isa

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13:17, 18)], and it raised up itself on one side [No interpretation of the aspect is given in this chapter. However a comaprison with chapter 8:3, 20 reveals that the empire was made up of two parts. Of the Medes and the Persians, the latter became the dominant power a few years before the dual Empire conquered Babylon. The margin’s alternative translation reads: “ it raised up one dominion.”], and it had three ribs in the mouth of it between the teeth of it [These are not interpreted in this chapter. A comparison with chapter 8 shows that Medo-Perisia conquered in three directions. The three ribs thus represent those the Medo-Persian Empire conquered as it expanded North to Babylon, West to Lydia and south to Egypt. (cf. the Ram of Daniel 8:3-4, 20)]: and they said [the speaker is not identified] thus unto it, Arise, devour much flesh [Medo Persia conquered Babylon in the following way:

“[Babylon had] stored provisions enough for very many years; so they cared nothing for the seige; and Cyrus knew not what to do... whether, then someone advised him in his difficulty, or he perceived himself what to do, I know not, but this is what he did... drawing off the river by canal... he made the stream to sink till its former channel could be forded. When this happened the Persians who were posted with this intent made their way into Babylon by the channel of the Euphrates... and brought them to a miserable end.” Herodotus, Book 1, sec 191; A.D. Godley, Loeb Classical Library, p239].

6 After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard [GRECIA The power succeeding Medo-Perisia is identified as Grecia (Dan 8:21) Grecia must

not be confused with clasical Greece inasmuch as that period preceded the fall of Persia. The Grecia of Daniel was the semi-Greek Macedonian Empire founded by Alexander the Great which inagurated what is called the Hellenistic period. Not until Alexander’s day could reference be made to the first “king” (ch. 8:21) of a Greek Empire who was a “mighty king” with “great dominion” (ch. 11:3)], which had upon the back of it four wings of a fowl [Indicating great speed and range. The leopard itself can move with great speed but its natural swiftness was inadequate to describe the amazing speed of Alexanders’s conquest. There is no other example in ancient times of such rapid conquest over such vast distances.

Grecia, with leopard like swifness, conquered all before it. Both the leopard and the wings show that this kingdom would move with great speed (cf. Hab 1:8). “In this short space of 8 years Alexander had annexed an area of little less than 2 million square miles...[consider] The amazing rapidity of his conquests.” The Growth of European Civilization, A.E.R. Boak, p 59-60 The Leopard Dan 7 The Goat of Dan 8:20-22 Had four heads (Dan 7:6) Had four horns (Dan 8:8) Had four wings (Dan 7:6) “touched not the ground” (Dan 8:5) The leopard followed a bear which was raised on one side (Dan 7:5). The goat followed a ram which had one horn raised (Dan 8:3). The leopard followed a bear which had three ribs in its mouth (Dan 7:5) The goat followed a Ram which “pushed” in three directions (Dan 8:4), Clearly the Leopard and the Gaot represent the same power. The Goat is clearly said to represent Grecia.

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See also Dan 11:3-4]; the beast had also four heads [After Alexander the Great died his kingdoms was divided into four Helenistic kingdoms by four of Alexander’s generals.

“The victors divided the spoils; 1. Lysimachus; 2. Seleucus; 3. Ptolemy; 4. Cassander.” Hellenistic Civilization, W.W. Tarn, p 9. “Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, overthrew the Persian Empire, carried

Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundation for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol 1. 1989, p240.

“...the ultimate division of the Empire into separate and independent kingdoms was

foreshadowed by the division of the provinces among the chief generals of Alexander...the result of which was the formation of FOUR CONSIDERABLE KINGDOMS: Macedonia, Syria, Egypt, and Thrace.” Greece, E.S. Shuckburgh, p235.

Alexander died without arranging who was to succeed him. His half brother Philip

and then his posthumous son Alexander were titular rulers under the regency of one or another of the generals and the empire was divided into a large number of provinces, the most important being controlled by about six leading generals called satraps.

Neither puppet king had the authority to weld the vast empire together. During

twelve years of struggle both ‘kings’ were slain and territories changed repeatedly. Antigonus emerged as the first claimant for central power but was oppossed by a coalition of four leaders: Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy and Seleucus. In 306 Antigonus declared himself king (jointly with his son Demetrius) and successor of Alexander. Thereupon the other four, abandoning their subordinate titles of satraps, declared themselves kings of their respective territories. At the battle of Ipsus (301 B.C.) Antigonus was killed, Demetrius fled and their territory was divided. This left four independent kingdoms, with the exception of small fragments, in place of Alexander’s empire. Demetrius had no kingdom just control over some coastal cities and a navy. He later displaced the heirs of Cassander and founded the Antigonid Dynasty in Macedonia.

About 20 years after the division four reduced to three when Lysimachus was

eliminated and much of his territory was taken by the Seleucid Empire or fell apart into small independent states, the most important being Pergamum. Macedonia, Egypt and the Seleucid Empire (sometimes called Syria because the eastern part was soon lost) continued on until they were all absorbed into the Roman Emire.

Many historians in giving a general overview omit the details but the fact remains

that the Empire of Alexander did divide into four divisions as the prophecy foretold. Some seek to find the continuation of the four into Roman times by reckoning

Pergamum as the successor of Lysimachus but whether we speak of three principal

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kingdoms and a group of smaller states it is significant that Alexander’s Empire did divide, for a time, into four kingdoms.

Note: Even in its divided state Alexander’s Empire, except for political centralization, constituted as much a unity as it ever had done under Alexander and the various divisions were aptly represented as part of the same beast with multiple heads]; and dominion was given to it [The language of Greek became the common language of the ancient world in preparation for the promulgation of the gospel - the New Testament was written in Greek. The next Empire provided the roads and a period of relative peace for the initial spread of the gospel].

7 After this I saw in the night visions [dream], and behold a fourth beast [ROME The Roman Empire succeeded Greece. The transition from the Hellenistic kingdoms

to Rome was gradual and no one event marks the change. Several events have been suggested as the significant turning point:

By 200B.C. Rome was the mistress of the western Mediterranean. In 197B.C. she

defeated Macedonia and set up the Greek states iunder her own protection. In 190B.C. Rome defeated Antiochus III and took the Seleucid territory as far as the Tarsus mountains. In 168B.C. she ended the monarchy in Macedonia and divided it into four confederacoes and the same year warned Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) away from his attack on Egypt. In 146 Rome annexed Macedonia as a province and placed most of the Greek states under the governance of Macedonia.

If Rome’s control of the East is reckoned from the removal of the three Hellenistic

kingdoms by Roman power then 168BC may be regarded as the first step in this process. Howecer the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kings remained on their thrones till 63 in Syria and 30 in Egypt.If the dates for the annexation of these three kingdoms as Roman provinces are chosen, the dates would be 146, 64, 30 respectively. Some emphasize 168B.C. because by this time Rome hadconquered Macedonia and had saved Egypt from falling to the Seleucid kingdom by merely forbidding the invasion of Antiochus IV (Epiphanes). This demonstrated that Rome virtually controlled all three kingdoms even though she had as yet conquered only one of them.

The process was gradual process and whatever date one choses as most significant it

is clear that Rome absorbed the territory of Alexander from Macedonia to the Euphrates by 30B.C.], dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth [this fourth beast parallels the fourth metal of the image of Daniel 2:40, the iron legs]: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it [the Romans made slaves of many of those they conquered]: and it was diverse from all the beasts that were before it [Rome was different because it was the first Republic. In fact it had 7 forms of government in total: Republican, Consular, Tribune, Decemvirate, Dictatorial, Imperial, and Kingly]; and it had ten horns [These 10 horns are said to be 10 “kings” (v24).

“King” and “kingdom” are used 10 interchangeably in Daniel. The beats were called “four kings”(v 17) then the fourth beast was called “the four kingdoms.” (v 23) .

The ten horns are therefore 10 KINGDOMS.

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The successive invasions of the Roman Empire by many Germanic tribes, and the

subsequent replacement of the empire by a number of seperate kingdoms is a well established fact of history. Because a score or more barbarian tribes invaded the Empire commentators varied with respect to who constitutes the 10 kingdoms. The following list is the best:

(1) ALEMANNI (2) FRANKS (3) BURGUNDIANS (4) SUEVI (5) VANDALS, (6) VISIGOTHS (7) SAXONS (8) OSTROGOTHS (9) LOMBARDS (10) HERULI The period of the empires division was one of great upheaval confusion and change. See the article at the end of this chapter: “Who Constituted the The Kingdoms.”

THE DECLINE & FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Runaway inflation, high taxes, sagging moral, and military threats contributed to the

Roman emperor Constantine deciding to move the capital from Rome to the city of Byzantium in the East (later called Constantinople, later still Istanbul). This move occurred in 330A.D.

“At this time [A.D. 365], as if trumpets were sounding the war-note throughout the

whole Roman world, the most savage peoples roused themselves and poured across the nearest frontiers.” History, A. Marcellinus, trans. J.C. Rolfe, Loeb Classical Library, p587-589.

By 476 A.D. the Western Roman Empire had been divided into ten kingdoms. These horns corresponds to the feet & toes of iron and clay in Daniel 2. See the

article at the end of this chapter: “Who Constituted the The Kingdoms.” Referring to the four kingdoms Luther wrote: “The first kingdom is the Assyrian, or Babylonian; the second, the Medes and

Persians; the third the Greeks; the fourth, the Roman. In this explanation and opinion all the world are agreed.” Martin Luther in his Introduction to Comments on Daniel].

8 I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them [among the

nations of Europe] another little horn [better “another horn , a little one.” As the first 10 horns represented 10 kingdoms (See on v 7) this horn represents another kingdom arising “AMONG” THE NATION OF EUROPE.

THE LITTLE HORN SYMBOLIZES THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH - THE PAPACY 1. It arose in Europe “among” the 10 horns into which the Roman Empire divided (Dan 7:8) - The Papacy arose in Rome Italy among the nations of Europe. 2. It arose “after” (v 24) the 10 horns had arisen. i.e. after A.D.476 - The Papacy came to full power in A.D.538. 3. It has a man at its head who speaks for it (v 8) - The Pope 4. It uprooted 3 of the 10 European kingdoms (horns) (v 8) - The Papacy had the

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Vandals, Heruli & Ostrogoths destroyed. 5. It grew from the fourth beast, the Roman Empire - The Papacy is commonly known as the ROMAN Catholic Church. 6. It became more stout (strong) than the other horns (v 20) - The Papacy is one of the world’s oldest monarchy and held immense power over the kings of Europe for centuries 7. It is “diverse” (different) from the other 10 kingdoms (v 24) - The Papacy is a RELIGIO-POLITICAL power, a Church and a State. 8. It would persecute God’s church (v 21, 25) - The Papacy openly claims to have martyred Christians. Millions were slaughtered throughout the Dark Ages in the Inquisition etc. 9. It would reign for “3 1/2 times” (v 25) - The Papacy reigned 1260 years from 538-1798 In 1798 the Papal State was abolished. This wound deadly is prophesied to heal. (See Rev 13:3, 12). 10. It speaks great words against God (v 25) - The Papacy openly claims to be able to forgive sins committed against God. For mere men to do this is blasphemous (Mark 2:7). Only God can forgive sins committed against Him 11. It would think to change times and laws (v 25) - The Papacy openly claims to have changed the 7th day Sabbath to Sunday and a change which they claim has no Scriptural authority. For further details see on...

