dangerous journeys

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Dangerous Journeys Dangerous Journeys A metaphor for passage through the A metaphor for passage through the teen years teen years Marvin Krank Marvin Krank

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Dangerous Journeys. A metaphor for passage through the teen years Marvin Krank. How can we help youth get through these perilous times. Project on Adolescent Trajectories and Health (PATH): social context, cognition, risk-taking behaviour, and health outcomes. Three-year longitudinal study - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Dangerous Journeys

Dangerous JourneysDangerous JourneysA metaphor for passage through the teen A metaphor for passage through the teen

yearsyears

Marvin KrankMarvin Krank

Page 2: Dangerous Journeys

How can we help youth get How can we help youth get through these perilous timesthrough these perilous times

Page 3: Dangerous Journeys

Project on Adolescent Trajectories and Health (PATH): social context, cognition, risk-taking behaviour, and health outcomes

• Three-year Three-year longitudinal longitudinal studystudy

• Funded by Funded by the SSHRC the SSHRC and CIHRand CIHR

• Partnership Partnership with SD#23with SD#23

Page 4: Dangerous Journeys

Grades 7-10 are a time of significant transitions in drug and Grades 7-10 are a time of significant transitions in drug and alcohol usealcohol use

Drug and alcohol use

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Seven Eight Nine Ten

Grade

Per

cent

use

d in

pas

t yea

r Alcohol

Drunkenness

Tobacco

Marijuana

Stimulants

Opiates

Club Drugs

Hallucinogens

Page 5: Dangerous Journeys

Patterns in use of marijuanaPatterns in use of marijuana

Figure 2: Marijuana use

0.010.020.030.0

40.050.060.070.0

7 8 9 10 11 12

Grade

Pe

rce

nt

Lifetime use

Used in pastmonth

Used more than3 times in pastmonthUsed in pastweek

Source Krank and Johnson (1999a,b)

Page 6: Dangerous Journeys

Why weWhy weshould careshould care

Page 7: Dangerous Journeys

Adolescent risk is based on Adolescent risk is based on what they dowhat they do

• Unsafe sex in youth Unsafe sex in youth leads to teen leads to teen pregnancy, low birth pregnancy, low birth weight babies, and weight babies, and STDs including HIVSTDs including HIV

• Drug and alcohol use Drug and alcohol use increase increase unintentional unintentional injuries, the leading injuries, the leading cause of death in cause of death in youthyouth

Page 8: Dangerous Journeys

Early and heavy alcohol use is Early and heavy alcohol use is correlated with many negative correlated with many negative outcomesoutcomes• HealthHealth

– Aches and painsAches and pains– Accidents Accidents – HospitalizationHospitalization

• ViolenceViolence– VictimVictim– Perpetrator Perpetrator – Various kindsVarious kinds

• BullyingBullying• Assault Assault

• SexSex– Early sexEarly sex– Regretted sex Regretted sex – Sexual assaultSexual assault

• Problem behaviours

• Skipped school• Stayed out all night without

parent permission• Damaged property• Warned or detained by police• School detention• Stole something outside of home• Stole at home• Suspended out of school• Suspended in school• Ran away from home• Carrying weapons

Page 9: Dangerous Journeys

High risk behaviours tend High risk behaviours tend to co-existto co-exist

• Drug and alcohol use, Drug and alcohol use, early and unsafe early and unsafe sexual activity, and sexual activity, and violence tend to co-violence tend to co-occuroccur

• For example, heavier For example, heavier drug and alcohol use drug and alcohol use is linked to being is linked to being both a victim and a both a victim and a perpetrator of sexual perpetrator of sexual assault.assault.

Used Used alcoholalcohol

Percent Percent used used

marijuanamarijuana

NoNo 2.8%2.8%

YesYes 44.9%44.9%

Page 10: Dangerous Journeys

Dating and sexDating and sex

• 1/31/3 of grade eleven students have had sex of grade eleven students have had sex• 2/32/3 of females had sex under influence of of females had sex under influence of

alcoholalcohol• 43% of the girls have given oral sex43% of the girls have given oral sex• ½ of the girls regretted having sex½ of the girls regretted having sex

• 14% of grade 9-11 girls have been physically 14% of grade 9-11 girls have been physically harmed by their dating partnerharmed by their dating partner

• 26% of drinkers and 28% of marijuana users 26% of drinkers and 28% of marijuana users have been physically harmed by their partner.have been physically harmed by their partner.

Page 11: Dangerous Journeys

JustJustsay no!say no!

Page 12: Dangerous Journeys

Mixed messagesMixed messages

Page 13: Dangerous Journeys

The social and cultural The social and cultural roots of these cognitionsroots of these cognitions

• ParentsParents

• Peers Peers

• PersonalityPersonality

• Pop CulturePop Culture

Page 14: Dangerous Journeys

The effects The effects of of advertisingadvertising

– $1Billion/yr$1Billion/yr– 70% on TV70% on TV– 22% 22%

magazinesmagazines– 50% on 50% on

Saturday and Saturday and SundaySunday

– 33% between 33% between 8-11 pm8-11 pm

Page 15: Dangerous Journeys

TuborgTuborg

Page 16: Dangerous Journeys

CryingCrying

Page 17: Dangerous Journeys

Thoughts precede actionsThoughts precede actions

Figure 3: Alcohol Outcome Expectancies

22.5

33.5

44.5

5

7 8 9 10 11 12

Grade

Sc

ore

Positiveexpectancyscore

Negativeexpectancyscore

Teens take risks Teens take risks for the same for the same reasons adults do: reasons adults do: they expect better they expect better things will happen things will happen to them.to them.

