d.a. translation project of research in rural development....

Vol. 5 , No. 1 Apr i l , 1

Notes from t h e E d i t o r : G. N. Appe l l Resigns a s i t o r o t e r. O t t o C. Doering I11 t o be New

;:itor f i r :he%;DGrant Received from t h e Evans Fund; The Accounts f o r Volume 4, 1972; Cont r ibu t ions f o r t h e Support of t h e BRC; New Rates f o r t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , Malays ia , S ingapore , Brune i , and Indones ia ; E l e c t i o n s t o t h e Board of D i r e c t o r s of t h e BRC 2

Research Notes *

Remarks on t h e P r e h i s t o r y of Sabah and S o u t h e a s t Asian ................... Archaeology. Wilhelm G. Solheim I 1 Orang-utan Watching: A Day i n t h e L i f e . . . D.A. Horr T r a n s l a t i o n P r o j e c t o f t h e Ind igenous Songs and Chants ................. o f Sarawak......... C a r o l Rubenstein ........... S o c i o l o g i c a l Research i n R u r a l Development. .............................. Ir . Bouwe G. G r i j p s t r a ... Tausug--A Discuss ion o f t h e Language. M. B . Hardaker

B r i e f Communications

Research on Orang-utan Ecology by B i r u t 6 Galdikas- ....... Brindamour.....:............ Barbara H a r r i s s o n The Brunei Language and L i t e r a r y Bureau...Donald Brown Coordinated I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f Su lu C u l t u r e , J o l o , Su lu . ........................................ G e a r Rixhon S i n a u t A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o j e c t Brunei .................... A Bib l iography on t h e Music o f Sarawak: Request f o r

Assis tance. . . . ........................ P a t r i c i a Court t o n v e n t i o n t o C o n t r o l Trade i n Threa tened W i l d l i f e :

S t o c k - p i l i n g o f Endangered Animals by T r a d e r s Anti- ............................................. c i p a t e d

News a

Granad "- .-

* the i

nd Announcements

U I 1115UI

Borneo Sympos1u o l o g i c a l

a T e l e v i s i o n I n t e r e s t e d i n F i lming i n Borneo i n ~ o o ~ e r a t i o n w i t h Ethnographic and E c o l o g i c a l Re~earch.......................................... 25

Genetic Resources Newsletter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 a: N e w s l e t t e r o f t h e C u l t u r a l H i s t o r i c a l ................................. E t y o f Sulu. . . . 26 Groups cc '----' a r S o u t h e a s t As ia P u b l i s h e d . . . . . 27

m s o r s a Meetings o f ............ [ t i o n 27

i n i s p u b l i s h e d t w i c e y e a r l y he Borneo Research Counc i l .

es and contributions for publi- r i n g 111, E d i t o r , Borneo Research o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics, Purdue

i a n a 47907, U.S.A. S i n g l e

............... IRIAN: B u l l e t i n of West I r i a n Development 27 Request f o r In format ion on t h e C u l t u r a l . R o l e of H o r n b i l l s ............................................... i n Borneo 28 Borneo S c h o l a r s t o Attend ICAES Meetings i n c h i c a g o . . . . . . 28 - . - . - . - - . - - -

Occasional B i b l i o g r a p h i c Papers o f the-Southern ~ G i a n ................ I n s t i t u t e . Columbia University......... 28 ..................... Journa l of O r i e n t a l Studies......... 28 ..................................... R e J o u r n a l Arch ipe l 28

Borneo News 29

Book Reviews, A b s t r a c t s , and Bibl iography '1

Seymour: The Rural School and Rura l Development Among ............... t h e Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia ( A b s t r a c t ) 31 ........ G i l l : S e l e c t e d Aspects of Sarawak A r t (Abs t rac t ) 33 Rudolph: Federal ism and Nation-bui lding: I n d i a , .............. P a k i s t a n , Malaysia and N i g e r i a (Abs t rac t ) 34 ............................................. Bibliography 36

Borneo Research Counci l In format ion f a r Authors

NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

C . N . AppeZZ R e s i g n s as Editor o f t h e BRB 4

I t i s wi th a g r e a t d e a l of r e g r e t I must announce t h a t t h i s w i l l be t h e l a s t i s s u e of t h e BRB t h a t I s h a l l be e d i t i n g . I have found it n e c e s s a r y t o r e s i g n because of t h e p r e s s o f o t h e r work tHat h a s s o l o n g l a i n dormant w h i l e I a t t empted t o f i n d t h e proper n i c h e f o r t h e BRB i n Borneo s t u d i e s and d e v e l - op t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e BRC--iiito a v i t a l and s i g n i f i c a n t body of s c h o l a r s .

I can now r e t u r n t o a monograph t h a t I began long ago i n which I am a t tempt ing t o compare t h e land t e n u r e systems i n Borneo, and I can a l s o now devote t ime t o complet ing t h e p a r t i a l l y f i n i s h e d volume e n t i t l e d The S o c i e t i e s of Northern Borneo. This i s composed of c o n t r s t h e BRC who have done a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l , h i s t o r i c a l , and l i n g u i s t i c research i n n o r t h e r n Borneo, and I owe t o them a g r e a t deb t f o r t h e i r k indness and t o l e r a n c e over t h e many d e l a y s i n t h i s work while I devoted my t ime and e n e r g i e s t o t h e BRB and BRC.

A s wi th a l l such endeavors , w i t h o u t any change i n p e r s o n n e l t h e r e is always t h e chance t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l impetus might s t a g n a t e ; t h a t t h e o l d personne l might keep t o t h e w e l l e s t a b - and t rodden p a t h s r a t h e r t h a n r e a c t i n g t o change and s e a r c h i n g o u t new means by which t h e p u b l i c a t i b n can meet t h e deve lop ing needs of Borneo s t u d i e s . Thus, new f a c e s can t a k e a f r e s h look a t t h e s i t u a t i o n and r e v i t a l i z e t h e BRB where it i s needed. I have f e l t f o r some t ime t h a t such a a n g e was needed i n t h e BRB and BRC, and t h i s i s a p a r t i c u l a r l y opportune t ime t o r e l i n q u i s h my e d i t o r s h i p , f o r w i t h t h i s i s s u e I have e d i t e d f o u r volumes of t h e E.

(Continued on page 39)

R E S E A R C H N O T E S

REMARKS ON THE PREHISTORY OF SABAH

- A N D SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY

Wilhelm G. Solheim I1 U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii

he r e c e n t appearance of The P r e h i s t o r y of Sabah by Tom and Barbara H a r r i s s o n (Sabah o c i e t o u r n a l I V , 1 9-70; Sabah

' ~ o c i e t ~ , Kota Kinabalu; Milo) p:o:pted me t o c z i t a c t George Appel l and i n q u i r e i f he thought t h e r e a d e r s of t h e Borneo Reseamh ~ u l l e t i n might be i n r e r e s t e d i n a s h o r t ~ r e v m t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l work be ing done i n Borneo, Sabah i n p a r t i - c u l a r , and nearby a r e a s , and r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e r e s t o f S o u t h e a s t Asia. He r e p l i e d i n t h e . a f f i r m a t i v e .

Taking Sabah a s t h e f o c u s I w i l l s t a r t o u t s i d e and move i n , from Palawan and Mindanao t o Sarawak and Brune i , and t h e n Sabah. Where t h e r e i s r e c e n t l y p u b l i s h e d m a t e r i a l I w i l l be v e r y b r i e f and t h o s e who want more can go t o t h e r e f e r e n c e . For Sabah I w i l l b r i e f l y review t h e H a r r i s s o n s ' book.

There a r e many a r e a s i n S o u t h e a s t Asia t h a t a r e v e r y l i t t l e known a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y . U n t i l about t e n y e a r s ago (1962) t h e r e had been v i r t u a l l y no r e s e a r c h done i n a l a r g e r e c t a n g u l a r a rea w i t h Palawan and Sabah a t i t s n o r t h w e s t e r n end , running through Mindanao and Minahassa i n Celebes t o and i n c l u d i n g a l l of New Guinea. S i n c e t h a t t ime t h e r e h a s been i n t e n s i v e work i n a smal l a r e a of Palawan and survey and t e s t i n g of s c a t t e r e d a r e a s of s o u t h e r n Mindanao, t h e Su lu Arch ipe lago , and Sabah. Nothing h a s y e t been done i n t h i s a r e a f a r t h e r e a s t u n t i l you r e a c h A u s t r a l i a n New Guinea. T h i s i s t h e a r e a we must know t o work o u t t h e p r e h i s t o r i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f P h i l i p p i n e s and Indones ia and of S o u t h e a s t Asia a s a whole and t h e i s l a n d s i n t h e P a c i f i c The a r e a h e r e covered i s t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n e n t r a n c e (and e x i t ) t o t h e l a r g e r a rea .

Work s t a r t e d a t Quezon, on t h e west c o a s t o f Palawan two- th i rds o f t h e way t o t h e s o u t h e r n end of t h e i s l a n d , w i t h t h e d i s c o v e r of t h e Tabon Caves i n 1962. Excava t ion and a n a l y s i s o f t h e f i n d s has been underway s i n c e by t h e P h i l i p p i n e N a t i o n a l Museum under t h e d i r e c t i o n of Robert B. Fox. A good p r e l i m i n a r y summary o f t h e f i n d s i s a v a i l a b l e i n The Tabon Caves by Fox (1970). Many cave s i t e s have been l o c a t e d i n t h i s 1 - h e s t o n e a r e a and from t h e s e a C-14 d a t e d sequence goes back 30,000 y e a r s , w i t h m a t e r i a l s from w e l l b e f o r e t h i s time. S t a r t i n g w i t h f l a k e t o o l 'assemblages and animal bone remains , t h e d e p o s i t s show a change t o i n t e n s i v e c o l l e c t i o n o f marine s h e l l s by 5,000B.C. Edge-ground s t o n e and s h e l l t o o l s a r e i n u s e by 4,000 B.C. and p o t t e r y i s b e i n g l o c a l l y manufac tured , pro- b a b l y by 2,000 B.C. Some bronze shows up by 500 B.C. fo l lowed soon by i r o n , b u t n e i t h e r became of much impor tance- -o ther t h a n p o s s i b l y s o c i a l - - u n t i l c o n s i d e r a b l y l a t e r (700 A.D.?).

E x p l o r a t i o n i n Zamboanga and t h e S u l u Arch ipe lago was 'begun by Alexander Spoehr i n 1967 (1968). Spoehr h a s con t inued

t t e n t l y wi th bo th a r c h a e o l o g i c a l and e t h n o g r a p h i c a l h i n t h i s a rea . The f i n d s o f t h e 1967 survey were mos t ly

r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t i n c l u d i n g t r a d e p o r c e l a i n s and a s s o c i a t e d earthenware. Some of t h e ear thenware found was probably pre - p o r c e l a i n (probably pre-1000 A.D.). The most e x c i t i n g f i n d , made i n 1970 o r 1971, was a rock s h e l t e r on Sanga-Sanga I s l a n d , j u s t t o t h e sou th of Tawitawi I s land . Spoehr on ly had t ime t o make a very smal l t e s t , s o I s r a e l C a b a n i l l a , o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e National Museum, made f u r t h e r e x c a v a t i o n s . T h i s was a midden s i t e with l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of s h e l l s , i n c l u d i n g used s h e l l and s h e l l t o o l s . Cabani l l a found a ground s h e l l adze , q u i t e s i m i l a r t o the s h e l l adzes found w i t h a b u r i a l i n one of t h e Palawan caves by Al f redo Evange l i s ta .

' !

Finds made on Cagayan Sulu I s l a n d (7"N, 118030mE), n o r t h e a s t of t h e end of Sabah, i n t h e middle 1960s have never been followed up by a p r o f e s s i o n a l a r c h a e o l o g i s t . I n making a road- cu t through t h e s i d e of a h i l l c o n s i d e r a b l e , s p e c t a c u l a r Sa-huynh-Kalanay p a i n t e d p o t t e r y was recovered and some of i t turned over t o Prank Lynch o f t h e Ateneo de Manila.

Caves i n t h e Kulaman P l a t e a u of t h e s o u t h e r n and wes te rn Cotabato prov inces of Mindanao were f i r s t a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y i n v e s t i g a t e d i n l a t e 1962 by Marcel ino N. Maceda (1964, 1965) f o r San Car los U n i v e r s i t y o f Cebu Ci ty . Limestone b u r i a l j a r s from t h e s e s i t e s had been brought t o t h e museum a t S a n t a Thomas Univers i ty i n Manila i n about 1954, b u t no fol low-up was made a t t h a t time. I n 1966 Samuel M. Br iones o f S i l l i m a n U n i v e r s i t y i n Ne r o s , d i scovered more of t h e s e caves. In 1967 and 1968 Edwari B. Kurjach and Cra ig T. Sheldon d i d f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n t h e s e caves i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h S i l l i m a n U n i v e r s i t y (1970, 1971). Hundreds of carved l imes tone j a r s w i t h l i d s , f o r secondary b u r i a l , were found i n t h e s e caves , i n some of them a s s o c i a t e d wi th ear thenwar b u r i a l jars and w i t h some i r o n a r t i f a c t s . A l l c o l l e c t i o n s m a d were from t h e s u r f a c e . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e caves were be ing used f o r s e v e r a l hundred y e a r s s o t h e assoc- i a t i o n s g ive no i d e a of d a t i n g . One c o l l a g e n d a t e from Seminoho Cave i s A.D. 585 + 85 (Kurjack and Sheldon, 1970:s) . I would suggest t h a t t h i s d a t e i s r e a s o n a b l e f o r c l o s e t o t h e beg inn ing of t h i s kind of s i t e . Re la ted b u t much l a r g e r b u r i a l j a r s a r e found on the.Minahassa p e n i n s u l a and were s t i l l b e i n g made with t h e f i r s t Europeans e n t e r e d t h e a r e a a s can be seen i n t h e low r e l i e f c a r v i n g s of men w i t h guns on t h e j a r s . One o f t h e s e j a r s i s on d i s p l a y i n t h e c e n t r a l c o u r t y a r d of t h e Rijksmuseum vor Volkenkunde i n Leiden. No a r c h a e o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n has been made of t h e s e j a r s t o my knowledge. They ma a l s o be r e l a t e d t o t h e s t o n e j a r s of c e n t r a l wes te rn Celebes (Solheim 1967a). I have s e e n s i m i l a r l i m e s t o n e j a r s , t o t h o s e o f Cotabato, from t h e C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s , i l l u s t r a t e d i n a newspaper a r t i c l e .

Associated w i t h t h e j a r s i n Cotaba to was some ear thenware p o t t e r y probably meant a s b u r i a l f u r n i t u r e . The carved geomet r ic decora t ion on some of t h e l imes tone ja?s and t h e c a r v e d paddle decora t ion on some of t h e p o t t e r y s u g g e s t t h e u s e r s o f t h e caves were makers of t8Bau-Malay" p o t t e r y . Some of t h e i n c i s e d decora t ion and form of t h e p o t t e r y sugges ted t h e y were makers of Sa-huynh-Kalanay p o t t e r y . I t i s n o t d i f f i c u l t f o r people t o g e t t o g e t h e r ; I s u s p e c t t h e u s e r s were descendants i n t h e female l i n e o f makers o f bo th k i n d s o f p o t t e r y . (For d i s c u s s i o n of t h e s e two d i f f e r e n t p o t t e r i e s s e e Solheim 1959 and 1967b).

In t h e summer and f a l l o f 1972 Avel ino Legasp i , f o r t h e P h i l i p p j Nat iona l Museum, and I , f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii, exp lored f o r and t e s t e d a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s a l o n g t h e c o a s t o f t h e Gulf of Davao and S a r a n g a n i . B a y i n Cotaba to d e l S u r , Mindanao. We found one r e c e n t b u r i a l cave , p robably used by Samal p e o p l e s , on Samal I s l a n d n e a r Davao C i t y . The remains o f wooden c o f f i n s some of them i n t h e form o f b o a t s , were many o f them v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e wooden c o f f i n d e s c r i b e d and i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e H a r r i s s o n s i n The P r e h i s t o r y o f Sabah (pp. 33-116). We found one e a r l y s i t e w i t h Kalanay p a i n t e d p o t t e r y , cons idered e a r l y a s no p o r c e l a i n o r meta l were found and some cord-marked p o t t e r y was found. Most o f t h e o t h e r s i t e s which were r e l a t i v e : , recent w i t h p o r c e l a i n and some w i t h go ld pegged t e e t h i n d i c a t e d i n t h e ea r thenware p o t t e r y r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h bo th t h e "Bau-Mala! and Sa-huynh-Kalanay p o t t e r y . The l a s t s i t e found was a s m a l l rock s h e l t e r w i t h a v e r y r i c h s h e l l d e p o s i t , w i t h o u t metal o r p o t t e r j . Much of t h e s h e l l had been broken and used t o make i n t o t o o l s . Some worked s t o n e and s t o n e t o o l s were a l s o found. a l l worked by f l a k i n g , none w i t h g r i n d i n g o r p o l i s h i n g . T h i s u s e o f s h e l l would s u g g e s t r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e s i t e a t Sanga Sanga. T y p o l o g i c a l l y t h i s would be an o l d e r s i t e t h a n t h e Sanga Sanga and Palawan s i t e s w i t h s h e l l adzes.

There i s no need t o go i n t o t h e p r e h i s t o r y o f Borneo o u t s i d e o f Sabah i n t h i s B u l l e t i n because t h e work of t h e H a r r i s s o n s i s s o w e l l known t o i t s r e a d e r s . I w i l l o n l y mention t h e most com- p l e t e s i n g l e summary o f t h e Sarawak and B r u n e i ' s a rchaeo logy , and l a c k of i t i n Kalimantan, which appeared i n Volume X I 1 1 of Asian P e r s p e c t i v e s (1970, p r i n t e d i n 1972).

