Dada and SurrealismDada and Surrealism Surrealism was an artists Surrealism was an artists

movement inspired by the movement inspired by the Dada movement.Dada movement.

Meret OppenheimMeret Oppenheim Oppenheim's best known piece is Oppenheim's best known piece is

Object (Le Dejeuner en fourrure) (1936). The sculpture consists of a (1936). The sculpture consists of a teacup, saucer and spoon that the teacup, saucer and spoon that the artist covered with fur from a artist covered with fur from a Chinese gazelle. It is displayed at Chinese gazelle. It is displayed at the the Museum of Modern Art in New in New York.York.

This became the symbol of This became the symbol of Surrealism.Surrealism.

Her originality and audacity Her originality and audacity established her as a leading figure established her as a leading figure in the surrealist movement. in the surrealist movement.

IntroductionIntroduction The movement known as Dada was born in Zurich, The movement known as Dada was born in Zurich,

Switzerland and was primarily created as a backlash to Switzerland and was primarily created as a backlash to the traditional views of culture, art, and literature. the traditional views of culture, art, and literature.

The first group of Dadaists sought to eliminate all forms The first group of Dadaists sought to eliminate all forms of reason and logic due to the atrocities caused by World of reason and logic due to the atrocities caused by World War I. War I.

Art created during the Dada movement was to be Art created during the Dada movement was to be interpreted freely by the viewer and was not based on interpreted freely by the viewer and was not based on the formal standards shown by earlier traditional artists. the formal standards shown by earlier traditional artists.

The Dada movement was spread throughout Zurich, The Dada movement was spread throughout Zurich, Berlin, New York, Paris, and the Netherlands and varied Berlin, New York, Paris, and the Netherlands and varied by form such as: poetry, art, literature, and music. by form such as: poetry, art, literature, and music.

DadaDada The complex nature of the Dada The complex nature of the Dada movement began as a negative movement began as a negative response to society and, in turn, response to society and, in turn, radically altered twentieth-century art. radically altered twentieth-century art. The movement criticized conventional The movement criticized conventional ideas of the use of mediums by utilizing ideas of the use of mediums by utilizing prefabricated supplies, altering them prefabricated supplies, altering them slightly in order to obtain a different view slightly in order to obtain a different view of the piece. of the piece.

Marcel DuchampMarcel Duchamp’’s readymade, s readymade, FountainFountain, a porcelain urinal in which the , a porcelain urinal in which the artist wrote R. Mutt on and submitted it artist wrote R. Mutt on and submitted it to the Society of Independent Artists to the Society of Independent Artists Exhibit in 1917. Exhibit in 1917.

The purpose of the Dada movement was The purpose of the Dada movement was viewed negatively and was viewed negatively and was ““not intended not intended to be creative: it is intended to cast to be creative: it is intended to cast discredit on creative activitydiscredit on creative activity””(Frey 12). (Frey 12).

He proclaimed, He proclaimed, ““the creative act could the creative act could be reduced to the choice of the mind be reduced to the choice of the mind rather than the act of the hand.rather than the act of the hand.”” In other In other words, the viewer is involved in the words, the viewer is involved in the creative act of interpretation a long with creative act of interpretation a long with the artist.the artist.

Marcel Duchamp Fountain, 1916-17

Jean ArpJean Arp Collage was another technique used by Collage was another technique used by

artists Hannah Hoch, Kurt Schwitters, artists Hannah Hoch, Kurt Schwitters, and Jean Arp during the Dada and Jean Arp during the Dada movement.movement.

Jean ArpJean Arp’’s s Collage Arranged According Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chanceto the Laws of Chance, completed in , completed in 1916, displays a random pattern of 1916, displays a random pattern of squares depicting the notion of escaping squares depicting the notion of escaping the rational world. the rational world.

ArpArp’’s collages differ greatly from the s collages differ greatly from the academic realm of art because of the academic realm of art because of the way in which he created them. He did way in which he created them. He did not use a formula he just drop his not use a formula he just drop his collage pieces and let them fall into collage pieces and let them fall into place by chance. He declared that these place by chance. He declared that these works, like nature, were ordered works, like nature, were ordered according to the laws of chance. according to the laws of chance.

Jean ArpJean Arp’’s s Collage Arranged Collage Arranged According to the Laws of According to the Laws of ChanceChance, completed in 1916, completed in 1916

SurrealismSurrealism Surrealism, in turn, was a positive movement Surrealism, in turn, was a positive movement

which at first was solely focused around which at first was solely focused around automatic writing, expressing the thought and automatic writing, expressing the thought and subconscious of the artist. subconscious of the artist.