THE PAPACY IS A KINGDOM “SOVEREIGNTY over Vatican city is exercised by the Pope in his function as the supreme head of the Catholic church.” New Catholic Encyclopaedia, Vol. 14, p557-558. “The smallest SOVEREIGN country is the State of Vatican City, which is an enclave within Rome and the seat of the Roman Catholic Church.” The Guinness Book of Records, 1997, p203. The papacy is the kingdom represented by the little horn which arose "among" the 10 kingdoms of Europe. THE PAPACY AROSE AMONG THE NATIONS OF EUROPE

“Whatever elements the barbarians and Arians left...[came] under the protection of the bishop of Rome, who was the chief person there after the empire’s disappearance. The Roman church in this way privily PUSHED ITSELF into the place of the Roman World-Empire, of which it is the actual continuation.” A. Harnack, What is Christianity? p269-270.

"Out of the ruins of political Rome, AROSE the great moral Empire in the 'giant

form' of the Roman Church. " A. C. Flick. The Rise of the Mediaeval Church, 1909, p 150.

“The mighty Catholic Church was little more than the Roman Empire baptized...The

very capital of the old Roman empire became the capital of the Christian empire. The

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office of Pontifex Maximus was continued in that of the ope.” ibid, p 148-149. [cf. Rev 13:2]

“Long before the fall of Rome there had grown up WITHIN THE ROMAN

EMPIRE an ecclesiastical [church] state...[In 330 AD the Roman Emperor Constantine shifted the capital from Rome in the West to Constantinople in the East]...In absence of an emperor in the West, the popes rapidly gained influence and power, and soon built an ecclesiastical empire that in some respects took the place of the old empire.” General History, Myers, p348, 316.

"Under the Roman Empire the popes had no temporal powers. But when the Roman Empire had disintergrated and its place taken by a number of rude, barbarous kingdoms, the Roman Catholic church not only became independent of the states in religious affairs but dominated secular affairs as well. At times, under such rulers as Charlemagne (768-814), Otto the Great (936-73). and Henry III (1039-56), the civil power controlled the church to some extent; but in general, under the weak political system of feudalism, the well organized, unified, and centralized church, with the pope at its head, was not only independent in ecclesiastical affairs but also controlled civil affairs. " C. Conrad Eckhardt, The Papacy & World-Affairs, p 1. “The Popes filled the vacant place of the emperors of Rome, inheriting their power, prestige, and titles from paganism.” History of the Church, p 40

“From the 5th century, with the breakdown of Roman imperial authority in the West, the popes’ influence in central Italy increased as the people of the area relied on them for protection against the barbarian invasions.” Enc’ Britannica, 1998, art. papacy], before whom there were three of the first horns [kingdoms] plucked up by the roots

[THE PAPACY HAD THREE KINGDOMS DESTROYED

Among the major obstructions to the rise of the Papacy to political power were the Heruli, Vandals and Ostrogoths. These three kingdoms were Arian in faith (believed that Christ was “...not truly divine but a created being.” Enc’ Brit’, Vol 1, 1998, p549) and this brought them into conflict with the rising papacy. On behalf of the Pope, Catholic Emperors of the East had them destroyed so that nothing but their names remain:. Heruli 493 A.D. Vandals 534 A.D. Ostrogoths 538 A.D. See on v 24. Note: As 10 kingdoms HAVE ALREADY arisen from what was the Roman Empire, and three kingdoms HAVE ALREADY been “plucked up” and as the little horn was to pluck them up, it is clear that THE LITTLE HORN IS ALREADY HERE]: and, behold, in this horn [were] eyes like the eyes of man [“...man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart..” 1Sam 16:7 As is common with men, the papacy has eyes which can only see the external, though it has presumed to judge men’s inward morality. The eyes of men do not see things as God does.

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Daniel 2 mentions the image of a man Daniel 7 mentions the eyes of a man Revelation 13 mentions the number of a man

Sir Issac Newton (1652-1727): “But it was a kingdom of a different kind than the other ten kingdoms, having a life

or soul peculiar to itself, with eyes and a mouth. By its eyes it was a Seer; and by its mouth speaking great things and changing times and laws, it was a Prophet as well as a King. And such a Seer, Prophet and King, is the church of Rome.” Newton, Observations, p75],

and a mouth [The Pope] speaking great things [See note on verse 25]. 9 I beheld till [i.e. sometime after the papacy had risen] the thrones were cast down

[Heb. ‘rem-aw,’ also means “placed,” though it may mean “cast or throw,” (chs. 3:20; 6:16, 24). See Strong, Gesenius, Boothroyd, etc. Hebrew & Greek Lexicons.

The Septuagint has tithemi, to set up,” or “to place.” The translation “cast down,” seems to have been based on the translators

interpretation that the thrones belonged to the beasts. That interpretation is incorrect. In preparation for the judgment the “thrones were placed.” R.S.V.], and the Ancient

of days [The Aramaic reads literally “an Ancient of Days,” or “one ancient in days.” Thus is represented God the Father. The Son is represented as coming before Him in v13] did sit, whose garment was white as snow [Purity. John 1:18 “ No man hath seen God at any time...” Evidently Daniel saw only a representation of the Father. “God is a spirit; yet He is a personal being, for man was made in His image” (8T 263) but to speculate on His actual appearance is forbidden (See 8T 279)], and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels [God’s throne is moveable. See Eze 1] as burning fire.

10 A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him: thousand thousands

ministered unto him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him [the angels. cf. Rev 5:11. They function as “ministers and witnesses.” GC 479]: the judgment was set, and the book s were opened [THE JUDGMENT

Note that Daniel saw the little horn rise and watched on “TILL” the judgment began. Clearly the judgment began after the rise of the little horn, the Papal Power and when it is over Christ will destroy the beast. In this Judgment the lives of all who have at some time professed allegiance to Christ will be examined out of he “books.” This will include those who are part of the Little horn power. This investigation is not for the sake of God but for the thousands of thousands who minister unto Him. God intends that His created beings see His mercy and His justice. This judgment will determine who is to be part of Christ's kingdom, which will be established at His second coming. Everyone’s rewards will be determined BEFORE Christ returns (Rev 22:11-12) at which time He will reward everyone according to their works. The concept of a pre-advent judgement is also found in Matt 13:47-50; 22:1-14; 2 Cor 5:10; etc.

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THE BOOKS We do not know what heavens “books” look like but they are open to the inspection of angels. The Bible describes three books: The book of LIFE - Rev 13:8; Rev 20:15; Phil 4:3. Contains the register of all who have at some time accepted Christ (Luke 10:20). The Book of REMEMBERANCE - Mal 3:16; Ps 56:8 Contains the record of the good deeds of the saints. The Book of INIQUITIES - Isa 65:6-7; Jer 2:22; Isa 30:8-9. Contain the record of everyone’s sins. THREE EVENTS BEFORE THE EXECUTIVE JUDGMENT 1. The INVESTIGATIVE Judgment - Determines who is to be part of Christ’s kingdom. 2. The MILLENIAL Judgment - The books will be opened a second time for the redeemed to see God's justice during the Millenium. 1 Cor 6:2; Rev 20:4. 3. The GREAT WHITE THRONE Judgment - For a third time the books will be opened and even the wicked will acknowledge God's justice. Rev 15:4; Rom 14:11; Rev 20:11, 12; EW 52; GC 666. After these events will come the EXECUTIVE Judgment when of the sentence upon the wicked will be executed - carried out.. THE JUDGMENT IMPLIED, DESCRIBED, LOCATED Daniel 2 IMPLIES a judgment by the fact that the stone destroys all earthly kingdoms. God always investigates before He meets out the appropriate sentence (cf. Sodom Gen 18:21). Daniel 7 DESCRIBES the judgment. Daniel 8:14 LOCATES the beginning of the judgement. See notes on Dan 8].

11 I beheld then because of the voice of the great words which the horn spake: I beheld even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed, and given to the burning flame [This describes the end of the Little horn system. Paul described the same power as the “man of sin,,” “son of perdition,” “that Wicked,” and speaks of its destruction at the Second Coming of Christ (2Thess 2:3-8; cf. Rev 19:19-21)].

12 As concerning the rest of the beasts [kingdoms], they had their dominion taken

away: yet their lives were prolonged for a season [The Bible uses a “season” to represent a period of unspecified length. e.g. “...the pleasures of sin for a season;” Heb 11:25] and time [When the first three kingdoms were conquered they lost their dominions but the peoples were absorbed and LIVED ON as part of the conquerors kingdom. It will not be so with the fourth beast. At Christ’s return the whole world will be depopulated as the saints are taken to heaven and the wicked are slain].

13 I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man [Christ. The

Atramaic kebar enash, means literally “like a son of man.” The LXX has hos huios anthropou “like a son of man.”

Many revised translations RV; RSV etc.) follow this literal rendering. Some feel this

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detracts from the majesty of our Redeemer and sounds indefinite in tone. However the corresponding phrase in the Aramaic is full of meaning. Like other ancient languages, the Aramaic omits the article when the emphasis is on quality, and uses it when the stress is on the identity. Typically in prophetic narrative the prophet introdues what they saw then later give attention to identity. Prophetic items are usually introduced without the article. When subsequently refered to the article is used. e.g. “Four great beasts” (v3) not “THE four great beasts” but later “all the beasts” (v 7) “One ancient in days” (v 9) later “THE ancient of days.” (v13, 22). “A ram,” later “THE ram.” “two horns,” later “THE two horns.” “an he goat,” “THE he goat.” (ch. 8:3-8). In harmony with this precedent Christ is here introduced as “a son of man,” and though He is not again by this expression in the prophecy, if He were the definite article “THE Son of man” would doubtless appear.

In the N.T. the expression “THE Son of man” appears almost invariably with the article.

Inspiration saw fit to reveal Christ in the judgment scene as one like us emphasising His familiarity with the weakness of our humanity. In His incarnation He became one of us (Phil 2:7; Heb 2:14 etc.) so uniting divinity with humanity by ties that can never be broken (DA 25). We have an Advocate before the Father who was in all points tempted like as we are and who is touched with the feelings of our infirmity. (Heb 4:15) Comforting thought!] came with the clouds of heaven Christ was transported to the judgment. The clouds of heaven are the angels], and came to the Ancient of days [the Father], and they [the clouds] brought him near before him [This cannot represent the Second Coming because Christ is brought before the Father who is IN HEAVEN (Matt 6:9). This describes the coming of Christ into the Most holy place of the heavenly sanctuary for the judgment. CLOUDS TOOK CHRIST, THEY MOVED CHRIST, & THEY WILL RETURN CHRIST

In 31AD. Christ was TAKEN to heaven by clouds of angels, there to be our High Priest and begin His ministry in the Holy place of the sanctuary (Acts 1:9-11; Heb 8:2). Here, clouds of angels literally MOVED Christ from the Holy Place into the Most Holy Place of the heavenly sanctuary to begin the Investigative Judgment. At the end of His ministry, clouds of angels will literally RETURN Christ to Earth to receive His saints (Rev 1:7; Acts 1:9-11; EW 54, 55)].

14 And there was given him [Christ] dominion, and glory, and a kingdom [In Luke

19:12-15 Christ is represented as a nobleman who took a journey into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom, BEFORE returning. At the close of His priestly minisrty in the sanctuary in heaven, while STILL IN HEAVEN, Christ receives His kingdom from his Father BEFORE returning to earth for His saints.. (See GC 428; EW 55, 280)], that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed [In the Judgment is decided who are to be part of Christ Kingdom. When this is finished Christ will return to earth to receive them unto Himself (John 14:1-3)].