I w i l l on ly review H a r r i s s o n s ' The P r e h i s t o r y o f Sabah v e r y b r i e f l y h e r e and r e f e r you t o two o t h e r rev iews t h a t I ' h a v e done of i t (n.d.a and n.d.b) Anyone w i t h a s e r i o u s i n t e r e s t i n Borneo should buy t h e book; f o r $10 Malaysian i t i s a s t e a l .

I n a way t h e book i s m i s t i t l e d ; i t would b e t t e r have been ca l led ."The Foundat ions f o r a P r e h i s t o r y of Sabah." V i r t u a l l y no e x c a v a t i o n s have been made i n Sabah, o n l y some t e s t i n g and f a i r l y e x t e n s i v e e x p l o r a t i o n by Tom and Barbara . I n t h i s book t h e y b r i n g t o g e t h e r a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e ev idence from s u r f a c e f i n d s , o r a l l i t e r a t u r e and f o l k l o r e , and t h e few known e a r l y n a t i v e t e x t s , add t h i s t o t h e e x p l o r a t o r y work t h e y d i d , and come up w i t h a good f o u n d a t i o n from which t o s t a r t systemat: e x c a v a t i o n and f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n .

The book i s d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r p a r t s . The f i r s t , c a l l e d "Back- ground" (pp. 1 -32) , i s a c t u a l l y t h e c o n c l u s i o n s and somewhat summary. I t g i v e s d e f i n i t i o n s , t h e k ind of d a t a which i s a v a i l a b l e , a sugges ted sequence f o r Sabah preh is to ry ; /and f i n a l l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s of Sabah w i t h t h e o u t s i d e world. The second p a r t , " S i t e s - - t h e p l a c e s of p r e h i s t o r y ," (pp. 33-148), l i s t s , d e s c r i b e s and b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e s t h e c o n t e n t s of cave s i t e s , s i t e s on t h e o f f s h o r e i s l a n d s , and m e g a l i t h i c remains. The t h i r d p a r t p r e s e n t s a s imple c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f and d e s c r i b e : t h e a r t i f a c t s which a r e known. The f i n a l p a r t d i s c u s s e s o r a l and w r i t t e n r e c o r d s which move Sabah from p r e h i s t o r y i n t o h i s t o r y . T h i s w i l l be a v e r y u s e f u l book f o r working o u t t h e p r e h i s t o r y of Sabah.

The b r i e f s e c t i o n i n which t h e H a r r i s s o n s p u t Sabah i n t o , g e n - e r a 1 S o u t h e a s t Asian c o n t e x t ("Over l a n d and s e a s : what went

on around Sabah?" (pp. 18-24) I f i n d p a r t i c u l a r l y good. They p o i n t ou t t h e g r e a t d i v e r s i t y of c u l t u r e s i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a , going back thousands of y e a r s and t h e importance of l o c a l e v o l u t i o n of t h e s e c u l t u r e s , i n c o r p o r a t i n g e lements from o u t - s i d e bu t n o t be ing overwhelmed t ime and a g a i n by m i g r a t i o n s b r ing ing i n new peoples and c u l t u r e s . "So, what d i d happen once t h e b e t t e r boa t b u i l d i n g made wate r no l o n g e r a p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r f o r e v e r y t h i n g t h a t cou ld n o t n a t u r a l l y f l y , f l o a t o r swim? What happened was s u r e l y an i n t e r c h a n g e i n a l l d i r e c - t ions . . . ." (p. 21).

We can say very l i t t l e of a s p e c i f i c n a t u r e about t h i s a r e a dur ing p r e h i s t o r y o t h e r than f o r t h e Niah and Tabon Caves. We can s e e t h a t t h e r e a r e obvious r e l a t i o n s h i p s between a r e a s a '

cons iderab le d i s t a n c e from each o t h e r , b u t what t h e s e r e l a t i o n - s h i p s might mean we cannot say wi thout much more d a t a . A s f o r every o t h e r a r e a i n Southeas t As ia , we need much more d a t a , d a t a ga thered s y s t e m a t i c a l l y and s c i e n t i f i c a l l y . T h i s i n c l u d e s e thnographic , l i n g u i s t i c , and h i s t o r i c d a t a . For example, information on t r a d e r o u t e s . a n d d r i f t voyages s i n c e r e c o r d s have been k e p t , f o r t h e Su lu and Celebes Seas o u t i n t o t h e P a c i f i c between t h e Caro l ines and New Guinea. Acc iden ta l d r i f t i n t h e s e a r e a s went i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s , depending on t h e seasons and t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of c u r r e n t s , t i d e s , and winds. We cannot t a k e f o r g ran ted t h a t a l l d i f f u s i o n , mixing of p e o p l e s and c u l t u r e s , and even t h e gradua l s m a l l group m i g r a t i o n t h a t d i d t a k e p l a c e went on ly from Mainland S o u t h e a s t As ia i n t o t h e i s l a n d s and from t h e a r e a I have been t a l k i n g about o u t i n t o t h e P a c i f i c . Some must have gone i n t h e o t h e r d i r e c t i o n and may be more impor tan t than we t h i n k .

* BibZiography: FOX, Robert B. , 1970, The Tabon Caves, Manila , Monograph o f t h e N a t i o n a l Museum No. 1; H a r r i s s o n , Tom, 1970, The P r e h i s t o r y of Borneo, Asian Pers e c t i v e s XIII:17-45; . . Kurjack, ~ d w a i d B. and Cra-0, The Archaeology of Seminoho Cave i n Lebak, Cotaba to , S i l l i m a n Journa l XVII: 5-18; Kurjack, Edward B. and C r a i g T. Sheldon, 1971, The Urn Bur ia l Caves of Southern Cotaba to , Mindanao, P h i l i p p i n e s S i l l iman J o u r n a l XVIII:127-153; Maceda, Marcel ino N. , 1964, Pre l im ' inaryr t s on Ethnographic and Archaeolog ica l F i e l d Work i n Kulaman. P l a t e a u , I s l a n d o f Mindanao, P h i l i p p i n e s , Anthro os 59:75-82; Maceda, Marcel ino N . , 1965, Second Pre- + iminary Report on t h e Archaeolog ica l F i e l d Work i n Kulaman P la teau (Cotaba to) , I s l a n d of Mindanao, P h i l i p p i n e s , Anthro os 60:237-240; Solheim 11, Wilhelm G. , 1959, Two Major P d i n Bornean (and Asian) Ethnology and Archaeology, Sarawak Museum J o u r n a l 1X:l-5; Solheim 11, Wilhelm G . , 1967a, The Sa-huynh-Kalanay P o t t e r y T r a d i t i o n : P a s t and Future Research. i n Mario D. zamora (ed . ) , S t u d i e s i n P h i l i p p i n e Anthropology, . pp. 151-174, Manila, Alemar-Phoenix; Solheim 11, Wilhelm G . , 1967b, Two P o t t e r y T r a d i t i o n s of La te P r e h i s t o r i c Times i n Southeast Asia , i n F. S. Drake red.) . H i s t o r i c a l . Archaeo-

The reh hi at or^ of Sabah, ~ o u i n a l o f o r i e n t a l !%dies (forth- coming); Solheim 11, Wilhelm G., n .d .b, Review of The P r e h i s t o r y of Sabah, J o u r n a l o f Asian S t u d i e s ( fo r thcoming) ; Spoehr , Alexander, 1968 , 'Archaeolog ica l Survey of Southern Zamboanga and t h e Sulu Archipelago, Asian P e r s p e c t i v e s XI:177-185.

ORANG-UTAN WATCHING: A DAY I N THE'LIFE. . .* David A. Horr

Brande is U n i v e r s i t y

Morning i n t h e R a i n F o r e s t . I t i s 5:30 a.m. The n i g h t ' s down- pour h a s s topped and t h e sun i s beg inn ing t o warm t h e t o p o f t h e Borneo i u n e l e c a n o w 150 f e e t above t h e ground. Below, wate r cont inue; t o d r ip . from t h e l e a v e s , even though t h e s k i e s a r e b r i g h t e n i n g and c l o u d l e s s . I n t h e d i s t a n c e , gibbon fami l ie : a r e beg inn ing t h e i r r i t u a l morning c a l l s - - a p a t t e r n o f mus ica l whoops t h a t r i s e s i n i n t e n s i t y , . s t o p s a b r u p t l y , and, a f t e r moments o f s i l e n c e , b e g i n s aga in . F a r below, on t h e f o r e s t i l o o r , a t i n y mouse deer - -a l i v i n g r e l i c from an e a r l i e r age and s c a r c e l y b i g g e r t h a n a house c a t - - s c u t t l e s away a t a s l i g h t ,sound. The i n s e c t n o i s e s change p i t c h a s t h e n i g h t d w e l l e r s go t o s l e e p , and t h e d a y l i g h t - l i v i n g an imals beg in t o t a k e over t h e r a i n f o r e s t a g a i n ,

High o f f t h e ground, a t t h e end of a l a r g e branch , i n s e c t s buzz among t h e f r e s h l e a v e s . Though t h e a i r i s dead s t i l l , t h e l e a v e s beg in t o q u i v e r , and suddenly , a twig d r o p s t o r e v e a l a t i n y p a i r o f e y e s p e e r i n g down a t me th rough a h a l o o f b r i g h t orang f u r . The orang-utan baby g i v e s a t i n y w a i l and i s rewarded by a v i o l e n t shak ing o f t h e l e a v e s a s h e r mother , a l a r g e female of 100 pounds, q u i c k l y s i t s up and looks around. These orangs a r e o l d f r i e n d s o f mine, and t h e mother acknow- ledges my presence w i t h a s o f t smacking sound made w i t h t h e l i p s fol lowed by a low g u l p i n g burp. T h i s i s n o t r e a l l y a good morning k i s s , b u t r a t h e r a s i g n o f mi ld annoyance, a "what, you again?" r e a c t i o n .

Now t h a t t h e y a r e awake, t h e o rangs s e t about t h e i r d a i l y t a s k of f e e d i n g themselves. The mother c l imbs up o u t o f t h e i r s l e e p i n g n e s t s and moves over t o t h e f r u i t tree where t h e y were e a t i n g t h e p r e v i o u s evening. Her i n f a n t , a male about seven months of age , c l i n g s t i g h t l y t o h e r f u r a s s h e t h r a s h e s h e r way through t h e branches . He i s s t i l l n u r s i n g , though occas- i o n a l l y h i s mother w i l l g i v e him some f r u i t from h e r mouth.

Apparent ly he is n o t hungry j u s t y e t , s i n c e a s h i s mother f e e d s : he s t a r e s about him and .dangles by one hand from h e r f u r , o b l i v i o u s of t h e f a c t t h a t he i s n e a r l y 80 f e e t above t h e ground. A s t h e mother f e e d s , a r u s t l i n g sound i n t h e n e x t t r e e b e t r a y s t h e presence of h e r n e x t o l d e s t c h i l d , a young j u v e n i l e female about f o u r y e a r s o l d . She h a s been up e a r l y t o e x p l o r e around a b i t , b u t s h e now approaches h e r mother and bo th s i t s i d e by s i d e , f e e d i n g . The j u v e n i l e r e a c h e s o u t t o touch h e r i n f a n t b r o t h e r , b u t t h e mother moves away and sh i f t s -*he p o s i t i o n o f t h e i n f a n t , g i v i n g a g r u n t o f annoyance.

Now t h a t t h e o rangs have s e t t l e d down f o r t h e i r morning meal, I t o o can t h i n k about my b r e a k f a s t : a t i n o f s a r d i n e s , some c o l d r i c e , and a s m a l l thermos o f i n s t a n t c o f f e e . We a r e about t h r e e m i l e s from my base camp, s o t o s t a y n e a r t h e orangs I am s t u d y i n g , I must n e s t under t h e i r s l e e p i n g t r e e . My n e s t i s a

* A p r e v i o u s v e r s i o n of t h i s a r t i c l e appeared a s The Qld Man of t h e F o r e s t : A Day i n t h e L i f e o f a n o r a n g - u t a v Educat ion Development C e n t e r , Cambridge, MA.

s m a l 1 , s t r i n g hammock above which I s t r e t c h a p l a s t i c t a b l e - c l o t h t o keep o f f t h e r a i n . A camera bag, t a p e r e c o r d e r and a few t i n s of food make up t h e r e s t of my "camp."

A t m i t he s a t rel

d-morning, t h e orangs have had enough t o e a t and, s i n c e un is g e t t i n g h o t , t h e y climb up i n t o t h e l e a f y crown of e where t h e r e i s shade and a c o o l i n g breeze . They a r e

now s e t t l i n g i n f o r a s e r i o u s b i t of snoozing; today t h e y may .remain thus happi ly occupied f o r some t ime . T h i s i s t h e wors t time of t h e day f o r me; h o t , drowsy, and t h e orangs o u t of s igh t - -ye t I cannot go t o s l e e p because t h e orangs may move o f f q u i e t l y and i t could t a k e a day o r s o t o f i n d them again.

Afternoon A c t i v i t i e s . A t about 4 p.m. t h e orangs and I a r e s t a r t l e d by a loud bel lowing n o i s e coming from t h e d i r e c t i o n of the r i v e r , one-quar te r of a mi le away. The female looks nervously i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e sound, t h e n g a t h e r s up t h e i n f a n t and swings down t o a s m a l l t r e e and moves s lowly away from t h e sound. The loud c r y came from a lone a d u l t male feed ing c l o s e by: r e s t i n g , he informs o t h e r orangs of h i s presence through h i s loud v o c a l i z i n g . I f t h e mother orang had been ready and w i l l i n g t o mate, she would have responded w i t h a s i m i l a r , though q u i e t e r , bel low and headed o f f i n h i s d i r e c - t i o n . But a s long a s h e r baby must c l i n g a l l day t o h e r f u r , she w i l l be more i n t e r e s t e d i n avo id ing a d u l t males t h e n i n running t o them. Not u n t i l t h i s i n f a n t i s semi-independent w i l l she be a b l e t o conceive a n o t h e r one.

I h u r r i e d l y pack up my "nest" and scramble a f t e r h e r , s i n c e she i s now moving r a t h e r r a p i d l y through t h e j u n g l e . A s s h e moves 50 f e e t prom h e r r e s t i n g s p o t , t h e j u v e n i l e suddenly pops i n t o view and h u r r i e s a f t e r h e r mother , look ing f o r a l l t h e world l i k e a p u l l - t o y be ing j e r k e d a long on a s t r i n g .

P

As t h e oranFmove, they snack on f l o w e r s , s u c c u l e n t l e a v e s , and o t h e r such t i d b i t s ; sometimes a r e a l f i n d i s made, such a s a t e r m i t e n e s t , and t h e orangs c a l l a temporary h a l t . Suddenly an angry buzzing sound i n t e r r u p t s a l l a c t i v i t y . I n s t i n c t i v e l y I duck, s i n c e jungle wasps a r e v i c i o u s and u s u a l l y come i n l a r g e numbers. This t ime , however, it i s t h e orangs t h a t a r e t h e i r t a r g e t , and-I s e e t h e j u v e n i l e s w a t t i n g w i l d l y around her head and smacking h e r f a c e w i t h t h e palm o f h e r hand. Curiously enough, she does n o t t r y t o cl imb away, and a s I look through t h e b i n o c u l a r s I s e e why; a s s h e k i l l s t h e wasps, she i n s p e c t s them c l o s e l y , t h e n pops them i n t o h e r mouth. In t h e jungle , food r e a l l y i s where you f i n d it.

The End o f a Day. By 6 p.m. t h e o rangs have reached a s m a l l groveof t r e e s f i l l e d w i t h f r u i t , and t h e y s e t t l e down f o r a s e r i o u s meal. The mother cl imbs up i n t o t h e t o p of a medium- s i z e t r e e , s i t s down on a b ranch , and t h e n b e g i n s t o b reak branches i n towards h e r . She r e a c h e g i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s w i t h her long arms and p u l l s i n twigs and l e a v e s t o l i n e t h e bottom of t h e n e s t she i s b u i l d i n g . T h i s n e s t w i l l be q u i t e s t u r d y - - I have seen orangs s t a y i n them d u r i n g v i o l e n t wind s to rms i n which t h e n e s t s were whipping around on branches 160 f e e t o f f t h e ground. The n e s t p r o v i d e s a l a c e f o r h e r i n f a n t t o move around wi thout having t o hang on Eer f u r f o r s u p p o r t ( i n f a n t s c l i n g almost a y e a r b e f o r e t a k i n g t e n t a t i v e swings on nearby

branches) . I f i t r a i n s d u r i n g t h e n i g h t , t h e female w i l l use more branches t o b u i l d a r o o f over t h e n e s t .

Throughout t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h e even ing n e s t , t h e j u v e n i l e has con t inued t o s t u f f h e r s e l f w i t h f r u i t . I t i s now q u i t e d a r k , and she t e n t a t i v e l y approaches h e r m o t h e r ' s n e s t . She i s rewarded by a loud g r u n t and a s n a r l i n g sound. The j u v e n i l e s h r i e k s and r e t r e a t s t o a n e a r b y branch where s h e h u r r i e d l y b u i l d s a s m a l l n e s t of h e r own. A f t e r f i v e minutes t h e j u v e n i l e l e a v e s t h i s n e s t a n d , a g a i n approaches h e r mother ' s n e s t . Again t h e loud g r u n t , and a g a i n t h e j u v e n i l e r e t r e a t s t o b u i l d a n o t h e r n e s t . Now, however, t h e n e s t i s somewhat c l o s e r t o h e r mother ' s . The p r o c e s s c o n t i n u e s u n t i l , on t h e f o u r t h t r y , t h e j u v e n i l e f i n a l l y s u c c e e d s i n c r e e p i n g i n t o t h e n e s t w i t h h e r mother and baby b r o t h e r . The baby g i v e s a long w a i l , some low grumbling sounds a r e h e a r d , and t h e n e v e r y t h i n g calms down t o t h e l o u d buzz ing sounds o f n i g h t .

orang L i f e : L o o s e l y Organized and S o l i t a r y . The female i s t h e f o c a l p o i n t o f o rang s o c i e t y . Young orangs a r e comple te ly dependent f o r food and t r a n s ~ o r t a t i o n on t h e i r mothers f o r t h e ~- - -

f i k s t y e a r , and w i l l s t a y w i t h h e r f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . A s many a s t h r e e o f f s p r i n g may be i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e o l d e r female. From h e r t h e y l e a r n t h e ways o f s u r v i v a l i n t h e jungle .