Surrealism was founded by Andre Breton in the Surrealism was founded by Andre Breton in the 19201920’’s and stretched the human imagination s and stretched the human imagination revealing through artistic imagery a world of revealing through artistic imagery a world of fantasy and dreams, not reality. fantasy and dreams, not reality.

Both Dada and Surrealism share the same Both Dada and Surrealism share the same purpose to explore avant-garde methods of purpose to explore avant-garde methods of creativity while rejecting the traditional standards creativity while rejecting the traditional standards of art.of art.

The art of the Surrealist movement was centered around the The art of the Surrealist movement was centered around the irrational and the subconscious, both depicting dream-like images.irrational and the subconscious, both depicting dream-like images.

When the Surrealist movement began in 1919 the main aspect of When the Surrealist movement began in 1919 the main aspect of

creativity was applied through automatic writing, which allowed creativity was applied through automatic writing, which allowed irrational thoughts to be written through lack of reason and logic. irrational thoughts to be written through lack of reason and logic.

The way in which art was later depicted changed when artists began The way in which art was later depicted changed when artists began to document dreams through imagery in paintings. to document dreams through imagery in paintings.

The Surrealist approach to art depicts the artistThe Surrealist approach to art depicts the artist’’s inner thoughts and s inner thoughts and subconscious, digressing from the negatively charged Dada subconscious, digressing from the negatively charged Dada movement. movement.

Art critics have described surrealism as a Art critics have described surrealism as a ““search for the bizarre search for the bizarre and marvelousand marvelous””(Matthews 139) because of the whimsical and (Matthews 139) because of the whimsical and dream-like images found in paintings of this movement. dream-like images found in paintings of this movement.

Overview:Overview:2 Forms of Surrealism2 Forms of Surrealism

1.) Improvised Art - without conscious control.1.) Improvised Art - without conscious control.Artist Examples:Artist Examples:

Joan Miro – The Joy of PaintingJoan Miro – The Joy of PaintingMax Ernst – Mother of MadnessMax Ernst – Mother of Madness

2.) Realistic Techniques with dream-like scenes2.) Realistic Techniques with dream-like scenesArtist Examples:Artist Examples:

Salvador Dali – Painting ParanoiaSalvador Dali – Painting ParanoiaReneeRenee’’ Magritte – Dream Visions Magritte – Dream VisionsGiorgio de Chirico – Metaphysical PainterGiorgio de Chirico – Metaphysical PainterFrida Kahlo – Wore her heart on her Frida Kahlo – Wore her heart on her

canvas.canvas.

Joan MiroJoan MiroThe Joy of PaintingThe Joy of Painting

Miro use the automatic style of painting.Miro use the automatic style of painting.

Painted squiggles in a tranclike state; Painted squiggles in a tranclike state; working spontaneously. working spontaneously. ““What really What really counts is to strip the soul naked.counts is to strip the soul naked.”” Prudence throuwn to the wind, nothing Prudence throuwn to the wind, nothing held back.held back.

Invented unique biomorphic signs for Invented unique biomorphic signs for natural objects (sun, moon, and animals); natural objects (sun, moon, and animals); simplified into shorthand pictograms of simplified into shorthand pictograms of geometric shapes and amoeba-like blobs geometric shapes and amoeba-like blobs – a mixture of fact and fantasy.– a mixture of fact and fantasy.

Biography Gallery

Joan MiroJoan Miro

Dutch Interior IIDutch Interior II

Cosmic Ladder

Joan MiroJoan Miro Joan Miro's painting Joan Miro's painting Carnival Carnival

of Harlequinof Harlequin, completed in , completed in 1924, displays a scene of 1924, displays a scene of brightly colored organic forms brightly colored organic forms and shapes in a humorous and shapes in a humorous manner. manner.

The creatures or figures in The creatures or figures in Miro's paintings appear Miro's paintings appear almost as if they are almost as if they are cartoons, taking up the entire cartoons, taking up the entire canvas so that the viewer canvas so that the viewer doesn't focus on merely one doesn't focus on merely one aspect of the scene. aspect of the scene.

Some of the shapes appear Some of the shapes appear to be floating in the top to be floating in the top corners of the canvas while corners of the canvas while others, such as the one on others, such as the one on the left side, use ladders to the left side, use ladders to climb up through the work. climb up through the work. The figures in Miro'sThe figures in Miro's Carnival Carnival of Harlequinof Harlequin are "lively, are "lively, remarkably vivid, and even remarkably vivid, and even the [his] inanimate objects the [his] inanimate objects have an eager have an eager vitality"(Arnason 295). vitality"(Arnason 295).