15 I Daniel was grieved [distressed] in my spirit in the midst of my body, and the

visions of my head troubled me.

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16 I came near unto one of them that stood by and asked him the truth of all this. So

he told me, and made me know the interpretation of the things. 17 These great beasts, which are four, are four kings [FOUR KINGDOMS For “kings” the Vulgate, LXX, & Theodotian read, “kingdoms.” cf. v 23], which

shall arise out of the earth [Note: The word “shall” in the KJV version of Dan 7:17 should not have been added. It is not in the Hebrew, and it gives the impression that all four kingdoms would rise after Daniel's time. However, the lion, which represented Babylon had already arisen when Daniel received this vision. Here the N.K.J.V reads more correctly, “...are four kings which arise out of the earth.”]

18 But the saints of the most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom

for ever, even for ever and ever [cf. Isa 65:22]. 19 Then I would know the truth of the fourth beast [the Roman Empire], which was

diverse [different] from all the others, exceeding dreadful, whose teeth were of iron [cf. the iron legs in Daniel 2 which represented Rome in Dan 2:40], and his nails of brass [cf. the brass belly & thighs in Daniel 2:39 represented Greece]; which devoured, brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with his feet;

20 And of the ten horns [ten kingdoms (v 24)] that were in his head, and of the other which came up, and before whom three fell; even of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth [the Pope] that spake very great things, whose look was more stout than his fellows ["Besides the emperors at Constantinople and the various German kings, there grew up in Europe a line of rulers far more powerful than any of these, ...the Popes...the longest and mightiest line of rulers that the world has ever seen." Mediaeval & Modern Times, Robinson, p40, 41.

“Long ages ago, when Rome through the neglect of Western emperors was left to

the mercy of the barbarous hordes, the Roman turned to one figure for aid and protection, and asked him to rule them;...And meekly stepping to the throne of Caesar, the vicar of Christ took up the sceptre to which the emperors and kings of Europe were to bow in reverence through many ages. American Catholic Quarterly Review, April, 1911].

21 I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints [The papacy killed Bible

believing Christians. See note on verse 25. The Papacy sometimes denies ever having perseuted anyone, claiming that the secular authorities alone killed & tortured heretics.

“And we do leave thee to the secular arm, and to the power of the secular court; but

at the same time do most earnestly beseech that the court so moderate its sentence as not to touch thy blood, nor to put thy life in any sort of danger.”

Gedde’s Tracts on Popery; View of the Court of Inquisition in Portugal, p446; Limborch, Vol. II, p289.

And then as intended the poor victims of popish hate were executed. After all, the

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secular authority was in those days simply a tool in the hands of the corrupt church. “As the church has ecclesiastical and secular princes, who are her two arms, so she

has two swords, the spritual and material; and therefore when her right hand is unable to convert a heretic, with the sword of the Spirit, she invokes the aid of the left hand, and coerces heretics with the material sword.” Cardinal Bellarmine in, Dowling’s History of Romanism, p547-548] and prevailed against them;

22 Until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the most

High [This has two meanings: (1) Judgment was given in favour of the saints and: (2) All the saints are given a work of judgment to perform. During the Millennium

all the saints will judge the wicked who lay dead (Rev 20:4; 1 Cor 6:2-3; Ps 149:8-9). God desires all His people to know why the wicked missed out on eternal life. See on Revelation 20]; and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom [This verse proves that there will be no millennium of global peace before Christ’s Second Coming. The little horn wars with God’s saints until the time the saints began the judgment of the wicked which begins at the of the world. Christ’s return preceedes the Millennium. See Revelation 19 and 20 which are a contiuous narrative describing Christ’s return (Rev 19) prior to the Millennium (Rev 20)

WHY NO MILLENNIUM OF PEACE CAN OCCUR BEFORE CHRIST’S

RETURN: (a) The wicked little horn power will exist until the kingdom of Christ is set up and

Christ’s kingdom is set up when He returns. (b) 2Thess.2:1-7 states what would take place before the second coming of Christ. It

is not the triumph of the world's conversion but the great apostasy or “falling away,” and the manifestation of the papacy, the man of sin who will continue until Christ’s coming:

“...that wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming.” 2Thess 2:8

(c) There is no room for a millennium of global peace prior to Christ’s return. The wheat and tares exist together until the END of the Christian age. See Matt.13:24-30

(d) Persecutors must exist until Christ’s Second Coming, for “...ALL that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.” 2 Tim.3:12

(e) Wickedness will exist until Christ’s return: “And as it was in the days of Noah, so shall it be also in the days of the Son of man. ... Likewise also as it was in the days of Lot; ...Even thus shall it be in the day when the Son of man is revealed.” Luke 17:26-30.

The last days before Christ’s Coming will be perilous times full of wickedness (See 2 Tim.3:1-5; 2Pet.3:3,4) which could not be the case if a millennium of peace preceeded Christ’s return.

The doctrine of the world's conversion and a temporal millennium is a fable of these last days which will lull many into a state of carnal security, and cause them to be overtaken by the great day of the Lord as by a thief in the night (1Thess. 5:3)].

23 Thus he said, The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon earth [as the

fourth beast was the fourth kingdom, therefore the first three beasts were the first three

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KINGDOMS of Daniel 2 in which KINGDOMS are first made mention of. Note that king & kingdom are used interchangeably cf. Daniel 7:17, 23], which shall be diverse [different] from all kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.

24 And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings [i.e. Kingdoms. Daniel uses

king & kingdom interchangeably. cf. v 17 & v 23. In Daniel 8:8, 21-22, four horns are said to be four “kingdoms.”

After the Roman emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome in the West to Constantinople in the East waves of barbarian tribes poured into the Western Roman Empire. These tribes, some large and other small, were the founders of the nations of modern Europe.

1. Alemani - Germans 2. Franks - French

3. Burgundians - Swiss 4. Suevi - Portugese 5. Vandals - Extinct 6. Visigoths - Spanish 7. Saxons - English 8. Ostrogoths - Extinct 9. Lombards - Italy 10. Heruli - Extinct. For an extended treatment to as to why these kingdoms are chosen from the various

groups which arose in Europe, see article at the end of this chapter - Establishing who constituted the Ten kingdoms]: and another [horn - kingdom] shall rise after them [THE PAPAL POWER

The beginnings of the papacy were present in Paul's day (See 2 Thess 2:3-8) but it did not rise to prominence until the 6th century after the first ten kingdoms of Europe had arisen. i.e. after 476 A.D.

FUTURISM

In order to counter the Reformation view that the Little horn was the papacy, Roman Catholic Jesuit scholars taught that the ten kings/kingdoms have not yet risen and that therefore the little horn (antichrist) which arose among them cannot be the Roman Church. This counterfeit view has been adopted by millions today and is called Futurism. However, such a view is contrary to the progressive revelation of history and the progressive interpretation of the vast majority of Biblical scholars throughout time. Virtually all, Futurists included, admit that the fourth beast was Rome. It is obvious to all that Rome has been divided into the various nations of Europe. There is no justification for overlooking these division and seeking some proposed future division. Ten kingdoms have ALREADY arisen. Three have ALREADY been plucked up. Therefore the Little Horn is ALREADY HERE. Furthermore every specifications are met by the papacy]; and he shall be diverse [different] from the first [Better, “from the former [horns]. The word for “first” is plural. The former kingdoms were political kingdoms. The little horn was

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divers from the former in that it is a RELIGIO-POLITICAL power. The Papacy is an ecclesiastical kingdom ruled over by the pope. It is a church exercising political (or state) power.

TWO ROYAL PRIESTHOODS

In contrast with the Papacy Christ’s true church is also a kingdom of priests. Each member a king and a priest, part of “a ROYAL PRIESTHOOD” under the King of kings. (Rev 1:6; 1 Pet 2:9).

The Vatican State is the SMALLEST kingdom in the world (108.7 acres), yet the

kingdom over which the Pope resides, Roman Catholiicism boast perhaps the LARGEST population - over ONE BILLION Catholics worldwide. Its head of State, the pope, is also the head of the Catholic Church. See note on v 8.

“As both its critics and its champions would probably agree, Roman Catholicism has

been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization. There are more Roman Catholics in the world than there are believers of any other religious tradition--not merely more Roman Catholics than all other Christians combined, but more Roman Catholics than all Muslims or Buddhists or Hindus. The papacy is the oldest continuing absolute monarchy in the world. To millions the pope is the infallible interpreter of divine revelation and the vicar of Christ; to others he is the fulfillment of the biblical prophecies about the coming of the Antichrist.

These incontestable statistical and historical facts suggest that some understanding of Roman Catholicism--its history, its institutional structures, its beliefs and practices, and its place in the world--is an indispensable component of cultural literacy, regardless of how one may individually answer the ultimate questions of life and death and faith.” Britannica, CD99, Standard Edition, ©1994-1999 art. Roman Catholicism.

Some of the 10 kingdoms had been Christianized before their invasion of the empire

but they were not Catholic in their views. They were Arian and believed that Christ was “...not truly divine but a created being.” Enc’ Brit’, Vol 1, 1998, p549. This brought those kingdoms into conflict with the rising papacy], and he [the little horn - the papal power] shall subdue three kings [THREE PLUCKED UP

“kings,” Aramaic, melek. See notes on Dan 8:23 showing that melek is used by Daniel as synonymous with kingdom - malkuw.

“I might cite three that were eradicated from before the pope out of the list first

given; namely, the Heruli under Odoacer, the Vandals, and the Ostrogoths.” Elliot in Horae Apocalypyticae, Vol. III, p152.

These three kingdoms held the Arian faith and opposed Roman Catholicism. The

Catholic emperors of Eastern Rome helped the papacy and had them destroyed. The Catholic empeor Zeno (474-491) arranged a treaty with the Ostrogoths in 487 which resulted in the eradication of the kingdom of the Arian Heruls (Heruli) 493A.D.