Adult males j o i n females f o r v a r y i n g l e n g t h s of t i m e , b u t t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n can be q u i t e f r a g i l e . The male may s t a y w i t h t h e female , o r he may go f a r away, b u t i n e i t h e r c a s e t h e female w i t h h e r o f f s p r i n g i s l a r g e l y on h e r own. We watched one female w i t h a s m a l l i n f a n t f o r over twelve months; s h e was a l o n e w i t h h e r i n f a n t - f o r t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d .

A s j u v e n i l e s become young a d u l t s t h e y spend more t ime away from t h e i r mother and may form s m a l l r o v i n g groups w i t h o t h e r juven- i l e s . These l a t e r s p l i t up a s t h e young females s t a r t f a m i l i e s of t h e i r own and males assume t h e i r more s o l i t a r y a d u l t e x i s t e n c

L a t e r i n l i f e t h e males become much more l i k e h e r m i t s . Males a r e roughly t w i c e t h e s i z e of f e m a l e s , and some v e r y o l d males grow s o b i g t h e y can no l o n g e r l i v e s u c c e s s f u l l y i n t h e t r e e s . These huge an imals spend much of t h e i r t i m e f o r a g i n g on t h e ground, though t h e y may s t i l l c l imb a b i t . When s u r p r i s e d i n a low t r e e , t h e y may d r o p t o t h e ground and t h r e a t e n t h e o b s e r v e r v i c i o u s l y b e f o r e r u n n i n g away t o h i d e i n a nearby swamp.

Most p r i m a t e s a r e h i g h l y s o c i a l a n i m a l s ; why o r a n g s G v e s o a l o n e has been enigmat:ic. P a r t of t h e answer l i e s i n t h e s i z e of orang a p p e t i t e s and! t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f food . S i n c e impor- t a n t food such a s f r u i t i s wide ly s c a t t e r e d , a l o o s e s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n would make good sense . Otherwise orangs would soon e a t up a l l t h e a . v a i l a b l e food i n one p l a c e i f a l o t o f them l i v e d t o g e t h e r . S i n c e t h e r e a r e no major n a t u r a l p r e d a t o r s f o r o rangs o t h e r t h a n man, i t i s n o t i m p o r t a n t f o r a d u l t males t o p r o t e c t females , c*ven t h o s e w i t h b a b i e s , and h i s s t a y i n g w i t h h e r would o n l y lhelp d e p l e t e h e r food s u p p l y . F i n a l l y , s i n c e females b r e e d only. once e v e r y t h r e e y e a r s o r s o , t h e male enhances h i s rejprodrlct ive s u c c e s s by s e a r c h i n g o u t a s many females a s p o s s i b l e i n o r d e r t o f i n d one who may be s e x u a l l y r e c e p t i v e .

A l l of t h e s e f a c t o r s have combined t o cause orang-u tans t o spread o u t i n t h e j u n g l e and t o l e a d t h e i r s e m i - s o l i t a r y l i v e s . This d i s p e r s e d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s o makes orangs v e r y v u l n e r a b l e t o human a c t i v i t y . S i n c e s o few orangs l i v e i n any one a r e a , l o s s of o n l y a few t o human a c t i v i t i e s may r e s u l t i n i n s u f f i c - i e n t b reed ing t o main ta in p o p u l a t i o n s i z e .

TRANSLATION PROJECT OF THE INDIGENOUS

SONGS AND CHANTS OF SARAWAK*

Caro l Rubenstein Sarawak Museum

I t i s n o t o n l y t h e l o v e l i n e s s of t h e songs , a s t o n i s h i n g i n themselves, b u t t h e f r a g i l i t y of t h e i r l i v e s which g r i p s one. I am much concerned t o r e c l a i m t h e songs b e f o r e t h e y d i s a p p e a r i n t o t h e jungle downward among t h e f e r n s a l o n g w i t h . t h e o l d s i n g e r s o f t h e c u l t u r e . T h i s concern I s h a r e w i t h t h e Sarawak Museum, which i s co-sponsoring t h e p r o j e c t , a l o n g w i t h t h e Ford Foundation, a concern shared a l s o by many r e s e a r c h e r s who come t o Sarawak. But c e r t a i n l y t h e need i s c r u c i a l t o r e c o r d i t a s soon a s p o s s i b l e . Often t h e ind igenous o l d people f e e l i t a l s o , s i n c e t h i s i s perhaps . the f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n which does n o t understand t h e i r songs, n o r s i n g them. I n s t e a d t h e y crowd around a r a d i o o r l i s t e n aga in and a g a i n t o t h e i r r e c o r d s o f modern songs. Therefore t h o s e who s t i l l know t h e songs some- t imes s h a r e our urgency and come forward, e s p e c i a l l y toward t h e end of an expedi0ion s t a y , and o f f e r t h e i r t r e a s u r e s . My s t a y here , two y e a r s t o end i n mid-1973, i s t i m e o n l y f o r - - s u r e l y n o t enough c o l l e c t i n g and t r a n s l a t i n g .

My p r o j e c t i s f o f i n d and t r a n s l a t e songs , poems, c h a n t s , s p e l l s , p rayers of each of t h e major groups h e r e . I have s e t up a l i f e c y c l e of p o s s i b l e song s o u r c e s , from concept ion t o d e a t h , s e c u l a r and r e l i g i o u s , t i m e s p a s t and p r e s e n t , and we t r y t o f i l l i n t h e s e c t i o n s . I have a l r e a d y v i s i t e d Land Dayak, K e l a b i t , Kenyah, and Penan groups, t h e f i rst t h r e e f o r about two months e a c h , . t h e Penan l e s s t ime; Kayan, Iban , and Melanau (where t h e songs st511 e x i s t ) w i l l f o l l o w , b u t f o r n e c e s s a r i l y s h o r t e r t imes; and f o r t h e Iban some of t h e e x i s t i n g Museum t a p e s w i l l a l s o be u t i l i z e d ( t h e C u r a t o r , Benedic t Sandin , has done a n enormous amount of Iban c o l l e c t i n g ) . One needs , o f course , t o s t a y s e v e r a l y e a r s w i t h each group. But my t ime here i s l i m i t e d , and a l s o a l l t h e songs a r e d i s a p p e a r i n g now. This p r o j e c t could n o t be done (by me) w i t h o u t t h e ~ u s e u m T l p , s i n c e I t r a v e l and work w i t h t h e i r knowledgeable s t a f f , a long wi th l o c a l i n t e r p r e t e r s and in formants .

* This Note came o u t o f r e c e n t cor resppndence w i t h t h e E d i t o r , who emphasizes t h e c r u c i a l need f o r f u i t h e r immediate recording and t r a n s l a t i n g of t h e s e d i s a p p e a r i n g songs. Miss Rubenstein is an American p o e t who has p u b l i s h e d h e r own poems and given many p o e t r y r e a d i n g s ; b o t h Bennington Col lege B.A. and John Hopkins M.A. a r e i n Poe t ry , a l o n g w i t h a keen i n t e r - e s t i n anthropology and ind igenous l i t e r a t u r e .

This i s how I work. A f t e r g r a d u a l l y l o c a t i n g t h e s i n g e r s , we r e c o r d a song and t h e n t r a n s c r i b e it i n t h e o r i g i n a l language, sometimes a s k i n g t h e s i n g e r t o speak it a s w e l l , i f u n i n t e l - l i g i b l e when4 sung. Then each word o f t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n i s t r a n s l a t e d i n t o E n g l i s h . Sometimes it is n e c e s s a r y t o work w i t h s e v e r a l people t o do t h i s , go ing th rough s e v e r a l languages-- t h e o f t e n a r c h a i c o r s p e c i a l song-language of t h e song, most ly i n t h e p r a y e r s ; t h e modern o r c o l l o q u i a l l anguage , and i n t h e d i a l e c t spoken i n t h a t r e g i o n ; Malay; v a r i e t i e s o f English. I have found t h a t l i t e r a l word-for-word t r a n s l a t i o n f o r a s t a r t i s . e s s e n t i a l , because t h e n one f i n d s t h e p i c t u r e s t h e poems a r e made o f , r a t h e r t h a n r e c e i v i n g an a l r e a d y i n t e l l e c t u a l i z e d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of what t h e p i c t u r e s mean, or! what t h e i n t e r p r e t e r may t h i n k you want t o h e a r about it-- an e .xplanat ion i n s t e a d o f t h e v e r y s t u f f o f t h e poem--a g l o s s t h a t s l i p s p a s t t h e r e a l i n t e n t i o n .

While a r r i v i n g a t t h i s f i r s t v e r s i o n , I q u e s t i o n each of t h e word meanings, t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s and s i m i l a r i t i e s ( f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e v a r i e t i e s o f t h u n d e r , e a c h c a r r y i n g s p e c i a l a tmosphere; "Perhaps t h e r e is a n o t h e r word t h a t means t h i s ? Is it a s t r o n g e r o r a weaker word? Is i t h i g h o r low i n t h e sky?"). What emerges looks l i k e a t e l e g r a m i n need of decoding , which indeed i t does . To unscramble, I r e s t r u c t u r e t h e s e n t e n c e and q u e s t i o n t h e meanings of each p h r a s e and s e n t e n c e . I t r y t o f i n d o u t what i s i n d i r e c t l y o r c o l l o q u i a l l y meant ( t h a t is, a l l t h e t h i n g s t h e s i n g e r t a k e s f o r g r a n t e d t h e l i s t e n e r knows b u t which I l i k e l y do n o t know); t o make c l e a r t h e r e f e r e n c e s (such a s " the f r u i t tumbling from t h e t r e e " on a headhunt ing p a r t y ) ; t o s e e i f and how it i s r e l a t e d t o ceremony; and t o unders tand t h e mood and i t s changes, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e s e c h l a r p ieces . Sometimes t h e s i n g e r h i m s e l f h a s no r e a l unders tand ing o f t h e meaning. ("That i s how t h e o l d p e o p l e t o l d us ," s a y s a great-grandmother p r i e s t e s s . ) But th rough c o n t i n u a l d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t , mos t ly i n d i r e c t , n o t a t i o n , and p a t i e n c e , one a r r i v e s a t o r n e a r t h e meaning.

Le t us s a y one of my main aims i s t o avo id g r o t e s q u e misunder- s t a n d i n g o f t h e meaning, whereby t h e p i g s l i c e s t h e washed head and s p r i n k l e s i t s b lood on t h e ch icken w i t h a l e a f sharpened on a whets tone ; i n s t e a d of t h e o l d man waving a s h i n y l e a f , a k n i f e , and a whets tone o v e r t h e p i g and c u t t i n g i t s t h r o a t , t o smear t h e blood on t h e h e r o , a f t e r t h e head t a k e n h a s been s p r i n k l e d w i t h w a t e r shaken from both a s t o n e and a hen dipped i n w a t e r p l a c e d i n a ce remonia l bowl. Being i n t h e a r e a is h e l p f u l , s i n c e t h e songs o f t e n r e f l e c t t h e environment d i r e c t l y . I t i s t r u e t h a t sometimes one d e s p a i r s ; and I know t h a t , a t b e s t , I can o n l y approximate , desp.5Se my r e s e a r c h i n g a s much a s p o s s i b l e beforehand and my many q u e s t i o n s and t h e f i n e Museum and in formant he lp . T h e i r p a t i e n c e w i t h my ignorance and my seemingly e n d l e s s q u e r y i n g i s remarkable.

From t h e s e t r a n s l a t i o n n o t e s I form a r e a s o n a b l y c o h e r e n t i f s t i l t e d v e r s i o n of what I unders tand e a c h l i n e t o mean. Then I j o i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h my own f e e l i n g about t h e song, and w r i t e each l i n e a g a i n , keep ing t h e i n f o r m a t i o n and p i c t u r e s i n b u t t r y i n g t o come c l o s e r t o t h e way I would s a y it were I t h e o r i g i n a l s i n g e r . I n t h i s way I make a n Engl i sh- language "equiva len t" poem.

What a poem i s I c e r t a i n l y cannot s a y ; b u t t h e s i n g e r was a p o e t , and I am myself a p o e t , and poems and p o e t s a r e r a t h e r

s i m i l a r wherever we t u r n up--we t e n d t o t h i n k i n p i c t u r e s , some- I

what l i k e dreams, and t o l i k e a mus ica l and d r a m a t i c s e t t i n g f o r s t a r t i n g , deve lop ing . and ending ; t h e words seem t o have a l i f e of t h e i r own; t h e r e a l and u n r e a l , s p i r i t and s u b s t a n c e , t e n d t o merge, o r r a t h e r , t o r e s i s t s e p a r a t i o n - - s o t h a t sometimes it i s p o s s i b l e f o r me t o f e e l I have a r r i v e d somewhere n e a r t h e o r i g i n a l .

The people here a r e f i n e p o e t s , making poems n a t u r a l l y and a s p a r t of t h e i r l i v e s . I have much t o l e a r n from them, which i s probably p a r t of why I am h e r e . .My hope i s t o g i v e them t h e same kind of r e s p e c t i n t r a n s l a t i n g them, r e s p e c t r e g a r d i n g t h e i n t e n t , mood, nuance of t h e i r poems, beyond t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a l ,, l i t e r a l meaning (once, h o p e f u l l y , t h a t i s go t s t r a i g h t ) , t h a t

.'

one would g ive t o p r a c t i o n e r s of t h e a r t i n more a c c e s s i b l e c u l t u r e s .

I have become i n c r e a s i n g l y moved by t h e q u a l i t y of t h e people h e r e and a l s o t h e i r in te rweaving i n f l u e n c e s and m i g r a t i o n s , which f a s c i n a t i o n I am s u r e I s h a r e w i t h your r e a d e r s . Perhaps i t is because t h e s e a r e proud independent people u n t i l o n l y r e - c e n t l y w i t h i n a t ime c a p s u l e , and now t h e y a r e a s i f i n a n o t h e r world, and i n f a c t a re . The b i t s one p i c k s up of what h a s made them who they a r e a r e c o n t i n u a l l y a p p e a r i n g i n i n t r i g u i n g ways. For only one b r i e f i n s t a n c e , whi le working on Land Dayak mater- i a l , which i s very r i c h indeed i n b e a u t i f u l imagery, I n o t i c e d a resemblance i n some t y p e s of songs t o t h e T1ang poems, espec- i a l l y s i n c e I had t r a n s l a t e d some of them, a l o n g w i t h a Chinese poe t ry s c h o l a r , s e v e r a l y e a r s back. I n q u i r i n g i n t o i n f l u e n c e s , I l ea rned a t the,Museum t h a t t h e r e had been a major Chineee sea- p o r t and industrial a r e a n o t f a r from l a r g e t r a d i t i o n a l Land Dayak s e t t l e m e n t s , t h e r e c e n t e x c a v a t i o n s u n e a r t h i n g many T'ang and Sung a r t i f a c t s . But t h e s e a s p e c t s , whatever l i n g u i s t i c , a rchaeo log ica l ; and a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l consequence e x i s t i n and through t h e songs , a r e f o r o t h e r s t o t r a c e i n t h e i r own work, s i n c e I am l i m i t e d t o t h e songs themselves. Of c o u r s e I n o t e such in format ion wherever p o s s i b l e i n a b r i e f p r e f a c e t o t h e song, and i n q u i r e th roughout f o r such f o r b e t t e r unders tand ing . But t h e main reason I am doing t h i s p r o j e c t i s t h a t t h e songs a r e s o l o v e l y . . ." A l l the poems, i n Engl i sh and i n t h e o r i g i n a l l anguage , w i l l be publ ished by t h e Sarawak Museum i n a s p e c i a l Monograph i s s u e . Their he lp and i n t e r e s t i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e p r o j e c t .

There i s always more t o do, t h e more one uncovers , always another group up t h e r i v e r o r mountain o r two d a y ' s walk d i s t a n t . For i n s t a n c e , t h e r e a r e t h e Kadayans i n t h e F i f t h Divis ion wi th t h e i r love-magic s p e l l s . . .

SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH I N RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Ir. Bouwe G. ~ r i j ~ s t r a Department of Rura l Soc io logy

A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y Wagenengen, The Nether lands

Introduction

Frequently g radua l improvement of t h e e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n i n t h e p rocess of r u r a l development i s t h e o n l y p o s s i b i l i t y of

p rov id ing t h e r u r a l d w e l l e r s w i t h a r e a s o n a b l e l i v i n g . An impor tan t f a c t o r i n t h e d r a f t i n g o f p o l i c i e s f o r g r a d u a l improvement h a s always been t h e p a r t which c o u l d be l e f t t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n i t s e l f t o c a r r y ou t . Some p o l i c y makers s u g g e s t a r e a s o n a b l e p a r t should be l e f t t o t h e popula t ion . They b e l i e v e t h a t a c e r t a i n involvement o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t h t h e deve lop- jment p r o c e s s i s n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n s u c c e s s . The community development i d e a , a c c o r d i n g t o which t h e p o p u l a t i o n should on ly be he lped t o h e l p themse lves , is an example of an extreme op in ion about t h i s n e c e s s a r y involvement. These opinion! about t h e involvement of t h e p o p u l a t i o n have o f t e n been f e d by an awareness of a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g sys tems of mutual h e l p w i t h i n r u r a l communities. However, t h e implementat ion. of some programmes f o r r u r a l development h a s shown t h a t i t i s n o t always easy t o connect new i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f a l l t h e v i l l a g e T s w i t h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e o r g a n i z a t i o n .

lneorles nave oeen maae on wny some promis ing p r o j e c t s f o r t h e unheaval o f t h e c o u n t r y s i d e drawn up by development bodies d i d n o t . g e t t h e n e c e s s a r y organ ized s u p p o r t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . I t h a s been s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l sys tems o f mutual h e l p o n l y c e n t e r e d around problems i n t i m e o f s i c k n e s s , d e a t h and c a l a m i t i e s , whereas common everyday b e h a v i o r is v e r y i n d i v i d u a l . The new i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e concerned w i t h t h e r e g u l a r a c t i v i t i e s of producing and process ing .