Carnival of HarlequinCarnival of Harlequin, completed in , completed in 19241924

Max ErnstMax ErnstMother of MadnessMother of Madness

Experienced hallucinations as a Experienced hallucinations as a child with a fever from measles. child with a fever from measles. He found he could induce He found he could induce similar near-psychotic episodes similar near-psychotic episodes (and adapt them in art) by (and adapt them in art) by staring fixedly until his mind staring fixedly until his mind wandered into some psychic wandered into some psychic netherworld.netherworld.

Ernst had been a member of the Ernst had been a member of the Dadaists before joining the Dadaists before joining the Surrealist Group. Many of his Surrealist Group. Many of his early works deliberately played early works deliberately played with chance. with chance.

Biography Gallery

Max ErnstMax Ernstcollage, frottage and grattage techniquescollage, frottage and grattage techniques

One of the methods he used to One of the methods he used to stimulate his imagination was stimulate his imagination was collage. He would bring together collage. He would bring together illustrations and photographs from illustrations and photographs from widely different sources and stick widely different sources and stick them together to create strange them together to create strange new relationships. (see new relationships. (see Celebes)

Invented Invented ““fonttagefonttage”’”’ a new method a new method for generating surprising imagery. for generating surprising imagery. This is rubbings from textured This is rubbings from textured surfaces and embellished to surfaces and embellished to produce fantastic, sometimes produce fantastic, sometimes monstrous imagery.monstrous imagery.

Grattage – scrapping into thick Grattage – scrapping into thick paint paint

Max ErnstMax ErnstEarly worksEarly works

Max ErnstMax Ernst’’s painting s painting CelebesCelebes, , which was completed in 1919, which was completed in 1919, depicts an ambiguous creature depicts an ambiguous creature that somewhat resembles an that somewhat resembles an elephant. This painting is an elephant. This painting is an example of the whimsical and example of the whimsical and bizarre imagery used during the bizarre imagery used during the Dada and Surrealism Movement. Dada and Surrealism Movement.

In the bottom right corner of the In the bottom right corner of the painting, a headless body is painting, a headless body is beckoning the creature towards its beckoning the creature towards its direction, making the image direction, making the image disturbing as well as humorous. disturbing as well as humorous. The main focus of The main focus of CelebesCelebes is a is a fantastical creature whose body fantastical creature whose body resembles a boiler. resembles a boiler.

Max Ernst, Celebes, 1921

Salvador DaliSalvador DaliSpanish, 1904 - 1989Spanish, 1904 - 1989

Based his technique on Based his technique on ““critical paranoiacritical paranoia”” and and explored his own neuroses. explored his own neuroses. He was terrified of insects, of He was terrified of insects, of crossing streets, of trains, crossing streets, of trains, boats and airplanes, of taking boats and airplanes, of taking the Metro – even of buying the Metro – even of buying shoes because he couldnshoes because he couldn’’t t bear to expose his feet in bear to expose his feet in public. He laughed hysterically public. He laughed hysterically and uncontrollably and carried and uncontrollably and carried a piece of driftwood at all a piece of driftwood at all times to ward off evil spirits.times to ward off evil spirits.

Gallery Biography

Salvador DaliSalvador DaliPainting ParanoiaPainting Paranoia

With so rich a lode of irrational fears With so rich a lode of irrational fears fueling his art, Dali placed a canvas fueling his art, Dali placed a canvas at his bed and recorded what he at his bed and recorded what he called called ““hand-painted dream hand-painted dream photographsphotographs”” when he awoke. when he awoke.

Instead of inventing new forms to Instead of inventing new forms to symbolize the unconscious, he symbolize the unconscious, he represented his hallucinations with represented his hallucinations with meticulous realism.meticulous realism.

His recurrent nightmare of a rotting His recurrent nightmare of a rotting corps often appeared in his work. corps often appeared in his work.

Gallery, Gallery 2 Biography

Salvador Dali Salvador Dali

Dali is fascinated by the idea of multiple Dali is fascinated by the idea of multiple images; the way the same image can take images; the way the same image can take on quite different meanings. In this painting on quite different meanings. In this painting the lake, with the strange splash at one end, the lake, with the strange splash at one end, can also be read as a fish on a table. In real can also be read as a fish on a table. In real life our own experiences constantly invest life our own experiences constantly invest objects with double meanings such as a objects with double meanings such as a bunch of flowers meaning I love you, or Ibunch of flowers meaning I love you, or I ’’m m sorry.sorry.

Dali tells us that his parents visited this lake Dali tells us that his parents visited this lake after the death of their first child, who was after the death of their first child, who was also named Salvador. Dali was haunted by also named Salvador. Dali was haunted by this dead brother he never knew. The this dead brother he never knew. The telephone might be a symbol of trying to telephone might be a symbol of trying to contact someone on the other side, contact someone on the other side, someone who is absent. someone who is absent.