The Catholic emperor Justinian (527-565) had exterminated the Arian Vandals

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534A.D. and significantly broke the power of the Arian Ostrogoths in 538A.D. Thus were the three horns - The Vandals, the Heruli & the Ostrogoths “plucked up.” The details follow: HERULI The first barbarian king of Rome was Odoacer of the Heruli. He was of the heretic Arian faith and attempted to interfere with the election of the popes. (Bowers History of the Popes, Vol. I, p271). Ruling the Eastern Roman empire at the same time was Emperor Zeno (471-491) who was disposed toward Roman Catholcism. “...the Emperor Zeno in 477...sent the pope a completely Catholic confession of faith, whereupon Simplicius (9 Oct., 477) congratulated him on his restoration to power and exhorted him to ascribe the victory to God, who wished in this way to restore liberty to the Church.” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIV; Online ed., by Kevin Knight. Zeno was growing increasingly fearful of the Arian Ostrogoths, who were encamped not far from Constantinople and becoming increasingly restless. Zeno was also concerned about the Arian Heruli in Italy whose leader, Odoacer, had removed the last of the Western Roman emperors in 476 A.D. and proclaimed himself king. (This action of Odaoacer is viewed as marking the downfall of the Western Roman Empire). In 487A.D. Zeno officially commissioned Theodoric, the leader of the Ostrogoths, to invade Italy and dispose of the Heruli. In this way Zeno thought to free Constantinople from the Ostrogothic threat and dispose of one Arian power. “By appointing Theodoric to replace Odoacer as king of Italy (489), Zeno was able to persuade the Ostrogoths to leave the Eastern Empire.” Enc’ Britannica, Vol. 12, 1998, p906. Theodoric and the Ostrogoths fulfilled their mission, established the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. (493 A.D.) and by the “...mid 6th century...they [Heruli] vanished from history" Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 5, 1998, p893. art. Heruli. In this way the Catholic emperor Zeno “plucked up” the first “horn.” The papacy is thus responsible for the destruction of the Heruli, in the same way that King David is held responsible for the death of Uriah the Hittite even though David used others to accomplish the deed. (See 2Sam 11; 2Sam 12:9). VANDALS In 527A.D. Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. He was deeply committed to religious affairs but the citizens were not united with him. Justinian ruled over three Christian persuasions: 1. Arians (Christ “...not truly divine but a created being.” Enc’ Brit’, Vol 1, 1998, p549), 2. Monophysites (Christ “only one divine nature.” Enc’ Brit’, Vol. 8, 1998, p264) 3. Catholics (Christ human & divine). Justinian sided so strongly with the Catholics that in 533A.D. he declared the pope “"head of all the holy churches” “ “head of all the holy priests of God” and “corrector of heretics" (Code of Justinian, Book 1, title 1), Although legally recognized this could not

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go into effect until the power of Arian Ostrogoths was broken. Justinian therefore spent his long reign attempting to convert or eliminate anyone who did not regard the pope as head In the 530s Justinian launched a holy war against the Arian Vandals and Arian Ostrogoths. He found legal precept for doing this of course, but Procopius, the historian-reporter who went on the campaign, reveals in his History of Wars, 3.10.19, that Justinians real purpose was to “protect the Christians,” that is, to protect Catholics from Arians. “The Vandals were Arian Christians, and their persecutions of the Roman Catholic church in Africa were at times fierce...” Enc’ Britannica, Vol 12, 1998, p262 Justinian commissioned his finest general, Belisarius, to sail with an army to the Vandal’s capital Carthage, in northern Africa and after the crucial battle of Tricamarum the Vandals, in 534A.D. “disappeared like a mist” C. W. Previté-Orton, Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, 4th edition, University Press 1953, Volume 1, p. 189). “in one campaign season the Vandal kingdom was destroyed. Rome again ruled the area and restored the churches to the Roman Catholics. The Vandals played no further role in history,” Enc’ Britannica, Vol. 12, 1998, p262. “...the Vandals disappeared from history.” Enc’ Britannica, 1963 edition, Vol. 22, p. 973. Thus the Catholic emperor Justinian had the second “horn” “plucked up.” OSTROGOTHS Finally the Arian Ostrogoth, Theodoric, crossed swords with Rome by persecuting Romanists in his dominions. ...the chief men of Rome [papists] were suspected at this time of carrying on a treasonable correspondence with the court of Constantinople [home of emperor Justinian], and machinating the ruin of the Gothic empire in Italy.” Bower’s History of the Popes, Vol. 1, p325. Having defeated the Vandals Belisarius turned north against the Arian Ostrogoths in Italy. He took Palermo on the island of Sicily and in 536A.D. marched into Rome virtually unopposed with just 5000 men. The Ostrogoths counterattacked with 150,000 surrounding Rome, says Procopius, The Loeb Classical Library, book 5, chap. 16, p163. 5.16.11. To human sight the Ostrogoths, with a thirty-to-one superiority, looked certain to be victorius but God had foreseen the tragic tactical error the Ostrogoths were to make. The Goths foolishly cut the aquaducts leading into Rome hoping to force Belisarius to surrender through lack of water. However the torrents of water made a guagmire that bred malarial mosquitoes and caused an epidemic. The huge Ostrogoth army was so grievously reduced by the disease that in 538A.D., after a second Roman army landed in Italy, they were driven from Rome. Skirmishes and battles followed for some years until the Catholic general Narses annihilated all but a couple of thousand Ostrogoths and the Ostrogoths, like the Heruli & Vandals, disappeared from history,

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“...the Ostrogoths thereafter had no national existence.” Enc’ Britannica, Vol. 8, 1998, p1038. And the crucial military event that “plucked up the Ostrogoths and led to their annihilation was the calamitous defeat in 538 A.D., which, says Hodgkin,“dug the grave of the Gothic monarchy in Italy.” See Italy and Her Invaders, Hodgkin, Vol 3. p180-213; Vol. 5, p3-66; Vol. 4, p 73-113, 210-252. Thus in 538A.D. the prophecy was fulfilled, “three of the first horns were plucked up by the roots,” allowing the papacy to grow great and begin its long period of supremacy. EVENTS GIVING FURTHER SIGNIFICANCE TO A.D.538 The events centering about the siege of Rome in (537-538) were a turning point in church and state as is evidenced by such statements as: “With the conquest of Rome by Belisarius, the history of the ancient city may be considered as terminating: and with his defense against Witiges (538) commenses the history of the Middle Ages - of the times of destruction and of change.” Finlay, Greece under the Romans, p240. From this time the Popes were more and more men of State. “Vigilus (537-555A.D.) is the first in a series of popes, who no longer bears the title [saint], which is henceforth sparingly conferred. From this time on the popes, more and more involved in worldly events, no longer belong solely to the church; they are men of state, and then rulers of the state.” Charles Bemont & G. Monod, Medieval Europe From 395-1270, p120-121. The church historian Dr Summerbell says, “[The Roman Emperor] Justinian...enriched himself with the property of all ‘heretics’ - that is, non-Catholics; published edicts in 538 AD compelling all to join the Catholic church in 90 days of leave the empire and confiscated all their goods.” Dr. N Summerbell, History of the Early Christian Church, p310-311 “In his zeal to unite all men into one all Christian doctrine, he [the Roman emperor Justinian] recklessly killed all who dissented, and this too he did in the name of piety. For he did not call it homicide, when those who perished happened to be of a belief different from his own...Agents were sent everywhere to force whomever they chanced upon to renounce the faith of their fathers...thus many perished at the hands of the persecuting faction...but most of them by far quitted the land of their fathers, and fled the country...thenceforth the whole Roman Empire was a scene of massacre and flight.” Procopius, The Secret History of the Court of Justinian, p121-122; 138-139

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL The fact that a fourth kingdom, the Gepids, was totally destroyed in 567A.D. AFTER the papal supremacy was established is imaterial. The prophecy specified three kingdoms being uprooted BEFORE the papal supremacy was established and so they were.

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At times the papacy was restrained by the ambitions of emperors, and some went as far as deposing certain popes and replacing them with men of their own choosing. For example the German Emperor Otto III in 996 entered Rome and, after putting down a faction of Roman nobles, he forced the election of his own cousin Bruno as Gregory V. However throughout all this the papal power continued and was not abolished until 1798. Uprooting something may cause immediate death or lead to eventual death some time later. The plucking up is not necessarily the moment of death. The Ostrogoths lingered on after being plucked but eventually ceased to exist. The crucial military event that “plucked up the Ostrogoths and led to their annihilation was the calamitous defeat in 538 A.D. which, says the historian Hodgkin, “dug the grave of the Gothic monarchy in Italy." See Italy and Her Invaders, Hodgkin, Vol. 4, p 250. Others did much of the work of establishing the papal supremacy and this is as prophecy foretold: “And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily [sacrifice], and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.” (Dan 11:31) “And an host was given [him] against the daily [sacrifice] by reason of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practised, and prospered.” (Dan 8:12). i.e. 538 AD marks the beginning of the supremacy of the papacy. As three of the ten kingdoms have ALREADY been plucked up, it is clear that the Little Horn is already here and is not future as Futurism claims].

25 And he shall speak great words against the most High [SPEAK GREAT WOIRDS AGAINST THE MOST HIGH

Speak blasphemies. The Bible defines blasphemy as claiming to be God and or claiming to be able to forgive sin (John 10:32-33; Mark 2:7). Every Roman Catholic Confessional is a fulfillment of this aspect of the Little Horn.

“The Pope is not only the representative of Jesus Christ, but he is Jesus Christ Himself, hidden under veil of the flesh.” The Catholic National, July, 1895. “The pope is crowned with a triple crown as king of heaven, and earth, and purgatory.” Ferraris' Promptta Bibliotheca, Vol. VI, p 26, article "Papa." “What only God can do by his omnipotence, the priest can also do...Indeed it is not too much to say that in view of the sublimity of their office the priests are so many Gods.” Dignity and Duties of the Priest, Alphonsus De Liguori, p35. “Does the Priest truly remit [forgive] sins, or does he only declare they are remitted? The priest does really and truly remit the sin in virtue of the power given him by Christ.” Joseph Deharbe, S.J., A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion, p275.

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“The Pope is supreme judge of the law of the land...He is the viceregent of Christ, and is not only a priest forever, but is King of kings and Lord of lords.” La Civilta Cattolica, March 18, 1871. “The Pope is of so great authority and power that he can modify, explain, or interpret even Divine laws...THE POPE CAN MODIFY DIVINE LAW, since his power is not of man, but of God, and he acts in the place of God upon earth.” Lucius Ferraris, “Papa,” art. 2, in Prompta Bibliotheca "The pope has power to change times, to abrogate [change] laws, and to dispense [do away] with all things, even the precepts of Christ." Decretal, De Translantic Episcop], and shall wear out the saints of the most High [WEAR OUT THE SAINTS - Killed & persecuted Christians. "The Catholic church has persecuted. Only a tyro [beginner] in church history will deny that...One hundred and fifty years after Constantine the Donatists were persecuted, and sometimes put to death...Protestants were persecuted in France and Spain with the full approval of the church authorities. We have always defended the persecution of the Hugenots, and the Spanish Inquisition. Wherever and whenever there is honest Catholicity, there will be a clear distinction drawn between truth and error, and Catholicity and all forms of heresy. When she thinks it good to use physical force, she will use it." A Roman Catholic publication, The Western Watchman, of St Louis, Dec. 24, 1908. “Torture was little used from the 9th to 12th centuries, but with the revival of Roman law the process was re-established in the 12th century...In 1252 [Pope] Innocent IV sanctioned the infliction of torture by the civil authorities upon heretics, and torture came to have a recognized place in the procedures of the inquisitorial courts.” New Catholic Encyclopaedia, art. Torture. The historian Will Durant observed: "Compared with the persecution of heresy in Europe from 1227 to 1492, the persecution of Christians by Romans in the first three centuries after Christ was a mild inhumane procedure. "Making every allowance required by an historian and permitted to a Christian, we must rank the Inquisition, along with the wars and persecutions of our time, as among the darkest blots on the history of mankind, revealing a ferocity unknown in any beast." -- The Story of Civilization, volume 4, page 784. "For professing faith contrary to the teaching of the church of Rome, history records the matyrdom of more than 100 million people." Brief Bible Readings, p16. “That the Church of Rome has shed more innocent blood than any other institution that has ever existed among mankind, will be questioned by no Protestant who has a