Another d i f f e r e n c e between t h e t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e system and t h e d e s i r e d i n s t i t u t i o n s i s t h a t t h e f i r s t can be d e s c r i b e d a s an in formal , mul t ipurpose system, whi le t h e second group can be d e s c r i b e d a s v e r y formal , s i n g l e - p u r p o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . I t h a s a l s o been p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e o r g a n i z a t i o n must be proved t o be inadequa te b e f o r e i t can be r e p l a c e d by t h e new s i n g l e - p u r p o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . That means a c e r t a i n amount o f d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y over a p e r i o d o f t ime i n o r d e r t o i n s t i g a t e t h e people t o o r g a n i z e themse lves i n new o u t s i d e o r i g i n a t e d i n s t i t u t i o n s .

The p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h programme o f t h e Department o f Rura l Sociology of t h e T r o p i c s , of t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y of Wageningen, c e n t e r s on t h e r e l a t i o n s between r u r a l communities and o u t s i d e i n s t i t u t i o n s . The aims o f t h e r e s e a r c h programme f o r Sarawak a r e :

1. t o prove on a l a r g e s c a l e whether c o o p e r a t i o n between a complex of v i l l a g e r s w i t h o u t s i d e i n s t i t u t i o n s i s r e l a t e d t o t h e a b i l i t y of t h e s e v i l l a g e r s t o c o o p e r a t e i n i n t e r n a l m a t t e r

2. t o d i s c o v e r what o t h e r a s p e c t s of t h e v i l l a g e s t r u c p r e a r e involved- -bes ides o r i n s t e a d o f above mentioned a b i l i t y t o coopera te i n i n t e r n a l m a t t e r s - - i n t h e p r o c e s s o f e s t a b l i s h i n g r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n s o u t s i d e t h e v i l l a g e .

Implementation of the Reeearch

The range o f minor r u r a l p r o j e c t s and o t h e r schemes, aimed a t improving t h e s i t u a t i o n i n a l r e a d y p o p u l a t e d r u r a l a r e a s makes Sarawak an i d e a l l o c a t i o n f o r t h e s t u d y of t h e r e l a t i o n s between r u r a l communities and o u t s i d e i n s t i t u t i o n s , i .e . t h e v a r i o u s government departments . Because t h e whole S t a t e of Sarawak i s t o o v a s t an a r e a t o cover i n t h e f i e l d work, a c e r t a i n r e g i o n

r

had t o be chosen. In o r d e r t o e l i m i n a t e a c c e s s a b i l i t y a s a p o s s i b l e hampering f a c t o r i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f r e l a t i o n s between v i l l a g e s and o u t s i d e i n s t i t u t i o n s , it was dec ided t o do t h e r e s e a r c h i n t h e r e l a t i v e l y . e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e F i r s t Divis ion. I n o r d e r t o evade p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n t s t y l e s o f implementing t h e development p r o j e c t s , t h e r e s e a r c h was r e - s t r i c t e d t o one d i s t r i c t f o r t h e t ime being. For c u l t u r a l and l i n g u i s t i c reasons it was .dec ided t o s t a r t t h e r e s e a r c h among only one e t h n i c group. Eventua l ly t h e Bidayuh o f t h e Upper Sadong D i s t r i c t were found t o be t h e l a r g e s t c u l t u r a l l y homogeneous group. They a r e l i v i n g i n n e a r l y one hundred kampongs wi th a n average number of 50 doors p e r kampong.

group wi th o u t s i d e i n s t i t u t i o n s had n o t y e t become very c l e a r . P o s s i b l e hypotheses a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p were p o s t u l a t e d :

1. development--which means change- -c rea tes d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n ;

2 . some d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n o p i n i o n s , t h a t i s d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n and l a c k o f i n t e r n a l c o o p e r a t i o n , i s n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o c r e a t e a demand f o r development p r o j e c t s .

I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n which backs o r r e j e c t s t h e s e hypotheses it was n e c e s s a r y t o make c a s e s t u d i e s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i kampongs s e l e c t e d by t h e outcomes o f t h e s u r v e y .

In o rder t o g e t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e k ind of l i f e i n a Bidayuh -: kampong t h e , r e s e a r c h worker s t a y e d f o r f i v e months a s par- T I n s i g h t i n t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c o o p e r a t i o n o f a complex

t i c i p a n t o b s e r v a t e r i n kampong Daso n e a r Tebakang. T h i s of v i l l a g e r s i n i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , and i n t o a f f a i r s f o r which

kampong was chosen a s a r e l a t i v e l y p r o g r e s s i v e kampong a f t e r I o u t s i d e , a s s i s t a n c e i s n e c e s s a r y , w i l l b e b e n e f i c i a l f o r t h e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t 0 f f i c e r . a n d h i s s t a f f . I n t h e , f u t u r e development of r u r a l a r e a s i n Sarawak. I f i t i s d i s -

f i r s t weeks g e n e r a l in format ion about t h e kampong was c o l l e c t e d . I covered t h a t d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n b a d l y a f f e c t s t h e p r o g r e s s i n t h e

Gradual ly, more a t t e n t i o n was p a i d t o t h e f a c t o r s which would p r o c e s s of development, measures can be t a k e n t o minimize t h e

become t h e c o r e of t h e r e s e a r c h : communal a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e p o s s i b l e d i s r u p t i n g e f f e c t s of some p r o j e c t s . Also ways can

kampong and t h e way development p r o j e c t s and schemes were be found t o overcome a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n s o f d i sorgan- implemented, own c o n t r i b u t i o n s , use and upkeep. Surrounding i z a t i o n . I f however i t i s proved t h a t a c e r t a i n amount of

kampongs were a l s o v i s i t e d t o g e t an i d e a of t h e range and d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o s u c c e s s f u l l y i n t r o d u c e v a r i a t i o n of t h e d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s . Government o f f i c e r s i n new i d e a s f o r t h e improvement of t h e community, it i s n e c e s s a r y t h e f i e l d were i n f o r m a l l y approached. D e t a i l s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t o f i n d t h e o r i g i n s of t h i s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . Also t h e r e s u l t s

types of schemes and. p r o j e c t s were c o l l e c t e d from t h e i r o f f i c e s . of i n c r e a s i n g d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n t h e f u t u r e should be s tud ied .

Based on t h e in format ion c o l l e c t e d i n t h e above mentioned way a a u e s t i o n n a i r e was made. I t con ta ined q u e s t i o n s about communal a c i i v i t i e s , development p r o j e c t s and schemes, p o s i t i o n of t h e headman, a c c e s s a b i l i t y and s i z e of t h e kampong. Ten t r a i n e e s from the Batu Lintang College were employed a s i n t e r v i e w e r s dur ing t h e i r holid'ays. They v i s i t e d a l l t h e Bidayuh kampongs i n t h e U D D ~ ~ Sadona D i s t r i c t , and in te rv iewed a c e r t a i n number of key ih lormants i n each kahpong. A l l t h e in te rv iewed persons were very coopera t ive .

Resut te

A p r e l i m i n a r y a s s B s m e n t of t h e c o l l e c t e d i n f o r m a t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h e fo l lowing r e l a t i o n s h i p s :

1. s i z e and a c c e s s a b i l i t y a r e n o t t h e c r u c i a l f a c t o r s i n t h e p rocess of o b t a i n i n g schemes and p r o j e c t s ;

2. t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e v i l l a g e headman d e t e r i o r a t e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g development;

3. some kampongs show p a t t e r n s of development i n l i n e w i t h t h e assumption: c a p a b i l i t y t o manage ,communal a f f a i r s i s r e l a t e d w i t h t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o implement schemes and pro- j e c t s t o g e t h e r w i t h o u t s i d e i n s t i f u t i o n s . Many o t h e r ones however show a p a t t e r n which i s t h e r e v e r s e of t h e above assumption.

Extension and Consequences o f t h e Reeearoh

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e c a p a b i l i t y o f v i l l a g e r s t o manage t h e i r i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s and t h e i r c a p a b i l i t y t o coopera te a s a

Locat ion, O b j e c t , and Methods i n t h e V i l l a g e S t u d i e s

From t h e outcomes o f t h e survey t h e f o l l o w i n g d i s t i n c t kampongs a l l of average. s i z e , were s e l e c t e d a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c examples of t h e surveyed group: t h e kampongs Engaroh, Kakeng, Mapu Tembawan Mpaneg, Murut and Tangga.

The v i l l a g e s t u d i e s were made under t h e a u t h o r ' s s u p e r v i s i o n by f o u r s t u d e n t s i n r u r a l s o c i o l o g y o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Wageningen, The Nether lands . A l l f o u r had a Bache lors degree.

The f i r s t aim o f t h e v i l l a g e s t u d i e s were t o draw up c a s e s from each of t h e p r o j e c t s t h e kampongs had r e c e i v e d , were t r y i n g t o o r had been t r y i n g t o a c q u i r e . Each c a s e i n c l u d e d : when aware- n e s s o f t h e scheme s t a r t e d , how t h e r e q u e s t o r o f f e r was made, t h e implementat ion, i t s use and upkeep.

The second aim was t o d e s c r i b e and a n a l y z e t h e ways i n which t h e d i f f e r e n t kampongs managed t h e a f f a i r s e s s e n t i a l f o r s u r v i v a l of t h e v i l l a g e a s a u n i t w i t h its own i d e n t i . .

For t h e f i r s t and , second aim, u n s t r u c t u r e d gu ided i n t e r v i e w s were t h e a p p r o p r i a t e method of s o c i o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h . P a r t i c i - p a n t o b s e r v a t i o n supplemented them f o r t h e second aim.

Depending on t h e complexi ty of t h e v i l l a g e s t h e e s t i m a t e d d u r a t i o n f o r each of t h e v i l l a g e s t u d i e s was between two and four ' months.

I T e n t a t i v e Conclusions

The in format ion o b t a i n e d i n t h i s way s u p p o r t s t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t development c r e a t e s d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n i n a community. The

information analyzed u n t i l now does n o t prove o r d i s p r o v e t h e second hypothes i s t h a t some d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of o p i n i o n s i s necessary i n o r d e r t o c r e a t e a demand f o r development p r o j e c t s . "

TAUSUG--A DISCUSSION OF THE LANGUAGE

M. B. Hardaker*"

Tausug ( t h e Sulok language) i s spoken and understood by most of t h e s e a f a r i n g peoples l i v i n g on t h e i s l a n d s o r t e r r i t o r i e s s i t u a t e d i n o r t h a t form t h e c o a s t o f t h e Sulu and, t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , t h e Celebes Sea. There i s some s i m i l a r i t y 'I between Tagalog and Tausug and i n t e r e s t i n g l y t h e same use of t h e p r e f i x "ma" i n t h e language spoken i n t h e South Celebes.

I t would appear t h a t t h e Sulok people were a dominant f o r c e I

i n t h e Southern P h i l i p p i n e s u n t i l t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y and extended I t h e i r a u t h o r i t y a s f a r a s Brunei on Borneors n o r t h c o a s t and a s f a r sou th a s Macassar and Bandjarmasin. I t was i n t o t h i s aggress ive s e a f a r i n g people t h a t t h e i n f l u e n c e s of I s lam f i r s t gained a hold and, were extended th rough them t o t h e c o a s t a l 1 peoples i n Mindanao and Borneo.

I Their v i g o r l e d t o o t o t h e e x t e n s i o n of Tausug a s a language

I

among t h e s e c o a s t a l s peoples . Where t h e Sulok people o r i g i n a t e d from has never been made c l e a r , p h y s i c a l l y t h e y d i f f e r from t h e Bajaus, I l l a n u n s , Mindanaons and Bugis , though t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e f a s t d i s a p p e a r i n g wi th i n t e r m a r r i a g e and a change o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n d r o m a s s o c i a t i n g themselves wi th t h e people of t h e S u l t a n of Sulu t o a more g e n e r a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a s F i l i p i n o s o r Sabahans a s t h e c a s e may be. I t would be t r u e t o say t h a t today Sulok a s an e t h n i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n would be i n c o r r e c t ; p r o p e r l y , t h d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n should be "people who speak Tausug a s t h e i r f i r s t language." I t i s t h e Bajau and Bugis people who have r e t a i n e d t o a f a r g r e a t e r degree t h e i r e t h n i c p u r i t y .

A s tudy of Tausug r e v e a l s many i n t e r e s t i n g p o i n t s . F i r s t l y , I when European whale rs and b e f o r e them. Spanish c o l o n i z e r s I

v i s i t e d Borneo, t h e Su lu a r c h i p e l a g o o r Mindanao, Tausug was more widely spoken and used a s t h e language of b u s i n e s s . A l l d e a l i n g s between t h e s e people and t h e f i r s t European d e v e l o p e r s of Borneo were conducted i n t h e medium o f Tausug.

Secondly, Sulok f o l k l o r e h a s it t h a t t h e Sulok people o r i g i n a t e d I i n t h e upper reaches of t h e Kinabatangan River i n Sabah. They s p l i t i n t o two groups one t r a v e l l i n g a c r o s s t h e s e a t o J o l o t o e s t a b l i s h t h e Sulu people and t h e o t h e r southward t o Lahad Datu where they e s t a b l i s h e d t h e Idahan people. However, t h i s a rgu- ment is d i s p u t e d by t h e t h e o r y t h a t North Borneo was popula ted i * A r e p o r t by Jon R. V. Daane is now-in p r o g r e s s which i n c l u d e s t h e case s t u d i e s of two kampongs. One has a good system of i n t e r n a l communication b u t i s undeveloped. The o t h e r kampong i s more developed and h a s a d e t e r i o r a t i n g system of i n t e r n a l cooperat ion.

** 127 Macquarie S t r e e t , Sydney, N.S.W. 2000, A u s t r a l i a ; formerly of t h e Royal Malaysian Cons tabula ry .

by t h e waves of m i g r a n t s from Indo-China (comparisons a r e drawn w i t h t h e Meo t r i b e s ) who moved i n t o t h e h i n t e r l a n d a s a r e s u l t of p r e d a t o r y c o a s t a l r a i d s by Sulok and I l l a n u n p i r a t e s . (The I l l a n u n s a r e b e l i e v e d t o have o r i g i n a t e d from Palawan I s land . )

T h i r d l y , a number of words i n Tausug when compared w i t h Malay i n d i c a t e t h e i r more p r i m i t i v e o r i g i n . These examples a r e o f f e r e d .

Engl i sh Tausug Malay

a ) Hand Lima Tangan I n d i c a t i n g a more o r i g i n - Five Lima Lima a l d e s c r i p t i o n of a f i v e

f i n g e r e d member.

b) Ente r ) Masok I n d i c a t i n g a c o n t r a c t i o n Close-up) Masuuk o f a word meaning " t o

come c l o s e r i n t o my presence ."

c) In o r a t ) Here ) Di

D i The Malay " D i " i s used a s a p r e f i x . The Tausug " D i " means "here ."

d) Deep Halaum Dalam ' Again i n d i c a t i n g a development of change. The Tausug p r e f i x HA means "with" much t h e same a s t h e Arabic MA.

e ) Under Ha ' vava Bawa Usua l ly t h e use of a "v" "bt9 o r l l w f l sound i s i n t e r changeable bu t sometimes t h e use of t h e "v" sounds i n d i c a t e s a more p r i m i t i v ' o r i g i n .

f ) O n t o p Ha-taas Atas A b e t t e r example of t h e c o n t r a c t i o n of a word th rough t ime.

g) Came Datong o r Datang A s i m p l i f i c a t i o n . Arr ived Dimatong

h) To suck Supsup Hisap The Tausug word onomataPon I C . The Malay a development from t h i s .

.rT

i ) F e a t h e r Bulvul Bulu S i m p l i f i c a t i o n .

j ) B i r d ' s Wing P ik Pik Kepak More r e c e n t c o n t r a c t i o n i n Malay.

k ) I d o l Baala . Berha la I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o s p e c u l a t e on t h e Tausug d e r i v a t i o n . Baal of t h e Babylonians?

Tausug i s f a r r i c h e r i n word expans ion t o deve lop t h e more p l e a s i n g sound; e .g . ( t o s i t ) Lingkud, Limingkud; ( t o s a i l )

Layag, Limayag and grammar r u l e s seem t o be more complex t h a n Malay. The number of s i m i l a r i t i e s between Malay and Tausug. words i n d i c a t e . v e r y d e f i n i t e l y , a common o r i g i n . Was t h e r e an e a r l i e r language from which bo th grew? I f e e l t h a t t h i s was not t h e case . Tausug was t h e base f o r Malay.

Unfortunately. I have l i t t l e knowledge of e a r l y Bugis h i s t o r y but it seems l i k e l y t h a t t h e o r i g i n of t h e Bugis and Sulok s e a f a r i n g people is r e l a t e d i f n o t t h e same. The p o s s i b i l i t y of these s e a f a r e r s ex tending t h e i r i n f l u e n c e t o Malaya and Indonesia i s no t a wild surmise and could do wi th a c l o s e r examinat ion. We know t h a t Bugis communities were e s t a b l i s h e d on t h e e a s t c o a s t o f .Malaya : t h a t Sulok t r a d e r s have extended t h e i r v e n t u r e s t o Singapore and probably Java .

S i m i l a r i t i e s between boa t s t y l e s , d r e s s , weapons a r e many between Bugis and Sulok. T h e i r l a n d s b o r d e r t h e same s e a , t h e Celebes Sea, and we know t h a t t h e r e h a s been a b a r t e r t r a d e between t h e people of t h e S u l t a n a t e o f Sulu and t h e Celebes f o r hundreds of y e a r s .