Fun, Sex, Relax, Fun, Sex, Relax, Socialize.Socialize.

Page 18: Dangerous Journeys

Modern Risk Modern Risk Prevention ProgramsPrevention Programs

• Discuss social influencesDiscuss social influences

• Encourage alternative behavioursEncourage alternative behaviours

• Correct misperceptions about normsCorrect misperceptions about norms

• Focus on changing false expectations Focus on changing false expectations

Page 19: Dangerous Journeys

Contemporary Evidence-Contemporary Evidence-based Methodsbased Methods• Less confrontationalLess confrontational• Motivate changeMotivate change• Meet individuals where they are Meet individuals where they are • Brief interventionsBrief interventions

Page 20: Dangerous Journeys

Prevention in context: The Prevention in context: The Four PillarsFour Pillars

ENFORCEMENT

HARM

REDUCTION

PREVENTION

TREATMENT

Page 21: Dangerous Journeys

Alternative Intervention for Alternative Intervention for Marijuana Suspension Marijuana Suspension

(AIMS)(AIMS)

A collaboration between A collaboration between School District #23, the School District #23, the

RCMP, and the PATH Research RCMP, and the PATH Research Group.Group.

Page 22: Dangerous Journeys

The ObjectiveThe Objective

•Develop a proactive program to Develop a proactive program to

deal with students engaging in deal with students engaging in

marijuana related behaviour on marijuana related behaviour on

school property.school property.

•Must operate under the limited Must operate under the limited

resources of the school district.resources of the school district.

Page 23: Dangerous Journeys

How AIMS WorksHow AIMS Works

•Self-report questionnaire => Self-report questionnaire =>

Personalized feedback sheets Personalized feedback sheets

will be created.will be created.

0

2

4

6

Peer Use Your Guess Your Use

Frequency of Marijuana in a Week

Page 24: Dangerous Journeys

How AIMS WorksHow AIMS Works

The Counselling SessionThe Counselling Session

• The single 60-minute counselling session The single 60-minute counselling session

must take place before students return to must take place before students return to

school.school.

• Utilize the four principles of MIUtilize the four principles of MI

1.1.Express empathyExpress empathy

2.2.Develop discrepancies Develop discrepancies

3.3.Roll with resistanceRoll with resistance

4.4.Support self-efficacySupport self-efficacy

Page 25: Dangerous Journeys

The AIMS ProgramThe AIMS Program

GoalsGoals

• Students’ use of marijuana will Students’ use of marijuana will

decrease.decrease.

• Reduction in students’ recidivism.Reduction in students’ recidivism.

• Decreased police involvement in Decreased police involvement in

schools.schools.

• Fewer number of marijuana related Fewer number of marijuana related

incidents on school grounds.incidents on school grounds.

Page 26: Dangerous Journeys

What can parents do?What can parents do?

• Goal is to change Goal is to change or prevent risky or prevent risky expectancies expectancies

• Parents can and do Parents can and do make a differencemake a difference

The problem is how do you do that?

Page 27: Dangerous Journeys

Parent-Child BalanceParent-Child Balance

Independent Decision MakingParental Expectations

Page 28: Dangerous Journeys

Positive Expectancy

So what’s wrong with that? What else could you do?

Have fun Artificial highReplace safer and healthier choices for having fun

Feel sexier Not how others see youBad judgement – embarrassmentRegret actions

Relax Replace more effective ways of relaxingActually makes things worse

Talk more easily

Say stupid things that you will regretFail to listen

“More is less” is a general pointWhat else could you do is an exercise for the youth, ask questions, but be ready to help answer with healthy alternatives that they would like.

What should you say: What should you say: Cognitive Expectancy challenge

Page 29: Dangerous Journeys

When to talk to themWhen to talk to them

• Quiet times when the opportunity Quiet times when the opportunity arisesarises

• Away from friends and siblingsAway from friends and siblings

• In the carIn the car

• Watching TV – e.g. TV commercialsWatching TV – e.g. TV commercials

Page 30: Dangerous Journeys

Try to speak their languageTry to speak their language

Page 31: Dangerous Journeys

How to talk to your kidsHow to talk to your kids• Listening firstListening first• Four principlesFour principles

– Be understanding and try to Be understanding and try to see things from their see things from their perspective “That must be perspective “That must be difficult”difficult”

– Present facts contrary to what Present facts contrary to what their long term goals “Did you their long term goals “Did you know that research shows know that research shows that smoking marijuana that smoking marijuana interferes with learning and interferes with learning and memory. I wonder how that memory. I wonder how that might influence getting into might influence getting into university?”university?”

– Don’t confront or challenge Don’t confront or challenge work around the issuework around the issue

– Be supportive and positive Be supportive and positive about your child “You can do about your child “You can do it”it”

• Be prepared and tell the truth Be prepared and tell the truth – – www.owww.ouc.bc.cauc.bc.ca/path/path

Page 32: Dangerous Journeys

ConclusionConclusion

• The real war on The real war on drugs is the battle drugs is the battle for the hearts and for the hearts and minds of our minds of our youthyouth

• We don’t want to We don’t want to prevent them prevent them from taking the from taking the journey, but we journey, but we do want them do want them prepared for prepared for challenges along challenges along the way.the way.