Dali painted this work in 1938 on the eve of Dali painted this work in 1938 on the eve of World War Two. He has suggested the World War Two. He has suggested the telephone relates to the negotiations in telephone relates to the negotiations in September 1938, between Neville September 1938, between Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minster, and Chamberlain, the British Prime Minster, and Adolph Hitler. Adolph Hitler.

In both the personal context of his dead In both the personal context of his dead brother and the international political brother and the international political situation, the telephone speaks of a lack of situation, the telephone speaks of a lack of connection and of ultimate death. The fish connection and of ultimate death. The fish floundering on the table ready to be cooked floundering on the table ready to be cooked might represent the countries Hitler was might represent the countries Hitler was about to march into and conquer.about to march into and conquer.

Mountain Lake, 1938Mountain Lake, 1938

The Persistence of MemoryThe Persistence of Memory The Persistence of MemoryThe Persistence of Memory,””

shows limp watches and a strange shows limp watches and a strange lump of indefinable flesh. Although lump of indefinable flesh. Although metallic, the watches appear to be metallic, the watches appear to be decomposing. A fly and cluster of decomposing. A fly and cluster of jewel-like ants swarm over them.jewel-like ants swarm over them.

Breton said, Breton said, ““With the coming of With the coming of Dali, it is perhaps the first time that Dali, it is perhaps the first time that the mental windows have been the mental windows have been opened really wide so that one opened really wide so that one can feel oneself gliding up toward can feel oneself gliding up toward the wild skythe wild sky’’s trap.s trap.””

Can you find the self portrait in Can you find the self portrait in this painting?this painting?

The Persistence of Memory

DaliDali’’s self portraits (early works)s self portraits (early works)

Self Portrait with neck of Self Portrait with neck of Raphael, 1921Raphael, 1921

In both of these self In both of these self portraits we see a portraits we see a sense of narcissism sense of narcissism

Self Portrait with Fried Bacon, 1941Self Portrait with Fried Bacon, 1941

Dali painted this self-portrait during his Dali painted this self-portrait during his eight-year-exile in the United States, eight-year-exile in the United States, where he had fled from the Spanish civil where he had fled from the Spanish civil war. The, sometimes, childlike war. The, sometimes, childlike enthusiasm and the drive of the enthusiasm and the drive of the American society appealed to Dali and American society appealed to Dali and he had a most productive period there. he had a most productive period there. Under this influence he appeared to Under this influence he appeared to reverse his "paranoid-critical" method. reverse his "paranoid-critical" method. Now he painted more from the inside Now he painted more from the inside out, as his comment on his self-portrait out, as his comment on his self-portrait indicates. Dali himself styles his self-indicates. Dali himself styles his self-portrait as "an anti-psychological self-portrait as "an anti-psychological self-portrait, instead of painting the soul, or portrait, instead of painting the soul, or the inner of oneself, to paint solely the the inner of oneself, to paint solely the appearance, the cover, my soul's glove. appearance, the cover, my soul's glove. This glove of my soul can be eaten and This glove of my soul can be eaten and is even a little sharp, like highbred is even a little sharp, like highbred game; therefor ants appear together with game; therefor ants appear together with the fried bacon. As the most generous of the fried bacon. As the most generous of all painters I continuously offer myself as all painters I continuously offer myself as food and thus give our era the most food and thus give our era the most delicious delicaciesdelicious delicacies

Fifty Abstract Paintings Which as Seen from Two Yards Change into Three Lenins Masquerading as Chinese and as Seen from Six Yards Appear as the Head of a Royal Bengal Tiger. 1963. Oil on canvas. 200 x 229

The Christ of St. John of the Cross. 1951. Oil on canvas. 205 x 116 cm. St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art, Glasgow, USA.

Portrait of Frau Isabel Styler-Tas (Melencolia). 1945. Oil on canvas. 65.5 x 86 cm. Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany.

The Surrealists wanted to create strange images in order to startle viewers into new ways of thinking about the world. They saw beauty in the most bizarre, unexpected combinations of things such as a lobster and a telephone.

Salvador DALÍ Lobster telephone

Rene MagritteRene Magritte Pronounced – Mah GREETPronounced – Mah GREET

Gallery Biography Biography

ReneeRenee’’ Magreet MagreetDream VisionsDream Visions

(1898-1967) Dream Visions(1898-1967) Dream Visions

Painted disturbing, illogical Painted disturbing, illogical images with startling clarity.images with startling clarity.

Began as a commercial artist – Began as a commercial artist – he used this mastery of he used this mastery of realism to defy logic.realism to defy logic.

He placed everyday objects in He placed everyday objects in incongruous settings and incongruous settings and transformed them into electric transformed them into electric shocks. Juxtaposed familiar shocks. Juxtaposed familiar sights in unnatural contexts.sights in unnatural contexts.