The f o r c e of t h e Arab t r a d e r s was g r e a t i n bo th Sulu and t h e Celebes e s t a b l i s h i n g a s t r o n g s o c i a l / r e l i g i o u s base th rough which i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y o l d e r customs and s o c i a l behavior. However, gl impses of t h i s do show through i n t h e legends of t h e s e t t l e m e n t of Semporna and t h e war w i t h t h e Idahan people. There a r e s t i l l 1001 q u e s t i o n s t o be answered bu t Sulok w r i t i n g s a r e few and t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of h i s t o r i c a l knowledge through f o l k l o r e r a r e l y heard o f .

, B R I E F C O M M U N I C A T I O N S

RESEARCH ON ORANG-UTAN ECOLOGY BY B I R U T ~ GALDIKAS-BRINDAMOUR

From Barbara H a r r i s s o n I" C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y

~ i r u t 6 Galdikas-Brindamour, who gradua ted from C a l i f o r n i a and engaged i n s t u d i e s of orang-utan ecology and behavior i n t h e Kotawaringin-Sampit a r e a of Kalimantan Tengah a s of November, 1971, w r i t e s a f t e r a f u l l y e a r i n t h e f i e l d of a lmos t one thousand hours of observ ing wi ld o rang-u tans . She h a s seen small groups bf animals i n a s s o c i a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g seven i n d i v i d u a l s t r a v e l l i n g t o g e t h e r f o r s e v e r a l hours on one occasion. She r e p o r t s of o t h e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y b i g males , q u i t e f r e q u e n t l y coming down t o - t h e ground, sometimes f o r hours a t a time. But because orang-utans a r e e s s e n t i a l l y s o l i t a r y animals , long-term presence i s r e q u i r e d t o a c q u i r e a f a i r i n d i c a t i o n of t h e i r s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . Galdikas-Brindamour p lans t o s t a y f o r t h r e e more years--pending a v a i l a b i l i t y of funding. She f e e l s orphaned s i n c e t h e d e a t h o f Louis Leakey who encouraged and suppor ted h e r beg inn ings . Opera t ing from a camp c o n s i s t i n g of cooking and s l e e p i n g p l a t f o r m s (no w a l l s ) on the Raden River wi th h e r husband, she surveys approximate ly seventeen h e c t a r e s o f f o r e s t where t h e presence o f 36 orang- u t a n s i s i n d i c a t e d . Concent ra ted r e s e a r c h i s on l e s s t h a n a dozen.

Galdikas-Brindamour a l s o o b t a i n e d f i v e orphaned j u v e n i l e s and i n f a n t s which t h e F o r e s t and Game Department c o n f i s c a t e d fo l lowing i l l e g a l c a p t u r e . Two o f t h e s e have r e t u r n e d t o t h e f o r e s t on a permanent b a s i s and no l o n g e r r e t u r n f o r food. A j u v e n i l e female who a t one p o i n t had d i s a p p e a r e d f o r s e v e r a l months, n e s t s and spends most o f h e r t ime n e a r t h e camp. Two o t h e r s who a r e t o o s m a l l y e t f o r independence p l a y i n t r e e s b u t come i n t o camp f o r food and s h e l t e r . The o n l y r e a l i s t i c way t o s t o p t h e i l l e g a l t r a f f i c o f c a p t i v e orang-u tans i s s imple and immediate c o n f i s c a t i o n , accompanied by r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i n t o t h e f o r e s t . Galdikas-Brindamour h a s t h e s u p p o r t of t h e Indonesian W i l d l i f e A u t h o r i t i e s and t h e World W i l d l i f e Fund and i s a c t i v e l y s e e k i n g funds t o s u s t a i n h e r e f f o r t s .

THE BRUNEI LANGUAGE AND LITERARY BUREAU

From Donald Brown U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , S a n t a Barbara

The Brunei Language and L i t e r a r y Bureau (Dewan Bahasa dan Yustaka Brunei) i s a rough p a r a l l e l o f s i m i l a r i n s t i t u t i o n s i n Malaysia . They were o r i g i n a l l y des igned t o promote t h e s tudy and use o f t h e Malay language. I n Brunei t h e Bureau a l s o g i v e s some a t t e n t i o n t o t h e h i s t o r y and c u l t u r e of Brunei . The D i r e c t o r (Pengarah) s i n c e t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t h e Bureau h a s been Pehin Dato H a j i Md. J a m f l , Ph.D. The s t a f f i n c l u d e s a number of q u a l i f i e d and exper ienced s p e c i a l i s t s .

L i b r a r y f a c i l i t i e s a r e f a i r l y e x t e n s i v e i n Malay .language. A number o f Brunei manuscr ip t s and p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e a l s o held. S e r i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s o f f e r t r a n s l a t i o n s o f works o r i g i n a l l y appear ing i n non-Malay languages, b u t a l s o i n c l u d e o r i g i n a l works by Brunei and o t h e r Malay a u t h o r s . I r r e g u l a r p u b l i c a t i o n s have i n c l u d e d a l e n g t h y poem, S h a f e r Rakis , by Pengi ran Shahbandar Md. S a l l e h [ b e t t e r known a s t h e Mahkota of James Brooke's j o u r n a l s ) . he l e n g t h y and very i m p o r t a n t poem which r e c o u n t s t h e o r i g i n of Brune i , S h a t e r Awang Semaun, i s scheduled a s a f u t u r e p u b l i c a t i o n . The Bureau 's D i r e c t o r i s working on an expanded h i s t o r y of Brunei .

-

S e v e r a l y e a r s ago t h e Bureau sponsored an e x t e n s i v e s o c i a l and geographic surveyof Brune i , conducted by s t u d e n t s and f a c u l t y from t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Malaya. The Bureau a l s o se rved a s t h e l o c a l sponsor f o r t h e e t h n o g r a p h i c and l i n g u i s t i c r e s e a r c h performed by A l l e n Maxwell from 1968 t o 1971.

.J

F a c i l i t i e s i n c l u d e t h e equipment f o r making and viewing micro- f i l m s .

COORDINATED INVESTIGATION OF SULU CULTURE, JOLO, SULU

From Gerard Rixhon CMI Notre Dame o f J o l o Col lege

Seminar on Mindanao and Sulu CuZtures: Focus on Sulu . . T h i s seminar was t h e f i f t h annua l g a t h e r i n g of t h e f o r m e r l y and i n a p p r o p r i a t e l y named "Seminar on I s lam i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s

and Southeas t Asia," Co-sponsored by t h e S o u t h e a s t Asian S t u d i e s Cente r , S i l l iman . .Univers i ty , t h e Dansalan Col lege and t h e Coordinated I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f Su lu Culture' , Notre Dame of J o l o College and a c t i v e l y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n by t h e Mindanao S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y and t h e Sulu C u l t u r a l - H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , Inc. I t was he ld i n J o l o f o r t h e f i r s t t ime from August 17 t o 1 9 , 1972.

The d i s c u s s i o n s were c e n t e r e d on t h r e e main p a p e r s w i t h an a f te rnoon devoted t o t h e v i s i t o f v a r i o u s a r c h a e o l o g i c a l and h i s t o r i c a l s i t e s i n t h e townsof J o l o , Bud Datu, Maimbung and J a n t i Manis i n P a t i k u l and one evening r e s e r v e d t o a s l i d e show and d i s c u s s i o n of t h e Ukkil a r t by P r o f e s s o r Mamitua Saber . Mindanao S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .

The seminar beg& a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l C a p i t o l where a paper on t h e Samal Peoples was g iven by E r i c Casifio, C u r a t o r , Anthro- pology Div is ion , t h e N a t i o n a l Museum, Manila , whose d i s s e r - t a t i o n f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Sydney i s -on t h e Jama Mapun o f Cagayan de Sulu. Casiiio gave an overview of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e Samals i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s and a d j a c e n t a r e a s , t h e i r r e l a t i o n s wi th o t h e r Muslim groups and sugges ted t h e p o s s i b i l - i t y of r e p l a c i n g t h e s e groups w i t h i n " the c o a s t / i n l a n d s o c i o - economic framework." According t o Casiiio, t h i s framework would do away wi th t h e d i v i s i v e groupings o r p o l a r i z a t i o n s found i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e : a g r i c u l t u r i s t / t r a d e r , s imple s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n / l a r g e p o l i t y , Animistic/Muslim. The advantage of t h e new approach i s t h a t it l o o k s a t t h e whole a s a s i n g l e " c u l t u r a l ecosystem" where "two halves.. . a r e bound t o g e t h e r by a l t e r n a t i n g bonds of a n t i p a t h y and symbio t ic r e l a t i o n s h i p s . "

The main s e s s i o n had a s i t s keynote speaker Thomas M. K i e f e r , Department of Anthropology, Brown U n i v e r s i t y , Providence, RI, whose d i s s e r t a t i o n , and r e c e n t book d e a l t w i t h law and v i o l e n c e i n a Tawsug s o c i e t y (Luuk, J o l o I s l a n d ) . Tawsug c u l t u r e i s faced , a s mo'st c u l t u r e s , w i t h c o n f l i c t i n g t e n d e n c i e s o r d u a l value o r i e n t a t i o n which could be d e s c r i b e d by t e n t a t i v e l y l a b e l i n g t h e Tawsug a s "a man of a c t i o n and a man of piety." I t i s impor tan t i n t h i s c o n t e x t t o n o t e t h a t t h e a p p a r e n t con- t r a d i c t i o n between v i o l e n c e , b r a v e r y and magical knowledge on one hand, and r e l i g i o u s a c t i v i t i e s on t h e o t h e r f i n d s i t s r e s o l u t i o n i n . t h e p a r a n g s a b b i l ( juramentado) i n s t i t u t i o n . I n t h i s a c t , t h e Mmlim b r a v x s t s any a t fempt thought t o endanger h i s f a i t h and s o c i e t y and s e e k s a n innocent d e a t h a t t h e hands of non-Muslims, s o l d i e r o r n o t who a s such a r e con- s i d e r e d "ev i l . " The a s a b b i l t h e n goes d i r e c t l y t o heaven "on t h e whi te horse w b r e e n mane," and w i t h him a s h i s s l a v e s t h o s e he h a s k i l l e d i n t h e p r o c e s s ; h i s k i l l e r goes t o h e l l . The a r a n s a b b i l t h e n is s i g n i f i c a n t a s r e s o l v i n g two conflictfng%dnwviolence, b r a v e r y and r e l i g i o u s a c t i v - i t y i n t h e defense of Is lam. Although t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s a b b i l i s r a r e r t h e s e days, t h e t h e o l o g i c a l concept of "mer i t accum- u l a t i o n through t r a n s f e r e n c e " behind it still remains.

K i e f e r ' s paper was fol lowed by a l i % e I y d i s c u s s i o n where t h e Tawsug p r e s e n t i n t h e audience confirmed a l l t h e a u t h o r ' s observa t ions and a n a l y s i s i n t h i s paper .

The t h i r d paper was a h i s t o r i o g r a p h i c a l i n v e n t o r y of t h e a v a i l a b l e sources f o r t h e w r i t i n g of S u l u l s p re - and p r o t o - h i s t o r y given by Al f redo Tiamson, Ateneo de Davao, Davao C i t y , with i n t e r e s t i n g comments by Howard F r y , Juan F r a n c i s c o , R .

McAmis, Lynne t te Yu, Yusup Tan, J a i n a l Rasul and W i l l i a m G. Geoghegan.

The proceed ings of t h e seminar w i l l be p u b l i s h e d i n S u l u S t u d i e s t o appear h o p e f u l l y by mid-1973.

Half o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s came from S u l u , t h e o t h e r h a l f (32) came from t h e r e s t o f - t h e P h i l i p p i n e s and abroad. Among t h e d i s t i n g u i s h e d v i s i t o r s , b e s i d e t h e s p e a k e r s , were D r . and Mrs. John Burton (San Diego S t a t e C o l l e g e ) , Juan F r a n c i s c o (M.S.U.) , Howard Fry (James Cook U n i v e r s i t y of New Queensland, A u s t r a l i a ) , William Geoghegan (U.C., B e r k e l e y ) , P e t e r Gowing (S.E;A. Graduate School o f Theology, S i n g a p o r e ) , Be lg ian Ambassador Bob LBbacq (Mani la ) , Bishop C. Manguramas (Episcopa l Church, Cotabatf Robert McAmis (Marawi and Makati Lutheran Church) , and o t h e r p a r t i c i p a n t s from S i l l i m a n U n i v e r s i t y (Dumaguete), Xavier U n i v e r s i t y (Cagayan de Oro) , Dansalan C o l l e g e , Ateneo d e Zamboanga, San C a r l o s U n i v e f s i t y (Cebu).

T h e ' S i x t h Seminar of Mindanao and Sulu C u l t u r e s i s t e n t a t i v e l y scheduled t o be h e l d around August 16 , 1973, a t t h e Dansalan Col lege , Marawi C i t y . For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n p l e a s e c o n t a c t : D r . Robert McAmis, Makati Commercial C e n t e r , P. 0. Box 182, Makati, R i z a l D-708, P h i l i p p i n e s .

SINAUT AGRICULTURAL PROJECT, BRUNEI*

P r o j e c t H i s t o r y and Development

The S i n a u t A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o j e c t d a t e s from 1964 when t h e Brunei S h e l l Petroleum Company Limited p u t forward p r o p o s a l s t o t h e Brunei Government t o develop a n a g r i c u l t u r a l scheme which would c o n t r i b u t e towards t h e development of a modern a g r i c u l t u r a l community i n Brunei. The Government gave t h e Company e v e r y encouragement and, a f t e r e x p l o r i n g s e v e r a l p o s s i b l e a r e a s , a s i t e was chosen a t Mile 21 between Bandar S e r i Begawan and Tutong i n Kampong S i n a u t .

The 21 h e c t a r e h o l d i n g , c o n t a i n i n g a v a r i e t y o f s o i l s and t y p i c a l topographic f e a t u r e s o f t h e a r e a , was c l e a r e d and a range o f e n t e r p r i s e s e s t a b l i s h e d a s s m a l l h o l d e r u n i t s . The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e p r o j e c t have been t o : ( i ) grow crops w e l l a t smal lho lder s c a l e under s m a l l h o l d e r management; ( i i ) e v a l u a t e t h e economic v i a b i l i t y of t h e s e c r o p s f o r s m a l l - s c a l e farming i n Brunei ; and , ( i i i ) demons t ra te r e l e v a n t improved a g r i c u l t u r a l t echniques . . / The e n t e r p r i s e s which a r e c u r r e n t l y r e c e i v i n g a t t e n t i o n a r e rubber and pepper f o r e x p o r t and r i c e , f r u i t and beef c a t t l e t o p rov ide r e l e v a n t d a t a a s a c o n t r i b u t i o n towards t h e Brunei government Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e ' s p o l i c y o f impor t sub- s t i t u t i o n . Although e n c l o s e d w i t h i n .a r i n g f e n c e s i t u a t i o n ,

* A b s t r a c t e d from B r u n e i . S h e l 1 Pe t ro leum Co., Ltd. , n.d., S i n a u t A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o j e c t : 1972 Annual Repor t , w i t h t h e permission o r t h e P u b l i c ' A i f a l r s Uepartment , A s i a t i c Petroleum Corp.

t h e p o l i c y of t h e S i n a u t P r o j e c t has been t h a t each e n t e r p r i s e should be t h e o r e t i c a l l y i s o l a t e d from t h e o t h e r s and under t h e management of one smal lho lder . I n t h i s way it i s p o s s i b l e t o r e p l i c a t e a s c l o s e l y a s p o s s i b l e t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h i n t h e r u r a l kam on s and examine whether o r n o t it i s p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n d k f F i w h i l e income from t h i s c rop o r l i v e s t o c k e n t e r - p r i s e under Brunei c o n d i t i o n s .

Reports on t h e p r o g r e s s of t h e p r o j e c t have appeared on an annual b a s i s and it i s t h e aim w i t h i n t h e long-term t o produce a f i e l d o f f i c e r ' s manual, i n Malay and E n g l i s h , g i v i n g hus- bandry recommendations, expec ted y i e l d l e v e l s , and a s imple , gross margin o r s i m i l a r economic a n a l y s i s .

The f i v e h e c t a r e c l o n a l rubber u n i t gave an average f i r s t y e a r y i e l d of 855 kg/ha, s i m i l a r t o y i e l d s f o r t h i s c lone under t r i a l on e s t a t e s i n W. Malaysia. Tree growth, 'however , was not a s high a s t h e W. Malaysian average b u t t h e number o f d r y t r e e s and l o s s e s due t o wind damage lower. Tapping w i l l con- t i n u e a t t h e p r e s e n t i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g 1973 (S2.d2.100%) and f e r t i l i z e r l e v e l s r a i s e d t o t r y and i n c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f g i r t h i n g .

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o wet r i c e p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g t h e 1971/72 season a t S i n a u t showed t h a t w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e management and water c o n t r o l t h e n a t i o n a l average y i e l d s o f b o t h s h o r t - and long-term v a r i e L i e s cou ld be more t h a n doubled. . Also l a b o r imputs were reduced dur ing t h e l a n d c u l t i v a t i o n p e r i o d and t h e p l a n t i n g season extended t o keep t h e l a b o r requ i rement w i t h i n t h a t normally provided by a smal lho lder fami ly . However, h a r v e s t i n g , e s p e c i a l l y of long-term v a r i e t i e s , remained t h e most l a b o r consuming o p e r a t i o n o f t h e y e a r and t r i a l s i n t h e mechanization of t h i s t a s k w i l l t e c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g t h e 1973 h a r v e s t season.

Off-season c rops of maize and soya beans were grown between Apr i l and August. The soya beans , grown a t f i e l d s c a l e , produced a y i e l d m c e e d i n g t r i a l y i e l d s i n E a s t Malaysia. The a r e a under beans w i l l be i n c r e a s e d d u r i n g 1973 and inves- t i g a t i o n s c a r r i e d out i n t o l a b o r s a v i n g methods of c u l t i v a t i o n and c rop c u l t u r e .