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competent knowledge of history.” History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe, reprint, W.E.H. Lecky, 1955, Vol. 2, p40. “The noon of the papacy was the midnight of the world.” The History of Protestantism, J.A. Wylie, Vol 1, chap 4. Llorente, the historian of the Inquisition supplies the following record of those burned in Spain alone: “The horrid conduct of this holy office weakened the power and diminished the population of Spain, by arresting the progress of the arts, sciences, industry and commerce, and by compelling multitudes of families to abandon the kingdom; by instigating the expulsion of the Jews and the Moors, and by immolating on its flaming piles more than three hundred thousand victims.” Juan Antonio Llorente [secretary of the Inquisition in Spain], The History of the Spanish Inquisition, p5 Walter M. Montano, a former Catholic priest, asserts in his book, Behind the Purple Curtain, that it has been estimated that fifty million people died during the twelves hundred years of the Dark Ages. See Walter M. Montano, Behind the Purple Curtain, p91 A. Hyatt Verrill, in his book, The Inquisition, relates some of the atrocities instigated by the Church in the Netherlands. He stated thatthe reign of terror in the Netherlands was beyond words to describe. King Philip himself boasted that the Inquisition in his area was “much more pitiless than that in Spain.” Tens of thousands were tortured or burned during the first two years of Philips tenure as king. But it would not be until the coming of the cruel Duke of Alva in 1567 that cruelties became indescribable. In less than three months after his coming to power, Alva caused eighteen hundred people to be burned alive. on one gala occasion five hundred were burned en masse. At the close of Holy Week in one year eight hundred heretics were slain. In the city of Antwerp eight thousnad lives were taken by the Catholic Church at one time. Upon his departure fromn the Netherlands, Alva boasted that more than eighteen thousand people had died at his order. See Verrill, The Inquisition, p236. This persecution was that alluded to by Christ as the “great tribulation” in Matt 24. See notes on Matt 24], and think to change times and laws [THINK TO CHANGE TIMES & THE LAW “Think to change times and the law.” R.S.V. As these points are given to help identify this power the imagined change cannot refer to a change in merely human law because all kingdoms change human law and such a changed would not help identify this power. As the horn's "great words” were against God, and as it persecuted God's saints, we may conclude that the law it thought to change was God's Law. The A:B, A’:B’ arrangement of verse 25 supports this view: A. And he shall speak [great] words against the most High

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B. and shall wear out the saints of the most High A’ and think to change times and laws B’ and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time. This pattern indicates that the words directed against the Most High pertain to the times & laws of the Most High. A: In like manner the persecution of the saints was to occur during the Papal powers 3 1/2 time (1260 year) reign. “Think to,” Heb. ‘sebar,’ means “to intend, to strive, to endeavour.” A deliberate, wilful attempt is indicated. In consciously tampering with the Divine Law this power “opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God” 2 Thess 2:4. That it thinks to change "times" strongly suggests that the part of God's Law it thought to change was the seventh day Sabbath, the only commandment directly concerning time. Indeed the papacy claims to have deliberatelly & wilfully changed God’s law. Although the Ten Commandments are found in Roman Catholic versions of the Bible, Catholics are instructed from Catechisms (books of doctrinal instruction). Catholicism has removed from Catholic Catechisms the second commandment forbidding bowing before images and also claims that (without any Scriptural authority) they have changed God’s Sabbath from the 7th day of the week to the first day. “The mystery of iniquity (sin),” and “the man of sin” (2 Thess 2) are terms applicable to this power.

The fact that Christ died to remove our sins, rather than change His Law to clear us , shows that God's Law of love (Rom 13:8-10), the only part of the Bible that God wrote Himself, is just and unchangeable. Because God’s law is unchangeable the papacy could only “think to change” it.

Christ said, “THINK NOT that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am

not come to destroy, but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till HEAVEN & EARTH pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.” Matt 5:17-18

Note that Christ refers to the existence of the heavens and the earth. The Sabbath commandment alone ponts to the Creator.

Antichrist THINKS TO have changes the law by altering the commandment which refers to the creator of the heavens and the earth.

ROMAN CATHOLIC AUTHORITIES CLAIM TO HAVE CHANGED THE LORD’S SEVENTH-DAY SABBATH TO SUNDAY, THE FIRST DAY “We observe Sunday instead of Saturday because the Catholic Church transferred the solemnity from Saturday to Sunday.” The Convert's Catechism of Catholic Doctrine (1957 ed.), P. Geiermann, p50. Note: This work received the "apostolic blessing" of Pope Pius X, Jan. 25, 1910. “How, we ask, have you [Protestants] managed to receive her [the Catholic Church's] teaching all your life, in direct opposition to your recognized teacher, the Bible, on the

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Sabbath question?” The Christian Sabbath, pamphlet, (2nd ed.; Baltimore). “The Catholic Church...by virtue of her divine mission, changed the day from Saturday to Sunday.” The Catholic Mirror, Sept. 23, 1893. "Q. Have you any other way of proving that the Church [Catholic] has power to institute festivals of precept? A. Had she not such power, she could not have done that in which all modern religionists agree with her;- she could not have substituted the observance of Sunday the first day of the week, for the observance of Saturday the seventh day, a change for which there is no Scriptural authority." A Doctrinal Catechism, (3rd US ed.) S. Keenan, p 174. “Now every child in school knows that the Sabbath day is Saturday, the seventh day of the week; yet with the exception of the Seventh-day Adventists, all Protestant denominations keep Sunday instead of the seventh day because the Catholic Church made this change in the first stages of Christianity.” Winnipeg Free Press, April 21, 1884, Father Gerritsma “Sunday is a Catholic institution, and its claims to observance can be defended only on Catholic principles...” The Catholic Press, Sydney, Australia, August 25, 1900. “Of course the Catholic Church claims that the change [of the Sabbath to Sunday] was her act...AND THE ACT IS A MARK of her ecclesiastical power and authority in religious matters.” H.F. Thomas, Chancellor of Cardinal Gibbons, Nov. 11, 1895. “Sunday is our MARK of authority...The church is above the Bible, and this transference of Sabbath observance is proof of the fact.” Catholic Record of London, Ontario, Canada, Sept. 1, 1923. This action of the papacy was recognized about 450 years ago by Melacthon, the Protestant Reformer and colleague of Martin Luther: “He changeth the tymes and the lawes,...or when they changed ye Saterday into Sondaye...They have changed God's lawes and turned them into their own tradicions to be kept above God's precepts.” Exposicion of Daniel the Prophete, 1545, Melancthon p119. “[Dan 7:25 quoted] The change in the fourth commandment exactly fulfils the prophecy.” GC 446 A comparison will show that the Little horn is the same power and the Beast of Rev 13: THE LITTLE HORN THE BEAST 1. Is a kingdom (horns = kingdoms Dan 8:22) Is a kingdom (Beast = kingdoms Dan 7:23) 2. Grew out of Rome (the fourth beast) Received power from Rome (Rev 13:2)

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3. Arose after a lion, a bear, a leopard and a dragon Is made up of a lion, bear, leopard, dragon 4. Spoke great things against God (v 25) Spoke great things against God (Rev 13:5) 5. Attacked God’s saints (v 25) Attacked God’s saints (Rev 13:7) 6. Reigned for 42 months (v 25) Reigned for 42 months (Rev 13:5) 7. Thought to change times and laws (v 25) The MARK OF THE BEAST (Rev 13:16)]: and they shall be given into his hand until a time [Aramaic, Iddan] and times [Without evidence to the contrayr we might rightly understand this are two times because two the simplest plural. An understanding of the Aramaic here confirs that two is intended: In some languages, including Aramaic, there is not only the singular (one) and the plural (many) but also the dual (two). “Times” here is from the dual of the Aramaic Iddan and should thus be more correctly “two times.”] and the dividing of time [a half being the simplest division. The total is thus 3 1/2 times. 3 1/2 TIMES REPRESENTS 1260 LITERAL YEARS “a time, two times, and half a time.” R.S.V. The majority of ancient and modern interpreters say that the Aramaic word “Iddan,” (“time”) means years. It is undoubtedly used this way in Dan 4:16, 23, 25, 32. The Greek version of the Scriptures, the Septuagint, translates the "seven times" of Dan 4:16 as “seven years,” thus 3 1/2 times = 3 1/2 years.

Comparing Rev 12:14 & Rev 12: 6 shows that 3 1/2 times = 1260 days and 1260 days = 42 months (cf. Rev 11:2, 3; 13:5).

Thus the 3 1/2 ‘years’ are not literal years but ‘years’ of only 360 days each (3 1/2 x 360 = 1260). We might thus call them prophetic years.

A prophetic year is of course made up of prophetic days and a prophetic day stands for a literal year (Eze 4:6; Num 14:34). See note on Dan 9:25.

Thus 3 1/2 times = 1260 days = 1260 years. This period is mentioned 7 times in Dan 7:25; Dan 12:7; Rev 13:5; Rev 11:2; Rev 11:3; Rev 12:6; Rev 12:14. 3 1/2 YEARS END WITH DEATH This period of 3 1/2 years is seen in other places: Christ’s ministry lasted 3 1/2 years (1/2 a prophetic week) and ended with His death. The drought lasted 3 1/2 year in Elijah’s time and ended with the death of the prophets of Baal. The Apostle’s ministry to the Jews lasted 3 1/2 years from the death of Christ to the death of Stephen at which time the gospel went to the Gentiles. The ‘ministry ‘of the beast lasted 3 1/2 years and ends with it’s deadly wound. Based on the pattern we see we ought to expect that the little horn’s 3 1/2 years ‘ministry’ ends with it’s death and indeed it did...

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The 3 1/2 times or 1260 years began in 538AD (See notes on v 24). “In the 6th century the papacy had become firmly established. Its seat of power was fixed in the imperial city, [Rome] and the bishop of Rome [pope] was declared to be the head over the entire church. PAGANISM had given place to the PAPACY. The dragon had given to the beast “his power, and his seat, and great authority.” Rev 13:2. And now began the 1260 years of papal oppression foretold in the prophecies of Dan 7:25; Rev 13:5-7.” GC 54. From 538AD. the 1260 year supremacy of the papacy reached to 1798. 538 + 1260 years = 1798. IN 538 THE PAPACY BEGAN ITS 1260 YEARS SUPREMACY WHICH ENDED WITH THE PAPACY BEING ABOLISHED IN 1798 “The ULTIMATE HUMILIATION of the Church came when Pius VI was driven from Rome by the French armies in 1798.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1989, Vol. 26, p938. “In 1798 he [Berthier]...made his entrance into Rome, ABOLOSHED the PAPAL GOVERNMENT and established a secular one.” The Encyclopedia Americana, 1941 ed. "Berthier advanced to the city by forced marches; summoned the castle of St. Angelo, allowing only four hours for its evacuation by the papal troops; the convicts were set at liberty; the gates of the city secured by the French; the pope, all the cardinals except three, and the whole people of Rome, made prisoners at discretion. . . . Shortly afterwards, Berthier made his triumphal entry into Rome; and a tree of liberty being planted on the capitol, . . . a proclamation was issued, declaring . . . a free and independent republic, under the special protection of the French army. A provisional government was acknowledged, as established by the sovereign people; and every other temporal authority emanating from the pope was suppressed, nor was he any longer to excercise any function." John Adolphus, The History of France, Vol. 2 (London: George Kearsley, 1803), pp. 364, 365. "The object of the French directory was the destruction of the pontifical government, as the irreconcilable enemy of the republic. . . . The aged pope [Pius VI] was summoned to surrender the temporal government; on his refusal, he was dragged from the altar. . . . His rings were torn from his fingers, and finally, after declaring the temporal power ABOLISHED, the victors carried the pope prisoner into Tuscany, whence he never returned." George Trevor, Rome: From the Fall of the Western Empire (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1868), pp. 439, 440. "When, in 1797, Pope Pius VI fell grievously ill, Napoleon gave orders that in the event of his death no successor should be elected to his office, and that the Papacy should be discontinued. But the Pope recovered; the peace was soon broken; Berthier entered Rome on 10th February 1798, and proclaimed a Republic. The aged Pontiff refused to violate his oath by recognizing it, and was hurried from prison to prison into France. Broken