The False Mirror

Gonconda. 1953. Oil on canvas. 81 x 100 cm. The Menil Collection, Houston, TX, USA.

Belgian painter Rene Magritte specialized in paintings of strange, imaginary scenes, often involving men in bowler hats. This one has hundreds of them hovering in the air above an ordinary—looking street.

MagritteMagritte’’s self portraits self portrait The painting of a man in a gray The painting of a man in a gray

overcoat and derby hat whose face is overcoat and derby hat whose face is almost entirely hidden by a big green almost entirely hidden by a big green apple is one of the best-known works apple is one of the best-known works of Belgian surrealist Rene Magritte, of Belgian surrealist Rene Magritte, 1898-1967. It is also the closest he 1898-1967. It is also the closest he was willing to come to answer a was willing to come to answer a request for a self portrait. That tells us request for a self portrait. That tells us how little this marvelous artist cared for how little this marvelous artist cared for publicity and self-promotion, even publicity and self-promotion, even though he was delighted to sell his though he was delighted to sell his work widely. work widely.

If this painting looks familiar to us, it is If this painting looks familiar to us, it is because Magrittebecause Magritte’’s work has so s work has so strongly influenced not only other strongly influenced not only other artists but also a great many people artists but also a great many people who did want to do publicity and who did want to do publicity and promotion, advertising, design and promotion, advertising, design and films, during much of the last century.films, during much of the last century.

Despite the strangeness of the scene, Magritte painted it in a very lifelike way. It is only the combination of things that makes it look absurd. Magritte loved painting ordinary things in ordinary situations. He said he wanted to play with the viewer’s expectations in order to “challenge the real world.

René Magritte. The Red Model. 1934. Oil on canvas. 183 x 136 cm. Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

La Durée poignardée. 1938. Oil on canvas. 146 x 97 cm. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Giorgio De ChiricoGiorgio De Chirico Pronounced - KEY ree cohPronounced - KEY ree coh

Italian, 1888 – 1978Italian, 1888 – 1978

Hailed by the Surrealists as their Hailed by the Surrealists as their precursor, Italian painter, was precursor, Italian painter, was painting nightmare fantasies fifteen painting nightmare fantasies fifteen years before Surrealism existed.years before Surrealism existed.

Giorgio De ChiricoGiorgio De ChiricoMetaphysical PainterMetaphysical Painter

Drawing on irrational childhood Drawing on irrational childhood fears, De Chirico is known for his fears, De Chirico is known for his eerie cityscapes with empty eerie cityscapes with empty arcades, raking light, and arcades, raking light, and ominous shadows.ominous shadows.

The skewed perspective and The skewed perspective and nearly deserted squares nearly deserted squares inhabited by tiny, depersonalized inhabited by tiny, depersonalized figures project menace. In fact, figures project menace. In fact, with these paintings as his best with these paintings as his best evidence, De Chirico was evidence, De Chirico was exempted from military service as exempted from military service as mentally unstable. On an early mentally unstable. On an early self-portrait he inscribed, self-portrait he inscribed, ““What What shall I love if not the enigma?shall I love if not the enigma?”” The Mystery and Melancholy of

a Street

Immediately prior to World War I, the Greco-Immediately prior to World War I, the Greco-Italian painter, Giorgio de Chirico created Italian painter, Giorgio de Chirico created enigmatic paintings in which he used a enigmatic paintings in which he used a traditional style to describe not the external traditional style to describe not the external world, but haunting dreamscapes infused with world, but haunting dreamscapes infused with illogical images, bizarre spatial constructions, illogical images, bizarre spatial constructions, and a pervasive melancholic mood.and a pervasive melancholic mood.

He was greatly inspired by the writings of He was greatly inspired by the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, who believed hidden Friedrich Nietzsche, who believed hidden realities were seen in such strange realities were seen in such strange juxtapositions as the long shadows cast by the juxtapositions as the long shadows cast by the setting sun into large open city squares and setting sun into large open city squares and onto public monuments. onto public monuments.

De Chirico called his art "metaphysical," and De Chirico called his art "metaphysical," and with it hoped to destabilize the meaning of with it hoped to destabilize the meaning of everyday objects by making them symbols of everyday objects by making them symbols of fear, alienation, and uncertainty. His paintings fear, alienation, and uncertainty. His paintings were highly influential for the Surrealists a were highly influential for the Surrealists a decade later in their effort to create art from the decade later in their effort to create art from the unconscious. unconscious.