Work on t h e beef u n i t d u r i n g t h e year c e n t e r e d around t h e commercial a p p r a i s a l of q u a r t e r - b r e d Aberdeen Angus s t o c k . These, a s expec ted , have done d i s t i n c t l y worse t h a n e i t h e r t h e h a l f - b r e d Brahman o r San ta G e r t r u d i s an imals , averag ing a l iveweigh t g a i n o f 414 g./day from b i r t h t o s i x months f a l l i n g t o 286 g./day from b i r t h t o twelve months of age. Pas ture p roduc t ion a t f e r t i l i z e r l e v e l s . of 336 kg of n i t r o g e n t o t h e h e c t a r e average 78.41 t o n s o f -yresh m a t t e r p e r h e c t a r e over the year g iv ing a t h e o r e t i c a l young s t o c k l i v e w e i g h t ga in of 132 kg/hectare/month. To t r y and improve u n i t l i v e - weight g a i n , t r i a l s w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g 1973/4 on t h e feeding of a g r i c u l t u r a l by-products a s supplements.

The one a c r e pepper u n i t produced a y i e l d of 3199 l b . (24 p i k u l s ) of good q u a l i t y white pepper , which, w i t h o t h e r minor s a l e s

from t h e u n i t , b rought t h e g r o s s annua l income from t h e u n i t t o $3,656 o r a r e t u r n t o l a b o r and management o f $4.90 p e r man- day. The t a r g e t i n 1973 w i l l be t o i n c r e a s e t h i s l a t t e r f i g u r e t o $8.00/day.

Of t h e minor e n t e r p r i s e s , t h e f i s h ponds produced a much improved h a r v e s t o f T i l a p i a h y b r i d e q u i v a l e n t t o 2,133 kg/ h e c t a r e s and t h e rambutan t r e e s , i n t h e i r second y e a r of commercial p r o d u c t i o n , gave a c r o p of 686 bunches. No f r u i t s , however, were o b t a i n e d from t h e mangoes and t h e p i n e a p p l e and main c i t r u s c r o p s w i l l n o t be r e a d y f o r h a r v e s t u n t i l t h e e a r l y p a r t of 1973.

During 1972, an i n t r o d u c t i o n was made t o broaden t h e Company's a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e f i e l d of a g r i c u l t u r a l development. J o i n t l y , wi th the, Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , a t e c h n i c a l and s o c i o - economic survey was i n i t i a t e d of an a r e a around t h e S i n a u t A g r i c u l t u r a l Cent re . I t i s hoped t h a t by mid-1973 s u f f i c i e n t d a t a w i l l have been c o l l e c t e d t o a s s i s t t h e s p e c i a l i s t o f f i c e r s w i t h i n t h e department i n drawing up an a g r i c u l t u r a l programme f o r t h e a r e a .

A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE MUSIC OF SARAWAK:

REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE

From P a t r i c i a Court

I am compil ing a b i b l i o g r a p h y o f m a t e r i a l s on t h e music o f Sarawak f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n a d i c t i o n a r y of music , and any h e l p t h a t r e a d e r s might be a b l e t o g ive me i n t h i s would be v e r y g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d . To d a t e my b i b l i o g r a p h y i n c l u d e s t h e fo l lowing:

B i r a i anak Dap, 1949, Two Dayak Chants. Sarawak Museum J. 5:73-7 Dickson, M. G . , 1951, Four S a r i b a s Dayak Songs. SMJ 5:457-460. Evans, I v o r H . N . , 1918, A Brass Drum from B o r n e o x a n XVIII.

1922, Amon P r i m i t i v e Peo l e s i n Borneo. London.- m d e s , W . R.: 1954, The Lanb Dayaks of Sarawak. London, H.M.

S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e . - 1957, Nine ilayak Nights . London, Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . n .d . , Ethno r a p h i c Film on t h e Land Da aks.

E r g i e . ~awardg, 1959, A Dayak (Love) Son: t o r Bachelor and Lady When They Meet Each Other a t Bed Time. SMJ 9 .

G i f f o r d , W. R . B . , 1914-17, A Dayak Song. S M n : l 8 7 - 1 8 8 . Gomes, Edwin A., 1904, Seventeen Years A m o n n e Sea Dayaks of

Borneo. London. - - . . . - - - - - . . - . . . . Harr i son , Lou, 1969, Some Notes on t h e Music o f Mouth Organs. Hose, C h a r l e s and W. McDougall, 1912, The Pagan T r i b e s of

Borneo. London, Macmillan. Maced-6, 1962, F i e l d Recording Sea Dayak Music. SMJ

10:486-500. Myers, Char les S. , 1913-14, A Study o f Sarawak Music. Sammelbande

d e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l e n M u s i k g e s e l l s c h a f t 15:296-308. Richards , A. J. N . , 1951, Notes on Two Crad le Songs from t h e

S a r i b a s . SMJ 5: 460-461. Roth, Henry L i n c 1 8 9 6 , N a t i v e s of Sarawak and B r i t i s h North

Borneo. London, True love & Hanson, Vol. I , Ch. XXVI,

Sandin, ~ e n e d i c i , 1961, Gawai Antu. SMJ 1 0 : 170-190.

There is a l s o a b r i e f n o t e e n t i t l e d "Revival o f T r a d i t i o n a l - Music i n Malaysia ," Asian P a c i f i c Q u a r t e r l y o f C u l t u r a l and S o c i a l A f f a i r s , Korea, Vol. 111, 1971, No. 3:106-107, b u t have no t y e t been a b l e t o o b t a i n t h e a u t h o r ' s name.

Also, I am anxious t o l i s t any d i s c s o r t a p e s which a r e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c .

I would l i k e t o make t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y a s f u l l a s p o s s i b l e , but t h e r e i s no need t o i n c l u d e g e n e r a l a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l which makes o n l y p a s s i n g g e n e r a l r e f e r e n c e t o music. Repr in t s of a r t i c l e s would be p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p r e c i a t e d . P lease c o n t a c t me a t t h e f o l l o w i n g address : Mrs. P a t r i c i a Court, 17 /1 S o i Saensuk, P a t i p h a t Road, Bangkok 4, ~ h a i l a n d i

CONVENTION TO CONTROL TRADE IN THREATENED WILDLIFE:

STOCK-PILING OF ENDANGERED ANIMALS BY TRADERS ANTICIPATED*

A Convention on I n t e r n a t i o n a l Trade i n Endangered S p e c i e s of Wild Fauna and F l o r a was r e c e n t l y s e t t l e d a t an i n t e r n a t i o n a l meeting of 80 n a t i o n s i n Washington, D. C . , from 12 February t o 2 March, 1973. A s a r e s u l t of t h i s Convention, t h e I n t e r - n a t i o n a l Union f o r t h e Conserva t ion of Nature (IUCN) warns t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a need f o r immediate v i g i l e n c e t o p r e v e n t the l a r g e - s c a l e s t o c k - p i l i n g o f endangered s p e c i e s o f animals before t h e Convention becomes e f f e c t i v e by t r a d e r s aiming t o avoid t h e i n i t i a l impact of t h e Convention on t h e e x p l o i t i v e t r a f f i c of wfld animals and p l a n t s .

The Convention is t h e cu lmina t ion of more t h a n t e n y e a r s of p r e l i m i n a r y e f f o r t by t h e I U C N . I t e s t a b l i s h e s a system o f permi t s and c e r t i f i c a t e s f o r r e g u l a t i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e of th rea tened w i l d l i f e by c o n t r o l o f e x p o r t s and impor t s , and c a l l s f o r e f f e c t i v e n a t i o n a l measures t o r e i n f o r c e and implement the border check procedures , i n c l u d i n g c o n f i s c a t i o n o f specimens and o t h e r p e n a l t i e s f o r v i o l a t i o n o f t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e Convention.

Twenty-three n 2 t i o n s have a l r e a d y s i g n e d t h i s Convention on I n t e r n a t i o n a l Trade i n Endangered Spec ies o f Wild Fauna and and F l o r a and many more a r e expec ted t o s i g n soon. The Con- ven t ion w i l l come i n t o f o r c e a s soon a s t e n n a t i o n s r a t i f y it. .The fo l lowing c o u n t r i e s s igned t h e Convention a t t h e ceremony on 3 March: Argent ina , Belgium, B r a z i l , Cos ta Rica , Cyrpus, Denmark, France, Federa l Republic o f Germany, Guatemala, I r a n , I s r a e l , I t a l y , Luxemburg, M a u r i t i u s , Niger , Panama,

? P h i l i p p i n e s , South A f r i c a , Tha i land , United Kingdom, United S t a t e s of America, Venezuela, Republic o f Vietnam.

1 The IUCN urges a l l s t a t e s t o s ign-and r a t i f y t h e Convention a s soon a s p o s s i b l e and t o adopt t h e n e c e s s a r y l e g i s l a t i v e and o t h e r measures t o make i t f u l l y e f f e c t i v e .

The t e x t o f t h e Convention and Appendices were p u b l i s h e d a s a S p e c i a l Supplement t o t h e IUCN B u l l e t i n , Volume 4 , No. 3,

' * Ext rac ted from IUCN B u l l e t i n , Volume 4, No. 3 , March. 1973.

March, 1973. F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n may be o b t a i n e d from t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union f o r t h e Conserva t ion of Nature and Natura l Resources, 1110 Morges, Swi tzer land .

N E W S A N D A N N O U N C E M E N T S

GRANADA TELEVISION INTERESTED IN FILMING I N BORNEO

IN COOPERATION WITH ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Granada T e l e v i s i o n Limited of London h a s produced e t h n o g r a p h i c f i l m s i n v a r i o u s a r e a s of t h e world on. t h e b a s i s of c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h ongoing e t h n o g r a p h i c and s o c i a l - a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s . They have found t h a t when t h e y can c o o p e r a t e w i t h a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l s c i e n t i s t s who have an i n - d e p t h knowledge of a s o c i e t y t h e y can produce e thnographic f i l m s o f s u p e r i o r q u a l i t y and impact. Granada T e l e v i s i o n i s now v e r y much i n t e r e s t e d i n do ing a s e r i e s of f i l m s on Borneo and would l i k e t o c o n t a c t e thnographers and s o c i a l a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s who a r e now conduc t ing r e s e a r c h t h e r e o r who a r e p l a n n i n g t o d o so. They a r e a l s o i n t e r e s t e d i n c o n t a c t i n g e c o l o g i s t s who a r e c a r r y i n g o u t researc w i t h t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of do ing a s e r i e s o f f i l m s on Bornean ecology. Anyone i n t e r e s t e d i s urged t o c o n t a c t : Br ian Moser, Granada T e l e v i s i o n Limi ted , 36 Golden Square , London W1R 4AH, England.

PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES NEWSLETTER

The P l a n t Gene t ic Resources N e w s l e t t e r i s p u b l i s h e d under t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e Crop Ecology and Gene t ic Resources Uni t o f FAO, 00100 Rome, I t a l y . I t s f i e l d of i n t e r e s t embraces g e n e t i c c o n s e r v a t i o n i n i t s w i d e s t s e n s e , i n c l u d i n g p l a n t e x p l o r a t i o n and c o l l e c t i o n , seed s t o r a g e , exchange and phys io logy , a l l a s p e c t s of u t i l i z a t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e g e n e t i c r e s o u r c e s of c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t s , bo th i n c o l l e c t i o n s and i n t h e f i e l d . Th E d i t o r i s Erna Benne t t , and any r e p o r t s on p r a c t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s and any d i s c u s s i o n s on t h e o r e t i c a l a s p e c t s of t h e g e n e r a l p r o - blem of g e n e t i c c o n s e r v a t i o n w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n

The problem of g e n e t i c e r o s i o n o f c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t s , which i s t h e concern of t h e N e w s l e t t e r , i s w e l l s t a t e d i n a r e c e n t e d i t o r i a l (PGRN No. 2 9 , J a n u a r y , 1973, p. 1 ) : "Genet ic e r o s i o n i s a f a c t o m f e . Once uvon a t ime it was reearded 'as i u s t a n o t h e r s p e c i a l i s t f i e l d ok s t u d y f o r a few b o t a n i s t s who u t t e r e d warnings from t ime t o t ime , a s s p e c i a l i s t s a r e wont t o do, of t h e d i r e consequences o f n e g l e c t i n g i t . Now, s e v e r a l decades l a t e r , t h e i r warnings have been r e c o g n i s e d a s w e l l - founded. G e n e t i c e r o s i o n h a s been a lmos t u n i v e r s a l l y r e c o g n i z e a s a major problem of t h e p r e s e n t day. I t i s now c l e a r t h a t t h e r e - c r e a t i o n of t h e i n c a l c u l a b l e g e n e t i c d i v e r s i t y - s t i m u l a t e by man a n d t y p r e - s c i e n t i f i c a g r i c u l t u r e i s i m p o s s i b l e on a n y t h i l i k e t h e same v a s t s c a l e . Our g e n e t i c r e s o u r c e s , a l l a g r e e , a r by t h e i r n a t u r e and t h e n a t u r e o f t h e i r o r i g i n i r r e p l a c e a b l e ... Major food c r o p s a r e s o s e r i o u s l y eroded t h a t on ly t h e s t r i c t e s adherence t o t h e p r i o r i t i e s by t h e 1969 Pane l and confirmed by

t h e FAO-IBP Survey can e n s u r e t h a t g e n e t i c r e s o u r c e s can be e f f e c t i v e l y exp lored and c o l l e c t e d i n t h e t ime and w i t h t h e f o r c e s a v a i l a b l e . There i s no room f o r complacency. Recent even ts i n Afghanis tan d r i v e home t h i s p o i n t . The g e n e t i c d i v e r s i t y o f Afghanis tan ' s wheats was thought t o e n j o y g r e a t e r s e c u r i t y from e r o s i o n t h a n i n almost any o t h e r count ry . But sudden drought , h a r v e s t f a i l u r e s , famine and seed s h o r t a g e s have changed t h e s i t u a t i o n d r a s t i c a l l y and w i t h wholly unex- pected r a p i d i t y . Thousands o f t o n s o f seed have been imported. Introduced v a r i e t i e s now predominate i n many p a r t s o f t h e country. In mountain a r e a s where p r e v i o u s l y on ly ind igenous wheats have e v e r grown i n t r o d u c e d v a r i e t i e s have wide ly r e - placedtfiem. Here i s ample warning t h a t g e n e t i c e r o s i o n does ,

not fo l low a p r e d i c t a b l e c o u r s e , and t h a t g e n e t i c c o n s e r v a t i o n programmes can n o t be relaxed."

S A R S I L A : NEWSLETTER OF THE CULTURAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SULU

SARSILA i s publ i shed by t h e Sulu C u l t u r a l - H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , w i t h e f i r s t i s s u e of Volume 1 appear ing i n August, 1972. The purpose of SARSILA i s t o a c q u a i n t t h e membership and people i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e u r e and h i s t o r y of Su lu w i t h t h e a c t i v - i t i e s of t h e S o c i e t y and i t s members and w i t h t h e r e c e n t r e s e a r c h e s on Sulu p u b l i s h e d i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s and abroad.

The Sulu C u l t u r a l - H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y was founded i n becember, 1971. The aims and o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S o c i e t y i n c l u d e t h e fol lowing: (1) To promote unders tand ing and a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e Cul tu re and H i s t o r y o f t h e people of Su lu ; (2) To e s t a b - l i s h and main ta in a library-museum which s h a l l s e r v e a s t h e r e p o s i t o r y o f a l l r e l i c s , a r t i f a c t s , memorabi l ia , l i t e r a r y and o t h e r works, r e f l e c t i n g t h e h i s t o r y and c u l t u r e of Su lu ; (3) To ident irfy, mark, improve and s e c u r e a p p r o p r i a t e recogni - t i o n from proper government a u t h o r i t i e s o f a n c i e n t c u l t u r e - h i s t o r i c a l landmarks, p l a c e s , o b j e c t s , t o o l s , and implements, good customs and usages most e x p r e s s i v e , t h a t c a n s e r v e n o t only a s t o u r i s t s ' a t t r a c t i o n s b u t can a l s o p r e s e r v e , pure and u n d e f i l e d , through a s u c c e s s i o n o f a g e s and t r a n s m i t unimpaired, t h e most e x c e l l e n t h e r i t a g e of Su lu i n s t i t u t i o n s ; (4) To encourage, recogfi3ze and promote r e s e a r c h e s , s t u d i e s , inves - t i g a t i o n s on t h e h i s t o r y and c u l t u r e o f t h e people o f Su lu , wi th t h e end i n view of d e l i n e a t i n g o r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e r o l e of Sulu, i n t h e S t r u g g l e o f t h e F i l i p p i n o people f o r n a t i o n a l consciousness , t o e l i m i n a t e popula r b e l i e f s and i n a c c u r a c i e s . Other aims o f t h e S o c i e t y a r e t o p u b l i s h works of members on t h e c u l t u r e and h i s t o r y o f S u l u , t o i d e n t i f y and recommend c u l t u r a l and h i s t o r i c a l p l a c e s i n Su lu t h a t need archaeolog- i c a l e x p l o r a t i o n and t o coopera te w i t h o t h e r c u l t u r a l o r h i s t o r i c a l a s s o c i a t i o n s , c o l l e g e s , and u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s and e l sewhere i n S u l u s t u d i e s . Among i ts pr imary p r o j e c t s , t h e S o c i e t y proposes t o wr>te t h e h i s t o r y o f Sulu.

Fur ther in format ion on membership and a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Soc ie ty may be o b t a i n e d from t h e Sulu C u l t u r a l - H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , J o l o , Su lu , P h i l i p p i n e s .