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with fatigue and sorrows, he died . . . [in] August 1799, in the French fortress of Valence, aged 82 years. No wonder that half Europe thought Napoleon's veto would be obeyed, and that with the Pope THE PAPACY WAS DEAD." Joseph Rickaby, "The Modern Papacy," in Lectures on the History of Religions, Vol. 3, [lecture 24, p. 1] (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1910). “The papacy was EXTINCT: not a vestige of its existence remained; and among all the Roman Catholic powers not a finger was stirred in its defence. The eternal city had no longer prince or pontiff; its bishop was dying a captive in foreign lands; and the decree was announced that no successor would be allowed in his place.” Rome: From the Fall of the Western Empire, George Trevor, p440. FURTHER FACTORS POINTING TO 538A.D. The decree of Justinian, issued in 533A.D., recognized the pope as “head of all the holy churches.” ( Justinian’s Code, Book 1, title 1. Baronius Annals, A.D.533). The overwhelming defeat of the Ostrogoths in the seige of Rome, five years later, 538A.D. was a death blow to the independance of the Arian power then ruling Italy, and was therefore a notable date in the development of the papal supremacy. With the period 533-538A.D. then commences the twelve hundred and sixty years of this prophecy which would extend to the period 1793-1798. The year 1793 was the year of the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution, and the year when the Roman Catholic religion was set aside in France and the worship of Reason established in its stead. As a direct result of the revolt against papal authority in the French Revolution, the French army, under Berthier, entered Rome, and the pope was taken prisoner Feb 10, 1798, dying in exile at Valence, France, the following year. This period 1793-1798A.D. during which this death stroke was inflicted upon the Papacy, fittingly and clearly marks the close of the long prophetic period mentioned in this prophecy. These two five year periods occurring before the establishment of papal power and before its wounding give additional support to the years 538 and 1798. A.D.533-538 - A.D.1793-1798. In 1689 Drue Cressener (1638-1718) wrote the following incredible prediction about 100 years before its fulfillment: “The first appearance of the beast was at Justinian’s recovery of the Western Empire, from which time to about the year 1800 will be about 1260 years...For if the first time of the beast was at Justinians recovery of the city of Rome, then must not it end till a little before the year 1800.” Drue Cressener, The Judgment of God Upon the Roman Catholick Church, p309, 312]

26 But the judgment [pre-advent judgment] shall sit, [preside] and they shall take away his dominion, to consume and to destroy it unto the end.

27 And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the

whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the most High [the saints will

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inherit the world] whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom [cf. Dan 2:44], and all dominions shall serve and obey him.

28 Hitherto is the end of the matter. As for me Daniel, my cogitations much

troubled me, and my countenance changed in me: but I kept the matter in my heart. [ADDITIONAL MATERIAL:

WHO CONSTITUTED THE TEN KINGDOMS Several lists of ten have been proposed and the following article establishes the

correct list: Machiavelli, the historian of Florence, is claimed to name the Huns as one of the

nations principally concerned in the breaking up of the Roman empire. Among those who have written on this point with reference to the prophecy, may be mentioned, Berengaud, in the ninth century; Mede, 1586- 1638; Bossuet, 1627-1704; Lloyd, 1627-1717; Sir Isaac Newton, 1642-1727; Bishop Newton, 1704-1782; Hales, ---1821: Faber, 1773-1854.

Of these nine authorities, eight take the position that the Huns were one of the ten

kingdoms; of these eight, two, Bossuet and Bishop Newton, followed by Dr. Clarke, have both the Huns and the Alemanni; only one, Mede, omits the Huns and takes the Alemanni. Thus eight favor the view that the Huns were represented by one of the horns; two, while not rejecting the Huns, consider the Alemanni one of the horns; one rejects the Huns and takes the Alemanni. Scott and Barnes, in their commentaries, and Oswald, in his Kingdom That Shall Not Be Moved, name the Huns.

THE TEN KINGDOMS. The following are given in order. with the dates at which they respectively or successively entered the Western Empire never to leave it (with the exception of the three that were plucked up by the roots), with the places and dates of their settlement: (1) ALEMANNI, about A. D. 300, in Agri Decumates from the river Main to Basel and the Lake of Constance; A. D. 351, take Alsace Lorraine in addition; A. D. 455, extend to the Seine. (2) FRANKS, A. D. 351, northeast Gaul; early in the fifth century spread to the Somme; middle of the fifth century, A. D. 455, to the Seine; and gradually progress till in the sixth century they take all Gaul north and west of the Moselle and the mountains of the Vosges and the Cevennes. (3) BURGUNDIANS, Dec. 31, A. D. 406; in Burgundy, A. D. 420; spread over West Switzerland and the whole valley of the Rhone, A. D. 443-476. (4) SUEVI, Oct. 13, A. D. 409 in Spain; A. D. 428 in Galicia in Spain; A. D. 466 held the kingdom of Galicia, and shortly afterward spread to what is now Portugal. (5) VANDALS, Dec. 31. 406; in Spain, A. D. 409; in Africa, May, A. D. 429. (6) VISIGOTHS, A. D. 408, Italy; in southwest Gaul (Aquitaine), A. D. 419; spread into Spain, A. D. 466. (7) SAXONS, A. D. 449, Britain.

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(8) OSTROGOTHS, A. D. 451, under Attila; A. D. 453, in Pannonia; A. D. 489, in Italy. (9) LOMBARDS, A. D. 451, under Attila; A. D. 453, in Noricum. (10) HERULI, A. D. 451, under Attila; A. D. 475, in Italy. Gibbon mentions 8 of these in a single paragraph Decline and Fall, p677, chap. xxxvii, par. 18. In the same chapter, he names another nation, the Lombards Ibid., p678, par. 29. And he also calls the Alemanni “a great and permanent nation.” Ibid., p678, Chap. x, par. 26. Gibbon did not write with any intentional reference to an exposition of the prophecy, yet his authoritative history is itself a very good exposition. Only this list fits all the Bible requirements. Daniel specifies that: (1) The correct ten kingdoms arise from the Roman Empire, the fourth beast, not outside it. (v 7) (2) AFTER the ten had arisen, three of the original ten, were “plucked up by the roots.” (v 8) (3) The ten were all present before the “little horn” arose AMONG them, and as the little horn “plucked up” “three of the first horns”, and as the first was plucked up in March 5, A.D.493, the ten kingdoms were all in existence BEFORE A.D.493.Therefore any kingdom that arose later than A. D. 493, can not be one of the ten. (4) The remaining seven must remain, through their lineal descendants, to the time when all kingdoms shall give place to the kingdom of God (v 8-9). (a) Not that the remaining seven must all, always, remain equally powerful kingdoms. (b) Not that no one of them shall ever extend its boundaries, or even change its locality (c) Not that no one of them shall ever be brought low (d) Not that no one shall ever be made tributary to another (e) Not that no one shall ever have to acknowledge the overlordship of another as some would “be partly strong and partly broken” (brittle, Dan 2:42 margin). Yet they are never plucked up by the roots; for “in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever.” Dan. 2:44 The Britons cannot be one of the ten because: (1) The Britons were part of the body of the Roman Empire, which was conquered and broken up. We cannot count as kingdoms the conquered AND the conquerors for if we did we would have twenty kingdom instead of ten! (2)“With the victory of Deorum [A. D. 577] the conquest of the bulk of Britain was complete...Not a Briton remained as subject or slave on English ground...” Green, Larger History of the English People, p682, chap. ii, pars. 1-5. The Greeks cannot be one of the ten because: (1) We can not rightly go outside of the limits of the Western Empire to count the ten kingdoms. (2) If we did go beyond those limits, we could not rightly lump together as one kingdom all that were in the bounds of the Eastern Empire for they were not just the Greeks.

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The kingdom [exarchate] of Ravenna cannot be one of the ten because: (1) It existed between A. D. 554 and 752, but that comes into history too late to be counted as one of the ten for they must all be seen before A. D. 493. The Alans cannot be one of the ten because: (1) While the body of the nation went on into Spain, soon after the battle of Chalons “their separate national existence in Gaul was merged in that of the Visigoths;” Encyclopedia Britannica, p684, art. Alani. When, in A. D. 508, the Visigoths were, by the Franks, driven from their Gallic possessions into Spain, this body of the Alani were lost to history, if not to the world. (See Decline and Fall, p684, chap. xxxviii, pars. 13, 29). The Huns cannot be one of the ten because: (1) After the death of Attila the power of the Huns was broken to pieces. Chambers' Cyclopedia says: “With the death of Attila the power of the Huns was broken in pieces...the Huns especially never regained their power.” “The death of Attila was followed by the dissolution of his empire, as complete and more ruinous than that which befell the Macedonian monarchy on the death of Alexander...The Hunnish Empire is from this time forward mere driftwood on its way to inevitable oblivion." -- Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, p690 book iii, chap. 1, pars. 1,2. The Encyclopedia Britannica tells of the death of Attila in A. D. 453, and then says: “Almost immediately afterward, the empire he had amassed, rather than consolidated, fell to pieces...The nation, thus broken, rapidly dispersed...The main body, however, appear to have resumed the position on the steppes of the river Ural, which they had left less than a century before." Enc Britannica, p688, Art. Huns. Adams' Historical Chart says: “The fall of the empire of the Huns begins with the death of Attila, A. D. 453. Their power was broken, and the nation was soon extinguished.” (2) From the battle of Netad onward, the Huns never possessed any portion of territory within the Western Empire. (3) It is a fact that the only part of what is now Hungary that was ever within the Western Empire, is that portion that lies west of the Danube, and which formed part of the province of Pannonia. (4) The people who formed what is now the kingdom of Hungary (not Huns but Magyars -Ovyypoi, Ugri, Wengri, Ungri, Ungari, Hence Hungari. See Encyclopedia Britannica, p686, art. Hungary), did not appear in Europe till A. D. 884, and in 889 overran the country which bears their name. Therefore, to name the "Huns in Hungary," as though Hungary received its name from the Huns, and as though it were a continuation of the kingdom of the Huns, is decidedly an error. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAPACY “The development of the great apostasy that culminated in the Papacy awas a gradual