AndromacheAndromache refers to the beautiful and loyal refers to the beautiful and loyal wife of Hector, the Trojan warrior slain by wife of Hector, the Trojan warrior slain by Achilles in the Achilles in the IliadIliad. Here Andromache stands, . Here Andromache stands, reduced to simple ovoids, alone in a quiet, reduced to simple ovoids, alone in a quiet, almost airless Italian almost airless Italian piazzapiazza, her mood reflected , her mood reflected in the dark shadows stretching across the in the dark shadows stretching across the square. The buildings, equally simplified, frame square. The buildings, equally simplified, frame the image, lending it an almost stage-like the image, lending it an almost stage-like quality. quality.

Andromache, 1916Oil on panel. 8 x 5 3/4 in. (20.3 x 14.6 cm)Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Paul Schectman, Class of 1935. 76.90

Ten years before publication of the Ten years before publication of the Manifesto of Manifesto of SurrealismSurrealism, the Italian artist DeChirco was , the Italian artist DeChirco was extending the traditions of extending the traditions of ‘‘realismrealism’’ in painting to in painting to describe dream worlds that contained aspects of describe dream worlds that contained aspects of his own life in scenes of melancholy and his own life in scenes of melancholy and foreboding. He said he wished to combine foreboding. He said he wished to combine ‘‘ in a in a single composition, scenes of contemporary life single composition, scenes of contemporary life and visions of antiquity, producing a highly and visions of antiquity, producing a highly troubling dream of reality.troubling dream of reality.’’

In this painting the antique world is represented by In this painting the antique world is represented by a broken sculpture and the historic buildings and a broken sculpture and the historic buildings and city square; whilst the contemporary is shown by city square; whilst the contemporary is shown by the train steaming across the horizon and the the train steaming across the horizon and the bunch of bananas in the foreground. Trains for De bunch of bananas in the foreground. Trains for De Chirco evoked sadness of goodbyes and nostalgia Chirco evoked sadness of goodbyes and nostalgia for what was left behind, seeing them as almost for what was left behind, seeing them as almost magical in the way they transported loved ones or magical in the way they transported loved ones or ourselves from one place to another. The liveliness ourselves from one place to another. The liveliness of the train and the ripe bananas is contrasted with of the train and the ripe bananas is contrasted with the cold, lifelessness of the shadowy buildings, the cold, lifelessness of the shadowy buildings, made more sinister by the tilted perspective and made more sinister by the tilted perspective and geometric precision of the shadows. The two geometric precision of the shadows. The two arches look like blind eyes. The female bust plays arches look like blind eyes. The female bust plays across these two extremes; the voluptuous body across these two extremes; the voluptuous body contrasted with its broken form and being made of contrasted with its broken form and being made of cold, hard marble.cold, hard marble.

The Uncertainty of the Poet. 1913

Giorgio de ChiricoGiorgio de Chirico. Piazza d'Italia.. Piazza d'Italia. 1913. Oil on canvas. Art Gallery of 1913. Oil on canvas. Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada. Ontario, Toronto, Canada.

Giorgio de ChiricoGiorgio de Chirico. The Disquieting . The Disquieting Muses.Muses. 1918. Oil on canvas. Private 1918. Oil on canvas. Private

collectioncollection. .

De Chirico self portraitDe Chirico self portrait

Frida KahloFrida KahloPronounced – FREE-da KAH –loPronounced – FREE-da KAH –lo

Frida Kahlo (July 6, 1907 – Frida Kahlo (July 6, 1907 – July 13, 1954) was a July 13, 1954) was a Mexican painter.Mexican painter.

In 1925, a trolley car collided In 1925, a trolley car collided with a bus Kahlo was riding; with a bus Kahlo was riding; an iron handrail impaled her, an iron handrail impaled her, broke her spine, and exited broke her spine, and exited through her lower body. She through her lower body. She survived her injuries and survived her injuries and eventually regained her eventually regained her ability to walk, but she would ability to walk, but she would have relapses of extreme have relapses of extreme pain which would plague her pain which would plague her for life. for life.

After the accident, Kahlo After the accident, Kahlo turned her attention from a turned her attention from a medical career to painting. medical career to painting.

Gallery

Biography

Frida KahloFrida Kahlo““Wore her heart on her canvas.Wore her heart on her canvas.””

Drawing on her personal Drawing on her personal experiences, her works are experiences, her works are often shocking in their stark often shocking in their stark portrayal of pain and the portrayal of pain and the harsh lives of women. Fifty-harsh lives of women. Fifty-five of her 143 paintings are five of her 143 paintings are self-portraits that incorporate self-portraits that incorporate personal symbolism personal symbolism complete with graphic complete with graphic anatomical references. anatomical references.

She was also influenced by She was also influenced by indigenous Mexican culture, indigenous Mexican culture, aspects of which she aspects of which she portrayed in bright colors, portrayed in bright colors, with a mixture of realism and with a mixture of realism and symbolism.symbolism.