ETHNIC CROUPS OF I N S U L A R SOUTHEAST A S I A PUBLISHED

Volume I o f E t h n i c Groups o f I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t As ia , which covers I n d o n e s i a , Andaman I s l a n d s , and Madagascar e d i t e d and co: p i l e d by Frank M. CeBar, h a s r e c e n t l y been publ i shed . For t h e Borneo r e g i o n , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m a t e r i a l s p r e p a r e d by LeBar, summary s t a t e m e n t s on p a r t i c u l a r e t h n i c g roups .were c o n t r i - bu ted by t h e f o l l b w i n g a u t h o r s : Rungus Dusun by G. N . Appe l l ; Idahan Murut by D. J. P r e n t i c e ; Bisaya by Roger D. Peran io ; Tidong by C l i f f o r d S a t h e r ; Penanby Rodney Needham; O t Danum Dayaks by J. B. A V ~ . The volume may be purchased from t h e Human R e l a t i o n s Area F i l e s , P. 0 . Box 2054 Yale S t a t i o n , New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A. The c o s t o f t h i s volume i s US$15.00.

BRC SPONSORS A BORNEO SYMPOSIUM AT 1973 MEETINGS

OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

The Borneo Research Counci l i s s p o n s o r i n g a Borneo symposium a t t h e annua l mee t ings of t h e American A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n t o be h e l d November 28 t o December 2. 1973. The t i t l e o f t h e .- - - ~ - - . ~ ~

symposium i s : c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o s o c i a l - a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l Theory from Recent Research i n Borneo. Papers t o be d e l i v e r e d i n t h e symposium a r e a s fo l lows: G . N . Appe l l , "The D i r e c t i o n o f Research i n Borneo: I ts P a s t C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o Anthropolog ica l Theorv and I t s Relevance f o r t h e Future"; D. E. Brown, "Soc ia l ~ t r u c i u r e . H i s t o r y , and H i s t o r i o g r a p h y : The S u l t a n a t e of Brunei";J . B. Cra in , "N e r u f a n R i t u a l Process i n a Bornean Rice Harvest" (Lun Dayh+Aeegan, "Kinship and S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e : An A n a l y s i s of Lun Bawang Kinsh ip Terminology"; R. H a r r i s o n , "Swidden Hamlets o f Ranau Dusun Communities"; A. L. Hudson and P a t r i c i a W h i t t i e r on l i n g u i s t i c r e s e a r c h ; Robert McKinley on head h u n t i n g ; J . Rousseau, " S t r a t i f i c a t i o n and Power R e l a t i o n s Among t h e Kayan"; W. Schne ider . " S t r u c t u r a l F e a t u r e s of Se lako Marriage."

An open meet ing o f t h e Borneo Research Counci l w i l l f o l l o w t h e symposium.

IRIAN: BULLETIN OF WEST I R I A N DEVELOPMENT

IRIAN: B u l l e t i n o f West I r i a n Development i s p u b l i s h e d by t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r Anthropology, U n i v e r s i t y o f Tjenderawasih. The f i rst volume c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e i s s u e s . The f i r s t issy.e of Volume I1 comprises p a p e r s r e a d a t a seminar on deveiopment i n t h e Asmat r e g i o n o f West I r i a n . The second i s s u e i s a monograpk on t h e Moni people of t h e C e n t r a l Highlands by a n t h r o p o l o g i s t Fr. B. 0. v& ~ b n e n e n t i t l e d The community o f Kugapa. Sub- s c r i p t i o n s c o s t ~ S $ 4 . 8 . 0 ( ~ $ 4 . a 0 ) and may be o b t a i n e d from D r . M. T. Walker a t t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d r e s s e s depending on r e s i d e n c e o f s u b s c r i b e r . U.S.A. and Canada: c /o UNDP/UNESCO (West I r i a n , Indones ia ) , P. 0. Box 20, Grand C e n t r a l S t a t i o n , New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A.; f o r A u s t r a l i a and t h e P a c i f i c : UNESCO/FUNDWI. P. 0. Box 302. D j a l a p u r a , West I r i a n , ~ n d o n e s i a ; and f o r ~ u r o ~ 6 and As ia : u.N;D.P.; P. 0 ; Box 2338,. J a k a r t a , Indones ia .

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON THE CULTURAL ROLE

OF HORNBILLS IN BORNEO

N i k i t a S i b e r o f f , Oos te rpark 8E, Amsterdam-0, Nether lands , i s i n t e r e s t e d i n l o c a t i n g in format ion on t h e c u l t u r a l r o l e t h a t h o r n b i l l s have p layed i n Borneo s o c i e t i e s f o r an a r t i c l e he i s p repar ing on t h e s u b j e c t . He would a l s o l i k e in format ion on h o r n b i l l i t e m s i n any museums i n t h e United S t a t e s o r Europe, and any b i b l i o g r a p h i c r e f e r e n c e s would be g r e a t l y apprec ia ted .

BORNEO SCHOLARS TO ATTEND ICAES MEETING IN CHICAGO

A number of Borneo s c h o l a r s w i l l be a t t e n d i n g t h e meet ings of t h e IXth I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress o f Anthropolog ica l and Ethno- l o g i c a l Sc iences which a r e t o be h e l d i n Chicago from August 28 t o September 8, 1973. No p l a n s f o r a s p e c i a l meet ing o f t h o s e a t t e n d i n g have been made by t h e BRC, b u t i f t h e r e i s any i n t e r e s t i n o r g a n i z i n g a s p e c i a l meet ing o f B o ~ ~ ~ A o s c h o l a r s t h e r e , p l e a s e do c o n t a c t me, a s I p l a n t o a t t e n d t h e whole meeting: G. N . Appe l l , P h i l l i p s , Maine 04966.

OCCASIONAL B I B L I O C R A P R I C PAPERS OF THE SOUTHERN

ASIAN INSTITUTE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 4

No. 2 i n t h i s s e r i e s has r e c e n t l y been publ i shed : Jang Aia jah Mut ta l ib (cornp.), The H i s t o r and S o c i e t o f South Sumatra, 1800-1920: P,ubl icat ions i n G e w York Lib!aries. This c o n t a i n s more than t h r e e hundred t i t l e s , i s a n n o t a t e d , and h a s an h i s t o r i c a l i n t r o d u c t i o n . I t i s a v a i l a b l e f o r $2.00 from t h e O f f i c e of G i f t s and Exchanaes. Room 103. B u t l e r L i b r a r y , Columbia U n i v e r s i t v . New ~ o r k ; N.Y. 10027. No. 1 i n t h e - . -~~ - - ~

s e r i e s , Margaret ~ b i f (comp.); o f f i c i a l P u b l i c a t i o n s of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei i n New York L i b r a r i e s (1971) i s s t i l l a v a i l a b J 2 a t a c o s t of $1.50.

JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL STUDIES

The J o u r n a l of O r i e n t a l S t u d i e s was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1954 a s a b i l i n g u a l p e r i o d i c a l . S i n c e 1969 it has been p u b l i s h e d by t h e Centre of Asian S t u d i e s of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Hong Kong and appears twice a y e a r , i n January and J u l y . I t i n c l u d e s a r t i c l e s i n Engl i sh and i n Chinese on t h e a r t s and s o c i a l s c i e n c e s i n E a s t and S o u t h e a s t Asia. Annual s u b s c r i p t i o n c o s t s US$12 and may be o b t a i n e d f r o m U n i v e r s i t y o f Hong Kong Press , U n i v e r s i t y o f Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

THE JOURNAL ARCHIPEL

In 1971 t h e f i r s t volume o f A r c h i p e l was publ ished. I t i s published under t h e sponsorsh ip o f t h e Cent re de Documentation

e t de Recherches s u r l t A s i e du Sud-Est (CEDRASEMI) and of i t s D i r e c t o r Georges Condominas. The J o u r n a l i s i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y

a n d d e a l s w i t h I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t c me Malay P e n i n s u l a , and Madagascar. :Subscr ip t ion is US$9 and may be o b t a i n e d from SECMI, P. 0. Box 215, Bandung, Indonesia .

B O R N E O N E W S

R e q i o n a l N e w e

GERARD RIXHON, OM1 p l a n s t o a t t e n d t h e O r i e n t a l i s t s Congress i n P a r i s i n J u l y and t h e n t h e IXth I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress o f Anthropolog ica l and E t h n o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s i n Chicago, I l l i n o i s , U.S.A., i n September. He p l a n s t o r e t u r n t o J o l o f o r Chris tmas, 1973..

BARBARA HARRISSON worked i n Brunei d u r i n g October-November 1972, i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e Museum C u r a t o r , P. M. SHARIFFUDDIN. She a s s i s t e d wi th t h e compi la t ion of t h e Bru-Is n e x t volume ( 3 ) , and ana lyzed some o f t h e e x t e n s i v e r e f e r e n c e c o l l e c t i o n s of ce ramics (c. 4000 i t ems) i n t h e Museum. Local i n t e r e s t and s u p p o r t o f t h e Museum i s c o n s i d e r a b l e . Over 10,000 v i s i t o r s were recorded s i n c e opening i n February , a t y e a r ' s end.

She a s s i s t e d t h e Sabah Museum d u r i n g a s h o r t v i s i t , i n i d e n t i f y - ing 'and d e s c r i b i n g a m e g a l i t h i c s i t e d i s c o v e r e d i n Ulu Tomani, I n t e r i o r Residency, by Tagal v i l l a g e r s d u r i n g f o r e s t c l e a r i n g i n 1971. T h i s , a l a r g e o u t c r o p o f h a r d s t a n d s t o n e covered w i t h i n c i s e d images o f mask.s, s p i r a l s and r e l a t e d d e s i g n s o f Murut t y p e , r e l a t e s t o a s e r i e s o f s i m i l a r monuments, p r e v i o u s l y known o r r e c e n t l y r e c o r d e d f u r t h e r s o u t h on Sarawak t e r r i t o r y , d u r i n g e x p l o r a t i o n s by a Sarawak Museum team under Archaeolog ica l A s s i s t a n t , RICHARD NYANDOH. E n q u i r i e s i n t o background, and a n a l y s i s o f a r t i f a c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e Sarawak s i t e s , a r e i n p rogress . The a n t i q u i t y o f t h e s e s i t e s i s probably f a i r l y r e c e n t .

Har r i s son o b t a i n e d a f e l l o w s h i p t o e n t e r a d o c t o r i a l program a t C o r n e l l a s o f 1973, major ing i n Asian A r t H i s t o r y . She c o n t i n u e s h e r a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h Brunei where s h e i s a b l e t o work e v e r y y e a r , i n a s s i s t i n g Museum s t a f f and i n upgrad ing h e r own r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s and exper ience . , Her major concern is t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f F a r E a s t e r n e x p o r t ce ramics f r w p r o t o - h i s t o r i c a l t r a d e and b u r i a l s i t e s th roughout I s l a n d S o u t h e a s t Asia .

DR. WOLFGANG MARSCHALL, Volkerkundl iches I n s t i t u t , S c h l o s s , 74 Tubinnen. Germany. p l a n s t o conduct r e s e a r c h i n Nias t h i s - - coming y e a r , where he w i l l c o n c e n t r a t e on k i n s h i p , p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n and l a n d tenure .

MARGARET ROFF was i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a f o r t h e f i r s t e i g h t months of 1972 on a Fore ign Area Fe l lowship doing r e s e a r c h on t h e formation o f p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s i n Sabah and Sarawak. She hopes t o f i n i s h h e r d i s s e r t a t i o n by mid-1973.

Sarawak News

ULLA WAGNER, Knngl. Univ. i Stockholm, S o c i a l Anthropolog ica l I n s t i t u t e , Fack,, 104 05 Stockholm 50, Sweden, s u c c e s s f u l l y defended h e r Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n i n December 1972. The t i t l e of h e r d i s s e r t a t i o n i s Colonia l i sm and Iban Warfare, Stockholm, November, 1972 (209 pages , i n c l u d i n g two appendices , b i b l i o - graphy and two maps). She w r i t e s t h a t t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n h a s been reproduced i n a l i m i t e d e d i t i o n i n o r d e r t o e n a b l e any i n t e r e s t e d Borneo s c h o l a r s t o o b t a i n a copy.

RODNEY NEEDHAM, Oxford U n i v e r s i t y , has r e c e n t l y p u b l i s h e d a ,

-elief, Language and Experience, 1972, ~ l a c k w e ~ l ' s , Oxford. Many 2 t h e e t h n o g r a p h i c d a t a used t o i l l u s t r a t e h i s argument is taken from Borneo and h i s r e s e a r c h among t h e Penan.

GALE DIXON has completed h i s Ph.D. i n geography f o r t h e Univ- s l t y of Oregon w i t h a d i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d Rural S e t t l e m e n t i n Sarawak.

MARGIT I . KOMANYI has completed h e r Ph.D. i n an thropology f o r New York U n i v e r s i t y w i t h a d i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d : The Real and I d e a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n Decision-making o f Iban Women: A Study o f a Longhouse Community i n Sarawak, E a s t Malaysia .

BISHOP ANTHONY D. CALVIN w r i t e s t h a t t h e l a s t e s t Brunei Museum J o u r n a l contairns a r a t h e r l e n n t h l v d e a t h c h a n t o f t h e Sebobs t o g e t h e r w i t h h i s t e n t a t i v e t ; a n s i a t i o n . Furthermore, he has prepared a s e l e c t i o n of Kenyah f o l k t a l e s e n t i t l e d "On t h e Banks o f t h e Baram,," which w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d t h i s December. T h i s i s a s e l e c t i o n of t h e numerous legends which he h a s recorded over the years and c o n t a i n s n i n e o r t e n of t h e famous Balan Nyareng s t o r i e s . He w r i t e s t h a t he h a s made no a t t e m p t a t a l i t e r a r y vers ion bu t a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e has k e p t t o t h e imagery and language of t h e o r i g i n a l .

JEROME ROUSSEAU'TIas r e c e n t l y accep ted an appointment i n t h e De- partment of Anthropology, McGill U n i v e r s i t y , Montreal , Quebec, Canada.

KWET-HON CHIN, of t h e Department of Soc io logy , U n i v e r s i t y of Singapore, w r i t e s t h a t he i s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e o v e r s e a s Chinese i n Sarawak, t h e i r s u b s o c i e t i e s and s e t t l e m e n t s . He a l s o has an i n t e r e s t i n o t h e r groups i n Sarawak, such a s t h e Malay community and t h e Dayaks, and i n t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s between t h e s e v a r i o u s groups.

C. H. SOUTHWELL, P. 0 . Box 995, Miri, Sarawak, w r i t e s t h a t t h e R a y a n - ~ n g l i s h d i c t i o n a r y on which he h a s been working f o r many years i s n e a r i n g complet ion. He has a l s o r e v i s e d and brought up- to -da te a c h a p t e r on "Kayans and Kenyahs" t h a t he had con- c o n t r i b u t e d f o r t h e book Peoples of Sarawak t o be p u b l i s h e d by t h e Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau. And he h a s p repared a s h o r t paper on "East Malaysia--Then and Now" f o r t h e ~ u s t r a l i a n - ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ S o c i e t y , which i s a comparison of t h e scene i n 1928

when he f i r s t came, w i t h t h e p r e s e n t day. Southwel l a l s o w r i t e s t h a t he i s g r e a t l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d i n t h e BRB, e s p e c i a l l y t h a t r e l a t i n g t o t h e Kayw, Kenyah, Kelabit,%d Lun Bawang peoples . And h e would be v e r y g l a d t o answer any s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s t h a t r e s e a r c h e r s might c a r € t o pose on t h e s e p e o p l e s a s t h e r e s u l t s o f h i s l o n g e x p e r i e n c e among them. .. .

Sabah New8

ASMAH HAJI OMAR w r i t e s t h a t h e r Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n on t h e Iban language i s be ing p u b l i s h e d by Mouton & Co., The Hague, and a t t h e moment s h e is working on t h e Ba jau Language o f Sabah.

b

MRS. HERMAN LUPING i s t h e mew e d i t o r o f t h e Sabah S o c i e t y Journa l

M. h. HARDAKER, 127 Macquarie S t r e e t , Sydney, N.S.W., 2000, . A u s t r a l i a , w r i t e s t h a t he s p e n t t w e l v e y e a r s i n Broneo, t h e

f i r s t seven of which he l i v e d amongst and g a i n e d a f a i r l y thorou i knowledge o f t h e Bajau, Idahan, and Bugis people. He a l s o l e a r n e d t o speak Tausug, deve lop ing h i s own d i c t i o n a r y and a s imple i n t r o d u c t i o n t o b a s i c Tausug. These e f f o r t s were publ i shed i n t h e Sarawak Museum J o u r n a l i n 1965.

Katimantan News '

REV. R. R. RUDES i s l i v i n g a t J1. Gunung Batu 1, Bandung, J a v a , Indonesia; where he i s c u r r e n t l y Genera l D i r e c t o r o f Kalam Hidup P u b l i s h e r s , a church p u b l i s h i n g house. M r . Rudes s p e n t f i f t e e n y e a r s i n E a s t Kalimantan, much o f t h e t ime among t h e Kenyah Dayaks.

MASRI SINGARIMBUN h a s been appoin ted D i r e c t o r o f t h e I n s t i t u t e -dies. Gadjah Mada U n i v e r s i t y . Bulaksumar H5.

B O O K R E V I E W S , A B S T R A C T S

& B I B L I O G R A P H Y

DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS*

The Rural Sohoot and Rural Devetopment Among t h e Iban of Sarawak, Ma Z a ~ s i a

James Madison Seymour (Ph.D. S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y 1972)

Statement o f the ProbZsm. The r u r a l s c h o o l i n deve lop ing c o u n t r i e s i s c h a r t e d t o e d u c a t e t h e m a j o r i t y o f s t u d e n t s f o r

* The a b s t r a c t s p r i n t e d h e r e a r e from (cont inued bot tom page 32)

l i f e i n r u r a l a r eas and t o prepare the more capable youth f o r fur ther education. BET it has tended e i t h e r t o "syphon off r i the more t a l en ted youth t o t h e urban s e c t o r , o r it has f a i l e d t o educate adequately the major i ty of youth f o r e f f e c t i v e par- t i c i p a t i o n i n r u r a l development. This study at tempts t o de f ine more p rec i se ly than is known from a soc iocu l tu ra l view the r e l a t ionsh ips between the values of a modern education system' and those of a r u r a l community system, and how these s e t s of values r e in fo rce o r c o n f l i c t with one another i n terms of r o l e r e l a t i o n s among educat ional a u t h o r i t i e s , teachers and community members.