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process that covered several centuries. The same is true of the decline of this power. With respect to the future Jesus warned His disciples, “ Take heed that no man deceive you,” for “many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many,” performing “signs and wonders” in confirmation of their deceptive claims, “insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect.” (Matt 24:4-5, 11, 24). Paul, speaking by inspiration declared that men would, “arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them.” (Acts 20:29-30). The result would be a “falling away” in which the power refers to as “that man of sin” and “the mystery of iniquity” would be revealed, opposing truth, exalting itself above God, and usurping the authority of God over the church (2Thess 2:3, 4). This power, which he warned, was already at work in a limited way (v 7), would operate “after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders.” (v 9). The subtle manner of its rise was to be so cleverly camouflaged that none but those who sincerely believed and loved the truth would be safe from its deceptive claims (vs.10-12). Before the close of the first century the apostle John wrote that “many false prophets are gone out into the world” (1John 4:1), and a little later, that “many deceivers are entered into the world” (2John 7), This, he said, is the “[spirit] of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now already is it in the world.” (1John 4:3). These predictions warned of the presence of ominous forces already at work in the church, forces that foreshadowed heresy and schism, and apostacy of major proportions. Claiming pergoatives and authority that belong to God, yet operating on satanic principles and by satanic methods, this instrument would eventually deceive the majority of Christians into accepting its leadership, and thus secure control of the church (See Acts 20:29, 30; 2Thess 2:3-12). In apostolic times each local congregation selected its own officers and regulated its own affairs The church universal was nevertheless “one body” by virtue of the invisible operation of the Holy Spirit, and guidance of the apostles, that united believers everywhere in “one Lord, one faith, one baptism” (See Eph 4:3-6) Leaders in the local churches were to be men “full of the Holy Ghost” (Acts 6:3), selected, qualified, and guided by the Holy Ghost (see Acts 13:2), and appointed (Acts 6:5) and ordained by the church (Acts 13:3). As the church “left” its first love (Rev 2:4), it forfeited its purity of doctrine, its high standards of personal, conduct and the invisible bond of unity provided by the Holy Spirit. In worship formalism took place of simplicity. Popularity and personal power came more and more to determine the choice of leaders, who first assumed increasing authority within the local church, then sought to extend their authority over neighbouring churches. Administration of the local church under the guidance of the Spirit of Christ eventually gave way to ecclesiastical authoritarianism at the hands of a single official, the bishop, to whom every church mmber was personally subject and through whom alone he had access to salvation. Henceforth eadership thought only of ruling the church instead of

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serving it, the “greatest” was no longer one who considered himself “servant of all.” Thus gradually developed the concept of a priestly heirarchy that interposed between the individual Christian and the Lord. According to the writings attributed to Ignatius of Antioch, who died about 117, the presence of the bishop was essential to the celebration of religious rites and to the conduct of church business. Irenaeus (d. about 200) ranked bishops according to their relative age and importance of the churches over which they presided. He accorded special honor to the churches founded by the apostles, and held that all other churches shouls agree with the church in Rome in matters of faith and doctrine. Tertullian (d. 225) taught the supremacy of the bishop over the presbyters - locally elected elders. Cyprian (d. about 258) is considered the founder of the Roman Catholic heirarchy. He advocated the theory that there is but one true church, and that outside of it there is no access to salvation. He put forth the claim that Peter had founded the church in Rome, that the bishop of the church at Rome should therefore be honoured above other bishops, and his opinions and descisions should always prevail. He emphasized the importance of direct apostolic succession, asserted the literal priesthood of the clergy, and taught that no church might celebrate religious rites or conduct affairs without the presence and consent of the bishop. Factors contributing to the ascendancy and eventual supremacy of the bishop of Rome were: (1) As capital of the empire and metropolis of the civilized world Rome was the natural place for the headquarters of a world church. (2) The church at Rome was the only one in the west which claimed apostolic origin, a fact which, in those days, made it seem natural that the bishop of Rome should have priority over other bishops. Rome occupied a highly honourable position even before A.D.100. (3) The removal of the political capital from Rome to Constantinople by Constantine (330) left the bishop of Rome comparatively free of imperial control, and thereafter the emperor rather consitently supported his claims as against those of other bishops. (4) In part, the emperor Justinian strongly supported the bishop of Rome, and advanced his interests by an imperial edict recognizing his supremacy over the churches of both east and West - an edict that could not become fully effective until after the breaking of the Ostrogothic hold on Rome in 538. (5) The success of the church at Rome in resisting various so-called heretical movements, notably Gnosticism and Montanism, gave to it a high reputation for orthodoxy, and contending factions elsewhere often appealed to the bishop of Rome to arbitrate their differences. (6) Theological controversies that divided and weakened the church in the East left the church at Rome free to devote itself to more practical problems and take dvantage of oppourtunities that arose to extend its authority. (7) Repeated instances of success in averting or mitigating barbarian attacks on Rome enhanced the political prestige of the Papacy, and often in the absence of civil leadership the Pope provided the city with the essential functions of civil government.

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(8) Mohammedan invasions hindered the church in the East so eliminating Rome’s only important rival. (9) The barbarian invaders of the west were already, for the most part, nominally converted the Christianity, and these invasions freed the pope from imperial control. (10) With the conversion of the Clovis (496), king of the Franks, the Papacy found a strong army to champion its interests, and effective help in converting other barbarous tribes. Professing Christianity, Constantine the Great (d. 337) linked church and state, subordinated the church to the state, and made the church an instrument of state policy. His reorganization of the political administration of the Roman Empire became the pattern for the ecclesiatical administration of the Roman Church, and thus of the Roman Catholic heirachy. About 343 the Synod of Sardica assigned the bishop of Rome jurisdiction over metropolitan bishops, or archbishops. Pope Innocent I (d. 417) claimed supreme jurisdiction over the entire Christian world but was not able to exercise that power. Augustine (d. 430) one of the great church Fathers and founder of the medieval theology, maintained that Rome had always been supreme over the churches. His classic The City of God set forth in bold outline the Catholic ideal of a universal church in control of a universal state and this provided the theoretical basis for the medieval papacy. Leo I (the Great d. 461) was the first bishop of Rome to proclaim that Peter had been the first pope, to assert the succession of the papacy from Peter, to claim primacy directly from Jesus Christ, and to succeed in applying these principles to papal administration of the affairs of the church. Leo I gave to the theory of papal power its final form, and made that power a reality. It was he who procured an edict from the emperor declaring that papal decisions have the force of law. With imperial support he set himself above the councils of the church, assuming the right to define doctrine and to dictate decisions. He succeded in persuading Attila not to enter Rome (452) and his attempt to stop Gaiseric (Genseric, 455) enhanced his prestige and that of the Papacy. Leo the Great was definitely a temporal as well as a spiritual leader. Later papal claims to temporal power were based largely on the supposed authority of forged documents known as “pius frauds,” such as the so-called Donation of Constantine. The conversion of Clovis, leader of the Fanks to the Roman faith bout the year 496, when most of the barbarian invaders were still Arians, gave the pope a strong political ally willing to fight the battles of the church. For more than twelve centuries the sword of France, the “eldest son” of the papacy, was an effective agent for the conversion of men to the Church of Rome and for maintaining papal authority. The pontificate of Pope Gregory I (the Great d. 604), first of the medieval prelates of the church, marks the transition from ancient times to medieval times. Gregory boldly assumed the role, though not the tilte, of emperor in the West. He laid the basis for papal power throughout the Middle Ages, and it is from his administration in particular that later claims to papal absolutism date. Extensive missionary efforts begun by Gregory the

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Great greatly extended the influence and authority of Rome. When, more than a century later, the Lombards threatened to overun Italy, the pope appealed to Pepin, king of the Franks, to come to his assistance. Complying with the request, Pepin thoroughly defeated the Lombards and, in 756, presented the pope with the territory he had taken from them. This grant, commonly known as the Donation of Pepin, marks the origin of the Papal States and the formal beginning of the temporal rule of the pope. From the seventh to the eleventh centuries papal power was, generally speaking, at ebb tide. The next great pope, and one of the greatest of them all, was Gregory VII (d. 1085). He proclaimed that the Roman Church had never erred, and could never err, that the pope is supreme judge, that he may be judged by none, that there is no appeal from his descision, that he alone is entitled to the homage of all princes and that he alone may depose kings and emperors. For two centuries there was a runnng struggle between pope and emperor for supremacy, with sometimes one and sometimes the other achieving temporary success. The pontificate of Innocent III (d. 1216) found the Papacy at the height of its power, and the next century it was at the very zenith of its glory. Claiming to be Vicar of Christ, Innocent III exercised all the prerogatives claimed by Gregory a century and more earlier. A century after Innocent III, the ideal medieval pope, Boniface VIII (d. 1303) attempted unsuccessfully to rule as his illustrious predecessors had ruled before him. He was the last pope to attempt to exercise universal authority as asserted by Gregory VII and maintained by Innocent III. The waning power of the papacy became fully evident during the so-called Babylonian Captivity (1309-77), when the French forcibly removed the seat of the papacy from Rome to Avignon in France. Soon after the return to Rome, what is known as the Great Schism (1378-1417) broke out. During this time there were at least two, and sometimes three, rival popes, each denouncing and excommunicating his rivals and claiming to be the true pope. As a result the papacy suffered irreparable loss of prestige in the eyes of the peoples of Europe. Long before Reformation times many voices within and without the Catholic Church were raised in criticism of its arrogant claims and its many abuses of both secular and spiritual power. The rebirth of learning (Renaissance) in Western Europe, the age of discovery, the growth of strong national states, the invention of printing, and various other factors contributed to the gradual loss of papal power. By the time of Martin Luther much had already been done to undermine the authority of Rome. The Reformation commonly thought of as beginning in 1517, with the posting of the Ninety-five Theses, saw papal power driven from large areas of Northern Europe. Efforts of the Papacy to combat the Reformation took such forms as the Inquisition, the Index and the organization of the Jesuit order. The Jesuits became the intellectual and spiritual army of the church for the extermination of Protestantism. For nearly three centuries the Church of Rome carried on a vigourous but gradually losing struggle against the forces battling for civil and religious freedom.

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Finally during the course of the French Revolution, the Catholic Church was outlawed in France - the first nation of Europe to espouse its cause, the nation that had, for more than twelve centuries championed its claims and fought its battles, the nation where papal principles had been tested more fully than in any other land, and had been found wanting. In 1798 the French Government ordered the army opperating in Italy under Berthier to take the pope prisoner. Though the papacy continued, its power was shorn, and it has never since wielded the same kind or measure of power that it did in former days. In 1870 the Papal States were completely absorbed into the united kingdom of Italy, the temporal power the papacy had formally exercised for more than 1,000 years came to an end, and the pope voluntarily became “the prisoner of the Vatican” until his temporal power was restored in 1929. (see on ch. 7:25). It is evident from this brief sketch that the rise of papal power was a gradual process covering many centuries. The same is true of its decline. The former process may be thought of as continuing from about A.D.100 to 756; the latter, from about A.D.1303 to 1870. The Papacy was at the height of its power from the time of Gregory VII (1073-85) to that of Boniface VIII (1294-1303). It is thus clear that no dates can be given to mark a sharp transition from insignificance to supremacy, or from supremacy back to comparative weakess. As it is true with all historical processes, the rise and fall of the papacy were both gradual developments. However, by 538 the papacy was completely formed and functioning in all significant aspects, and by 1798, 1260 years later, it had lost practically all the power it had accumulated over a period of centuries. Inspiration allotted 1260 years to the papacy for a demonstration of its principles, its policies, and its objectives. Accordingly these two dates should be considered as marking the beginning and the end of the prophetic period of papal power.” SDABC, 4, p834-838. COULD ISLAM BE THE LITTLE HORN? Recent events have led many to look for Islam in end-time prophecy. Some such as the Roman Catholic trained scholar Samuele Bacchiocchi claims that the characteristics of the Little horn of Dan 7 are fulfilled by Islam. (S. Bacchiocchi, Endtimes Issues, No. 86, 6 July, 2002. While there are many identifying points given regarding the little horn Bacchiocchi chose a select group. The points he choose and a summary of how he sees these things fulfilled by Islam are given below: 1. Antichrist - Islam reject Christ as God the Son 2. Was a little horn - Islam had small beginnings founded by Mohomet in Arabia 3. A different power - Islam is a Religion with State power 4. Speaks blasphemies - Accuses Christians of blasphemy Biblical doctrines 5. Uproots 3 of the 10 horns - Islam overan Egypt, Palestine & Syria, 6. Persecuting power - Islam persecuted Christians 7. Changed times & laws - Islam observes Friday instead of the seventh day Sabbath 8. Reigned 3 1/2 times - Islam’s reign was interrupted. The 3 1/2 “times” represents an interruption. 3 1/2 is an interruption of 7 (the symbol of completeness). Islam purposes were interrupted. This attempt to make Islam the Little horn fails on several points:

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The horns which the Little horn uprooted were “three of the first horns” (Dan 7:8) which arose from the fourth beast, the Roman Empire. They correspond to the “divided” feet & toes of the metallic image of Dan 2. They are the nations into which the Roman Empire divided. Islam did not uproot 3 of the ten horns into which the Roman Empire divided..