In constant pain due to an earlier In constant pain due to an earlier accident while riding a bus it accident while riding a bus it collided with a trolley – resulting in collided with a trolley – resulting in 32 operations in 26 years on her 32 operations in 26 years on her back and leg – her leg was later back and leg – her leg was later amputated and sheamputated and she

The bulk of her 200 paintings were The bulk of her 200 paintings were fantasized self-portraits, dealing fantasized self-portraits, dealing with subjects seldom tested in with subjects seldom tested in Western art: childbirth, Western art: childbirth, miscarriage, abortion. miscarriage, abortion.

She delighted in role-playing and She delighted in role-playing and wore colorful Mexican costumes, wore colorful Mexican costumes, basing her painting style on basing her painting style on indigenous folk art and Roman indigenous folk art and Roman Catholic devotional images.Catholic devotional images.

Twice she married Diego Rivers (dee-Twice she married Diego Rivers (dee-A-go Riv-ERR-a) a famous Mexican A-go Riv-ERR-a) a famous Mexican Muralist. She had a constant obsession Muralist. She had a constant obsession with him.with him.

Because of her injuries and her Because of her injuries and her husbandhusband’’s many affairs, Kahlos many affairs, Kahlo’’s s paintings tell the story of her physical paintings tell the story of her physical and emotional pain.and emotional pain.

The Two Fridas. 1939. Oil on canvas. 170 x 170 cm. Museo de Arte Moderno,

Mexico City, Mexico

At her first one woman show, KahloAt her first one woman show, Kahlo’’s doctor said she was too ill to s doctor said she was too ill to attend, so she had herself carried in on a stretcher as part of the attend, so she had herself carried in on a stretcher as part of the exhibit. Kahlo died soon after. When they pushed her body into the exhibit. Kahlo died soon after. When they pushed her body into the oven to be cremated, the intense heat snapped her corpse up to a oven to be cremated, the intense heat snapped her corpse up to a sitting position. Her hair blazed in a ring of fire around her head. sitting position. Her hair blazed in a ring of fire around her head. She looked painter David Siqueiros said, as if she were smiling in She looked painter David Siqueiros said, as if she were smiling in the center of a sunflower.the center of a sunflower.

Frida Kahlo. The Dream. 1940. Oil on canvas. 74 x 98.5 cm Private collection.

Frida Kahlo. Without Hope. 1945. Oil on canvas mounted on Masonite. 28 x 36 cm. Dolores Olmedo Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico.

Frida disagreed with being labeled a surrealist Frida disagreed with being labeled a surrealist because she said, because she said, ““I never painted dreams. I I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality.painted my own reality.””

Frida Kahlo. The Dream. 1940. Oil on canvas. 74 x 98.5 cm Private collection.

Her work is a rare blend of true emotion, heartbreak, Her work is a rare blend of true emotion, heartbreak, love, and life, as well as death. Most of her paintings love, and life, as well as death. Most of her paintings were self-portraits. She said, "I paint self-portraits were self-portraits. She said, "I paint self-portraits because I am the person I know best. I paint my own because I am the person I know best. I paint my own reality. The only thing I know is that I paint because I reality. The only thing I know is that I paint because I need to, and I paint whatever passes through my head need to, and I paint whatever passes through my head without any other considerations." without any other considerations."

Her paintings are very open and honest. They reflect her Her paintings are very open and honest. They reflect her emotions, the events in her life, changes in her emotions, the events in her life, changes in her feelings---whether good or bad. She recorded her life in feelings---whether good or bad. She recorded her life in paint. Her imagery and style were very original, dramatic, paint. Her imagery and style were very original, dramatic, and courageous. and courageous.

Her husband, the famous Mexican muralist Diego Her husband, the famous Mexican muralist Diego Rivera, said: "Frida is the only example in the history of Rivera, said: "Frida is the only example in the history of art of an artist who tore open her chest and heart to art of an artist who tore open her chest and heart to reveal the biological truth of her feelings. The only reveal the biological truth of her feelings. The only woman who has expressed in her work an art of the woman who has expressed in her work an art of the feelings, functions, and creative power of woman."feelings, functions, and creative power of woman."

Surrealism Study GuideSurrealism Study GuideWord BankWord Bank

DadaismDadaism Improvised ArtImprovised ArtDiego RiveraDiego Rivera Jean ArpJean ArpSigmund FeudSigmund Feud De ChiricoDe ChiricoDream AnalysisDream Analysis Renee MagritteRenee MagritteFrida Kahlo Frida Kahlo Marcel DuchampMarcel DuchampMax ErnstMax Ernst SurrealismSurrealismJoan MiroJoan Miro Salvador Dali Salvador Dali Meret OppenheimMeret Oppenheim

Fill in the blank for questions 1 – 12 using the words from the list above.Fill in the blank for questions 1 – 12 using the words from the list above.