Euphrates

Mediterranean SeaBabylon

The Empire of Babylon

Mediterranean SeaGreece

The Empire of Grecia

Mediterranean Sea

ROME

The Empire of Rome

Mediterranean SeaMedo - Persia

The Empire of Medo-Persia

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The Four Divisions ofAlexanders Empire

Cassander Lysimachus

Seleucus

Ptolemy

301B.C.

Lombards

Anglo-Saxons

Visigoths

Suevi BurgundiansHeruli

Ostrogoths

AlemanniFranks

Vandals

Divisions of the WesternRoman Empire

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Dan 7:8 “I considered the horns, and, behold, therecame up AMONG THEM another little horn, beforewhom there were three of the first horns plucked upby the roots: and, behold, in this horn [were] eyes likethe eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things.”

Vandals534

Heruli493

Ostrogoths538

Lombards

Anglo-Saxons

Suevi Burgundians

AlemanniFranks

The Little Horn Arose in Western Europe

Visigoths

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THE LITTLE HORN

1. Is a kingdom. Horns representkingdoms*

2. Arose “among” (Dan 7:8) thekingdoms of Europe into which theRoman Empire divided

3. It arose “after” (v 24) the 10 horns(kingdoms) had arisen. i.e. after A.D.476

4. It has “eyes like the eyes of man, and amouth speaking great things” (v 8)

5. It uprooted 3 of the 10 European kingdoms(horns) (v 8)

6. It grew from the fourth beast - ROMANEmpire

7. It became more “stout” (strong) than theother horns (v 20)

8. It is “diverse” (different) from the other 10kingdoms (v 24)

9. It persecuted God’s church (v 21, 25)

10. It reigned for “3 1/2 times (1260 dayswhich represent 1260 years*)” (v 25)

11. It speaks great words against God (v25)

12. It would think to change times and laws(v 25)

THE PAPACY

The Papacy (Roman Catholicism) is akingdom and a Church.

The Papacy (Roman Catholicism) aroseamong the kingdoms of Europe.

The Papacy came to full power inA.D.538.

The Pope - the man, the papa of the Papa-cy.

The Papacy had the kingdoms of the Vandals,Heruli & Ostrogoths destroyed.

The Papacy is also called ROMAN Catholicism

The Popes are one of the longest and mostpowerful line of rulers in all history.

The Papacy is a religio-political power, a Churchand a State.

The Papacy killed Christians in the Inquisition

In 1798, exactly 1260 years* after coming topower, the Papal State was abolished by theFrench army.

The Papacy claims to be able to forgive sinagainst God which is blasphemous (Mark 2:7).It also claims to be able to change even Christ’steachings!

The Papacy openly claims to have changedthe times & law of God by changing the 7thday Sabbath to Sunday. See any Catechism.

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The IMAGEOF A MAN.Dan 2

“in this horn [were]eyes like theEYES OF MAN.”Dan 7:8

“count thenumber of thebeast: for it isthe NUMBEROF A MAN; andhis number [is]Six hundredthreescore [and]six”Rev 13:18.

666

iiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Daniel 2 Daniel 7 Rev 13

Daniel 2

GoldBabylon

SilverMedo-Persia

BrassGrecia

IronPaganRome

Daniel 7 Daniel 8

iiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Medo-Persiav 20

Greciav 21

PaganRome

Grecia

Medo-Persia

Babylon

Image destroyed bystone (Christ’s Second

Coming)

Beast destroyed afterjudgment at 2nd

Coming

Horn destroyed withouthand - by the brightness

of Christ’s Coming

The principle of Repeat & Enlarge shows that the Little horn of Dan 8 is Rome

Little horn Pagan& Papal RomeLittle horn

(Papal Rome)Came up among thekingdom of Europe

Iron & Clay feet& toes:

Kingdoms intowhichPagan

Rome divided

One sideraised

3 ribs inmouth

One hornraised

Four heads& Wings

Four horns& flew

Conquered3 directions

Toes Ten horns

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(1) The 70 weeks of Dan 9 represent 490 years andform the first part of the 2300 days of Dan 8.The first 69 of the 70 weeks reach to the Messiah whodied in the middle of the 70th week ending the sacrificialsystem.

(3) The 70 weeks & the 2300 day begin together withthe “commandment” of the Persian king Artaxerxes, in457 B.C.

Command torebuild ANDrestoreJerusalem457 B.C

490 years cut off for Jews483 years to Messiah

62 weeks7 weeks 457B.C. Artaxerxes 519B.C. Darius536B.C. Cyrus

123 12327A.D 31A.D 34A.D.

2300 years to the cleansing of the sanctuary -(457B.C. - 1844)

1844

Jesus baptizedbecomingMessiah

Jesus endssacrificialsystem

Jews cut off Jesus begins tocleanse Heavely

Sanctuary

(4) When these time periods are begun in 457B.C. wearrive at 27A.D. for Christ’s baptism, 31A.D. for Christ’scrucifixion, 34 A.D. for the end of the 70 weeks, and1844 for the beginning of the cleansing of the sanctuarywhen the judgment began.

(5) In 1844 the cleansing of the sanctuary began onOct. 22, the day in that year when the Jewish day ofAtonement occurred

70th ‘week’

Summary of the 2300 days of Daniel 8

The Vision of Daniel 8

End not givenStart not given

2300 ‘days’

Horn attacksChrist v25

Medo Persia Greece Another King/kingdom(Rome)v20 v21 v23

“At the time ofthe end shall bethe vision.” v17

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The Vision of Daniel 8

Daniel 9 - 70 ‘weeks’ (490 ‘days)

Daniel saw a “vision,” (Dan 8).Gabriel was commanded tomake him understand it. Gabrielexplained everything except the2300 days which Daniel said“None understood.” (v 27).In Dan 9 Gabriel returned tofulfill the command & giveDaniel “understanding.” Gabrieltold Daniel to “consider thevision,” i.e. the 2300 ‘day’ visionof chapter 8.

Gabriel explanied that 70‘weeks’ (490 ‘days’) weredetermined (literally “cut off”)the 2300 ‘days’ for the Jews astheir last chance to get rightwith God.

These 70 ‘weeks’ began withthe decree to restore & rebuildJeruslaem which Babylon haddestroyed. This decree wentforth in 457B.C.

The first 69 of these 70 ‘weeks’reach to the time of Christ theMessiah so the ‘days’ clearlyrepresented years.Therefore the 70 ‘weeks’ (490days) represented 490 years.As this period was “cut off” the2300 days, the 2300 days mustalso represent years. The 70‘weeks’ were “cut off” thebeginning end of the 2300‘days’ and both periods begantogether in 457B.C. Thus the2300 days ended in 1844.

End not givenStart not given

2300 ‘days’

The 70 ‘weeks’ beganwith the decree of theMedo Perisan kingArtaxerxes, to restoreAND rebuildJerusalem - 457B.C.

Horn attacksChrist v25

Christ (Messiah)appeared at the end of the69th week and Romecrucified Him in the middleof the ‘70th week’ 31A.D.

Medo Persia Greece Another King/kingdom(Rome)

70 ‘weeks’ (490 ‘days’)In 1844, 2300 yearsafter 457B.C. the2300 days endedand the cleansing ofthe sanctuary began

Dan 9 was given so that we might understand when the 2300 days of Daniel8 began and ended. The 70 ‘weeks’ (490 years) form the first part of the2300 days and both periods began together in 457B.C. The 2300 ‘days’(2300 years) therefore ended in 1844.

457B.C.

v20 v21 v23

“At the time ofthe end shall bethe vision.” v17

1844

“Understand” the vision of the 2300 days (Dan 8)

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HOLY PLACETypified Christ’s ministry in heaven

since His ascension in A.D.31 (See on Dan 9)

MOST HOLY PLACETypified Christ’s ministry in

heaven since 1844.(See on Dan 8:14)

The sanctuary building (in yellow)was surrounded by a linen curtainforming the Courtyard. That whichwas performed in the courtyardrepresented that which Christperformed on earth. Christ’s sacrifice(Altar of sacrifice) and Baptism(Laver). The sinner transferred theirsin to the innocent sacrifice and thentook its life. The sinner went awayforgiven and the sin was transferredto the sanctuary.

LaverAltar of BurntOffering

COURTYARDTypified Christ’s ministry on earth

Candlestick

Table of Shewbread Altar of Incense Ark of the CovenantThe Ten CommandmentsStandard in the Judgment

A.D.27 1844A.D.31

Entered only on the Day ofAtonement (Yom Kippur]Judgment Day, to cleanse thesanctuary of the record of sinaccumulated throughout theyear.

The priests entered the Holy Place every day of the yeartransferring the sin from the sacrifice into the sanctuary.

Christ’s work of sacrifice was finished on Calvary and Heascended to heaven to perform His work as High priest andapply the merits of His shed blood. From 31A.D. He ministeredin the first apartment of the heavenly sanctuary as typifiedby the priests on earth.

Christ entered the Most HolyPlace of the heavenlysanctuary in 1844 to cleansethe heavenly sanctuary of thesins of His people. In order todo this He must first judge Hispeople to see who hasremained faithful.

We transfer our sin to Christ Whodied in our place as typified by thelamb. We are forgiven and our sinsare transferred to the heavenlysanctuary.

Soon

The Sanctuary - A Model of Christ’s Work of Salvation

SPRING FEASTS (First month)Passover14th day

AUTUMN FEASTS (Seventh month)UnleavenedBread15th day

Firstfruits16th day

Pentecost50 days later

Trumpets1st day

Atonement10th day

Tabernacles15th day

The Ceremonial Days andtheir Fulfillments

FRIDAY SABBATH SUNDAYGood Friday Easter Sunday

“Christ ourPassover issacrificed forus.” 1Cor 5:7

Fulfilled onGood Friday31A.D.

“that sabbathwas an highday.” John 19:31Ceremonial &weekly Sabbathcombined.Fulfilled on theSabbathfollowing GoodFriday31A.D.

“...Christ [is]become thefirstfruits of themthat slept.” 1Cor15:20

Fulfilled whenChrist arose fromthe dead onEaster Sunday31A.D.

“And when theday of Pentecostwas fullycome...” Acts 2:1

Fulfilled whenthe Holy Spiritdescended onthe day ofPentecost31A.D.

Warning of thecoming Day ofAtonement.

Fulfilled about1834-35 with themessage of theMilleriteMovement

Atonement orJudgment daywhen thesanctuary wascleansed

Christ begancleansing theheavenlysanctuary in1844

A day in whichall lived iawayfrom home inbooths

Will be fulfilledwhen the saintsgo to heavvenbefore returningto earth

Three successive days 14, 15, 16

Long

per

iod

with

no

feas

ts

SABBATH