1.1. __________________________ painted squiggles in a trancelike state. Invented unique signs __________________________ painted squiggles in a trancelike state. Invented unique signs for natural objects that were simplified into shorthand pictograms of geometric and biomorphic for natural objects that were simplified into shorthand pictograms of geometric and biomorphic shapes.shapes.

2.2. _________________________first experienced hallucinations as a child during a fever from _________________________first experienced hallucinations as a child during a fever from measles. He later learned to use hallucinations to produce art. He invented frottage.measles. He later learned to use hallucinations to produce art. He invented frottage.

3.3. _________________________ based his technique on critical paranoia and painted his own _________________________ based his technique on critical paranoia and painted his own neuroses inspired from his dreams. Instead of inventing new forms to symbolize the unconscious neuroses inspired from his dreams. Instead of inventing new forms to symbolize the unconscious mind, he represented his hallucinations with meticulous realism. mind, he represented his hallucinations with meticulous realism.

4.4. __________________________ began as a commercial artist who used __________________________ began as a commercial artist who used mastery of realism to defy logic by placing everyday objects in incongruous mastery of realism to defy logic by placing everyday objects in incongruous settings. Often painted men in bowler hats.settings. Often painted men in bowler hats.

5.5. _______________________ was the precursor to Surrealism, he painted _______________________ was the precursor to Surrealism, he painted nightmare fantasies with eerie cityscapes with empty arcades, raking light nightmare fantasies with eerie cityscapes with empty arcades, raking light and ominous shadow. Thought of himself as the and ominous shadow. Thought of himself as the ““metaphysical painter.metaphysical painter.””

6.6. _______________________ is a female surrealist artists whose art became _______________________ is a female surrealist artists whose art became a recognized by many as the symbol of Surrealism.a recognized by many as the symbol of Surrealism.

7.7. _______________________ said, _______________________ said, ““I never paint dreams. I painted my own I never paint dreams. I painted my own reality.reality.””

8.8. _______________________ is a _______________________ is a ““negativenegative”” art movement that came before art movement that came before Surrealism and got its name from a nonsense world after WWI. The artists Surrealism and got its name from a nonsense world after WWI. The artists protested the madness of war, by producing spur-of-the-moment art that protested the madness of war, by producing spur-of-the-moment art that shocked and shocked and ““awakened imaginationawakened imagination”” and intended to cast discredit on and intended to cast discredit on creative activity. This movement lasted a few short years.creative activity. This movement lasted a few short years.

9.9. _______________________ is a _______________________ is a ““positivepositive”” art movement that followed art movement that followed Dadaism. It flourished in Europe and America during the 1920 - 30Dadaism. It flourished in Europe and America during the 1920 - 30’’s. The s. The artists believed in a higher degree of reality painting artists believed in a higher degree of reality painting ““beneath the realistic beneath the realistic surface of life.surface of life.””

10.10. _______________________ is a philosopher who inspired Surrealism._______________________ is a philosopher who inspired Surrealism.

11.11. _______________________ is one of two represented _______________________ is one of two represented forms of Surrealism. Artists practiced spur-of-the-forms of Surrealism. Artists practiced spur-of-the-moment art, distancing themselves as much as possible moment art, distancing themselves as much as possible from conscious control.from conscious control.

12.12. _______________________ represented a style of _______________________ represented a style of Surrealism where artist juxtaposed (placed next to each Surrealism where artist juxtaposed (placed next to each other) incongruous (unrelated) objects using realistic other) incongruous (unrelated) objects using realistic techniques turning inward to paint dreams, memories techniques turning inward to paint dreams, memories and / or feelings.and / or feelings.

13.13. _______________________ He was a Mexican muralist _______________________ He was a Mexican muralist who was married to Frieda Kahlo.who was married to Frieda Kahlo.

14.14. _______________________ created collages out of _______________________ created collages out of random and chance arrangements of paper.random and chance arrangements of paper.

15.15. _______________________ created a _______________________ created a ““readymadereadymade””, , titled titled FountainFountain, which was an urinal with the signature, , which was an urinal with the signature, ““R. Mutt.R. Mutt.””

Answer in complete sentences.Answer in complete sentences.

13. Describe what Frida Kahlo painted and 13. Describe what Frida Kahlo painted and why.why.

14. Compare and Contrast the two styles of 14. Compare and Contrast the two styles of Surrealism.Surrealism.

15. How and shy did Surrealism became an 15. How and shy did Surrealism became an art movement?art movement?