Methods and Research Q u e s t i o n s . This study was undertaken i n a r u r a l community among the Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia. This ., t radit ional .community i s changing rapid ly , economically and s o c i a l l y , e s p e c i a l l y with the recent cons t ruc t ion of a school which e n r o l l s 150 s tuden t s and f i v e teachers . The researcher conducted an ethnography of school and community l i f e and l ived the re f o r a year. N a t u r a l i s t i c observation and in terv iews i n the vernacular were the main t o o l s of research , although formal surveys and t e s t s were used t o obta in a q u a n t i t a t i v e check on the q u a l i t a t i v e data. V i s i t s were made r egu la r ly t o neighboring schools. The main research ques t ions were:

1. What a re t h e t h e educat ional ob jec t ives of t h e government, teachers , and parents?

2. How do teacher-student r e l a t i o n s i n school compare with parent -chi ld r e l a t i o n s a t home?

3. Which fac&ors i n the c u l t u r a l system of the community, e spec ia l ly i n the family, inf luence the opera t ions of t he teachers and t h e l ea rn ing by t h e s tudents?

Findings. The incons i s t enc ie s regarding school ob jec t ives expressed by the th ree p a r t i e s a r e cons iderable and cr ippl ing . The government in tends t h a t a l l s tuden t s should rece ive a bas ic education i n the English medium and t h a t only t h e top 30% be awarded f u r t h e r education. The parents , by c o n t r a s t , want t h e i r chi ldren t o p t o secondary school a s a p repa ra t ion f o r a-rnment job, and i f t h e i r ch i ld ren cannot do t h i s , then most parents-see l i t t l e value i n primary'education. The teachers confront a r o l e c o n f l i c t , and t h i s s t r u c t u r a l de fec t influences t h e i r r e l a t ionsh ips wi th s tuden t s s o t h a t many s tudents do not rece ive the q u a l i t y of education which is intended f o r them.

The teachers concentrate on the more capable s tudents whom they expect t o pass the s e l e c t i v e examination f o r secondary school, and thus accentuate d i f f e rences between the l ea rn ing environment of the home with t h a t of the school. In the home, where a ch i ld is surrounded by emot ional ly ,suppor t ive kinsmen,

(Continued from page 33) Di s se r t a t ion Abst rac ts In t e rna t iona l , Universi ty Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, U.S.A. Pos i t ive microfilms of the d i s s e r t a t i o n s noted may be obtained f o r US$4 and a xerographic copy may be purchased f o r US$10. The BRB i s g r e a t l y indebted t o Frank J. Shulman, of t he Uni- v e r s i t y of Michigan, who has provided the Ed i to r wi th copies of t he abs t r ac t s .

learning is d i f f u s e , spontaneous, and t akes place i n group a c t i v i t i e s ; i n t he school where a c h i l d i s confronted by a s i n g l e impersonal t eache r , l ea rn ing i s concentrated, formal, and usua l ly done ind iv idua l ly . In the home the values of ega l i t a r i an i sm and gregar iousness a r e t r ansmi t t ed through mild p re s su res and c o n s t r a i n t s ; i n t he school t he va lues of achievement and competi t ion a r e emphasized i n a demanding environment where ind iv idua l d i f f e r e n c e s a r e p u b l i c l y rewarded o r shamed. Thus l e a r n i ~ g i n school is sha rp ly discontinuous with learning a t home, and many s tuden t s perform poor ly o r drop out a l l together.

Se lec t ion r a t h e r than education permeates teacher-s tudent r e l a t i o n s , and t h e t eache r s t h r e a t e n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l va lues of t he community. The t eache r s tend t o favor the boys over the g i r l s because t h e former a r e being groomed f o r government jobs. In add i t ibn high achievers t end t o come from more urban o r i en ted f ami l i e s than do low achievers and dropouts .who tend t o come from more t r a d i t i o n a l l y o r i en ted f ami l i e s . I t , i s expected t h a t t h i s s e l e c t i o n emphasis w i l l continue u n t i l t he development process has acce le ra t ed so t h a t pa ren t s perce ive education as a p repa ra t ion f o r changing l i f e i n t h e countrys ide .

(Order No. 72-30,697, 359 pages)

S e l e c t e d A s p e c t s o f Sarawak A r t

Sarah Hal l Sharples G i l l (Ph.D. Columbia Univers i ty 1968)

This study i s t h e f i r s t at tempt t o desc r ibe , de f ine , and i n t e r - p r e t s t y l e regions of t he a r t of Sarawak i n northwest Borneo. With few except ions , t h e v a s t body o f p r i n t e d l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t - ing t o Sarawak con ta ins only i n c i d e n t a l r e fe rences t o a r t . These have been skEted and combined wi th information acquired during a-13-month f i e l d t r i p t o Malaysia and v i s i t s t o Borneo c o l l e c t i o n s i n var ious European, American, and Asian museums t o provide source mater ia l .

A r t as a r t does no t e x i s t i n Sarawak where t h e r e a r e no pro- f e s s ion a r t i s t s , only farmers who carve and farmers ' wives who weave. Nevertheless, ob jec t s whose forms and execution e l eva te them i n Western eyes t o t h e s t a t u s of a r t a r e a l s o those which a r e t h e focus of s p e c i a l s o c i a l and r i t u a l concern i n Sarawak l i f e . This s tudy aims t o de f ine the v i s u a l appear of these ob jec t s by means of formal a n a l y s i s and t o desc r ibe t h e i r s ign i f i cance wi th in t h e i r l o c a l context .

With these aims i n view, the f i r s t two chapters explore'the complex, i n t e r a c t i n g s e t of geographical , h i s t o r i c a l , and c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s which work t o shape and d i v e r s i f y the a r t . The following chapters examine i n d e t a i l t h e forms and usages of a r t w i th in each of fou r main s t y l e regions: Melanau, Kayan, Land Dayak, and Sea Dayak. The l a s t chapter t r a c e s some o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s of choiceconunon t o a l l s t y l e regions .

Melanu a r t , cons i s t ing of images of s ickness-caus ing s p i r i t s bilum and funerary poles c a l l e d j e r u n e i , conta ins t h r e e sub- s ty l e s . Dominated by Brunei Malays s ince the 15th century , the c o a s t a l Melanau who produce t h i s a r t express a k4nd OF-

of submerged h o s t i l i t y i n t h e l a c e r a t e d s u r f a c e s o f bi lum bear ing Malay names and d r e s s rendered i n t h e f i r s t w, and p a s s i v e submission i n t h e second, which c o p i e s Malay images. The t h i r d s u b - s t y l e , c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t e n d r i l s and demonic f a c e s , i s s i m i l a r t o a r t made by t r i b e s t o whom t h e Melanau a r e r e l a t e d and l o c a t e d u p - r i v e r i n t h e Kayan s t y l e region.

Produced mainly by Kayan and Kenyah t r i b e s who migra ted t o Sarawak w i t h i n t h e l a s t f o u r c e n t u r i e s , t h e two s u b - s t y l e s o f Kayan a r t e x a c t l y d u p l i c a t e a r t . s t i l 1 made i n t h e i r homeland i n Kalimantan. The f i r s t s u b - s t y l e , e x c l u s i v e l y des igned by men, c o n s i s t s of dei ty- images, tombs, p a i n t e d w a l l s , cere-, monial j a c k e t s , a n d beaded b a b y - c a r r i e r s and h a t s , each deco-'i r a t e d w i t h t h e same f i g u r a l ornament: human f i g u r e s , d ragons , h o r n b i l l b i r d s , and demonic f a c e s , a l l connected by l o o s e networks of curv ing t e n d r i l s . These themes, which s e r v e a t once a s r e l i g i o u s i c o n s and emblems o f a r i s t o c r a c y , r e f l e c t t h e double purpose of t h e forms a s a s o u r c e of p r e s t i g e and a focus of r i t u a l a s s o c i a t e d w i t h an a r i s t o c r a t i c c l a s s . Mats and b a s k e t s made by women never u s e t h i s f i g u r a l ornament, bu t i n s t e a d a r e d e c o r a t e d w i t h geomet r ic p a t t e r n s .

The Land Dayak people , dominated by Sea Dayak t r i b e s s i n c e t h e i r migra t ion t o Sarawak, produce o n l y a few dei ty- images and c o n t a i n e r s d e c o r a t e d w i t h f l o r a l a rabesques i d e n t i c a l t o Sea Dayak ornament.

Sea Dayak a r t c o n t a i n s two s u b - s t y l e s , one f o r c u l t o b j e c t s carved by men, and t h e second f o r t e x t i l e s dyed and woven by women. C u l t q b j e c t s i n c l u d e h o r n b i l l - b i r d images c a l l e d ken a l o n and grave h u t s c a l l e d sun ku b o t h d e c o r a t e d w i t h &abesques e v i d e n t l y d e r i d i Malay b o a t s used j o i n t l y by Malay and Sea Dayak p i r a t e s w i t h i n t h e l a s t c e n t u r y . The o r n a m e n r o f ceremonial men's j a c k e t s and hangings c a l l e d

ua c o n s i s t of e r o t i c f i g u r e s , meant t o promote f e r t i l i t y , u t t h e ornament of women's c l o t h i n g i s r e s t r i c t e d t o non- #-

f i g u r a l des igns .

Severa l p r i n c i p l e s of c h o i c e a r e common t o a l l s t y l e r e g i o n s : a l i m i t e d r e p e r t o r y of forms, a p r e f e r e n c e f o r two-dimensional ornament and ornament i n r e s e r v e , a s p e c i f i c f i g u r a l t y p e , and a d i v i s i o n of forms, t e c h n i q u e s , and iconography according t o t h e s e x of t h e maker. The same p r i n c i p l e s a r e common t o o t h e r s t y l e r e g i o n s o f S o u t h e a s t Asian a r t . The g r e a t achievement o f Sarawak a r t i s t h e r i c h v a r i e t y of s t y l e s worked w i t h i n t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s .

(Order No. 71-6177, 310 pages)

Pedera Zism and Na t i o n - b u i l d i n g : I n d i a , P a k i s t a n , MaZaysia and N i q e r i a

T

Joseph R u s s e l l Rudolph, Jr. (Ph.D. U n i v e r s i t y o f V i r g i n i a 1971)

The purpose of t h i s s t u d y i s t o e x p l o r e t h e u t i l i t y o f f e d e r a l - i s m a s a t o o l o f n a t i o n - s t a t e development i n f o u r former B r i t i s h co lon ies . Ana lys i s focuses upon two c e n t r a l concepts : t h e theory of manipu la t ive f e d e r a l i s m , and t h e t h e o r y of f u n c t i o n a l federa l i sm. The former i n v o l v e s t h e u s e f u l n e s s of f e d e r a l i s m

a s a means of u n i t i n g and/or h o l d i n g t o g e t h e r d i v e r s e groups, through v a r i o u s s t r u c t u r a l m a n i p u l a t i o n s o f t h e f e d e r a l system, long enough f o r n a t i o n a l i n t e g r a t i o n t o t a k e p lace . The l a t t e r theory r e p r e s e n t s a v a r i a t i o n on t h e s p i l l - o v e r theme o f f u n c t i o n a l i s m . I t assumes t h a t because f e d e r a l i s m a s s i g n s importance t o lower forms o f government a s w e l l a s t o t h e c e n t r a l s t r u c t u r e , f e d e r a l i s m can p l a y an a c t i v e r o l e i n n a t i o n a l i n t e g r a t i o n , awakening a t t h e s t a t e l e v e l a t t achments t o modern forms of government which might i n t i m e c a r r y over t o t h e p h y s i c a l l y more remote c e n t r a l government.

I f f e d e r a l i s m i s viewed a s an e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o c e s s , w i t h m t u r i t y d e f i n e d i n t e rms o f t h e i n c r e a s i n g commitment of t h e g!verned t o t h e permanency o f t h e f e d e r a t i o n ' s c e n t r a l government, a l o n g p e r i o d of d i f f i c u l t y and c r i s e s s e p a r a t e s t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l emergence o f a f e d e r a l sys tem from t h a t t ime when deve lop ing n a t i o n a l l o y a l t i e s and l i n k a g e s p l a c e i t s c e n t r a l government on a s t a b l e founda t ion . During t h i s p e r i o d , m a n i p u l a t i v e f e d e r a l i s m o f f e r s a means o f t e m p o r a r i l y dimin- i s h i n g dangerous c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e s .

I n d i a , Malays ia , P a k i s t a n , and N i g e r i a were q u i t e f r a g i l e f e d e r a t i o n s a t b i r t h , r e s t i n g upon few r e a d i l y d i s c e r n a b l e f a c t o r s f a v o r a b l e t o union. Consequently, t h e m a n i p u l a t i v e element f r e q u e n t l y dominates t h e h i s t o r y o f f e d e r a l i s m i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s . E x t e n s i v e f e d e r a l m a n i p u l a t i o n s were n e c e s s a r y t o p r e s e r v e a maximum amount o f t h e i r Br i t i sh- imposed u n i t y a t independence, and t o d e v i s e a c c e p t a b l e c o n s t i t u t i o n s f o r t h e p e o p l e s and t e r r i t o r i e s involved . L a t e r , numerous f e d e r a l manipu la t ions were n e c e s s a r y t o n e u t r a l i z e growing c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e s and t o keep t h e c o u n t r i e s f e d e r a l l y u n i t e d . Such manuevers have p e r s e r v e d t h e f e d e r a l sys tems i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s . or--where t h e systems have d e t e r i o r a t e d - - h a v e prov ided a means o f r e c o n s t r u c t i n g democra t ic government, b u t o f t e n a t t h e c o s t of i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z i n g e x i s t i n g d i v i s i o n s , f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n i n g c e n t r i f u ~ a l e l e m e n t s , and weakening t h e cause of n a t i o n a l i n t e g r a t i o n .

I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e s t u d y r e v e a l s t h a t f u n c t i o n a l f e d e r a l i s m and f e d e r a l m a n i p u l a t i o n s ( e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e c r e a t i n g c u l t u r a l s t a t e s ) do n o t go w e l l t o g e t h e r . C a t e r i n g t o c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e s f r e q u e n t l y p roduces a s i t u a t i o n where in s u c c e s s f u l s t a t e performance r e a f f i r m s t r a d i t i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n s among t h e masses and l e a d s t o c o m p e t i t i o n f o r t h e s u p p o r t o f s t a t e e l i t e s between t h e f e d e r a l u n i t s and t h e c e n t r a l government. Thus, w h i l e c o n n e c t i n g e l i t e s w i t h a n i n t e r e s t i n t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e f e d e r a l sys tem have deve loped i n a l l of t h e s e c o u n t r i e s a s a consequence o f governmental a c t i o n , and w h i l e is_many i n s t a n c e s p o l i t i c a l awareness h a s been awakened by s t a t e a c t i v i t i e s t o u c h i n g t h e governed, n e i t h e r n a t i o n a l i n t e g r a t i o n nor a p a r t i c u l a r l y more s t a b l e p o l i t i c a l o r d e r h a s emerged i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s .

A s long a s t h e d e s i r e f o r u n i t y and democracy c o e x i s t s w i t h t e r r i t o r i a l l y - d e f i n e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e a r e a s , f e d e r a l i s m remains t h e l o g i c a l p o l i t i c a l o p t i o n , b u t t h e chances o f fed- e r a l i s m succeed ing i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s may have a c t u a l l y been - . - . - -

reduced by t h e l i n g e r i n g e f f e c t s of t h o s e f e d e r a l manipu- l a t i o n s p r e v i o u s l y employed t o h o l d t h e s e c o u n t r i e s t o g e t h e r .

(Order No. 72-7230, 3 4 8 pages)

BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONTINUED FROM BRB VOL. 4 , NO. 2)

Economics

Blassburner , Bruce ( e d . ) , n .d . , The Economy of Indones ia . I t h a c a , C o r n e l l U. P r e s s (448 pp., $15) .

Manning, C h r i s , 1971, The Timber Boom w i t h S p e c i a l Reference t o E a s t Kalimantan. B u l l e t i n o f Indones ian Economic S t u d i e s 7:30-60.

Ethnography and S o c i a l Anthropotogy

Appell , G . N . , 1972, Rungus Dusun. In Frank M. LeBar ( e d i t o r ' , and c o m p i l e r ) , E t h n i c G r o u ~ s o f I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t Asia, Volume 1: Indones ia . Andaman I s l a n d s , and Madagascar. New Haven, Human R e l a t i o n s Area F i l e s P r e s s .

A&, J. B., 1972, Kalimantan Dayaks: I n t r o d u c t o r y S ta tement . In Frank M. LeBar ( e d i t o r and c o m p i l e r ) , E t h n i c Groups of I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t Asia . Volume 1: I n d o n e s i a . Andaman I s l a n d s , and Madagascar. New Haven, HRAF P r e s s . - 1972, O t Danum Dayaks. In Frank M . LeBar ( e d i t o r and com- p i l e r ) , E t h n i c Groups of I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t A s i a . Volume 1: Indones ia . Andaman I s l a n d s . and Madagascar. New Haven. --

HRAF Press . LeBar, Frank M. ( e d i t o r 6 c o m p i l e r ) , 1972, E t h n i c Groups of

I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t Asia. Volume 1: I n d o n e s i a , Andaman I s l a n d s , and Mada a s c a r . New Haven, HRAF P r e s s ($156 .

Needham, Rodney, 197ZSgPenan. In Frank M. LeBar ( e d i t o r an c o m p i l e r ) , E t h n i c Groups of I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t As ia . Volume 1: 4 Indones ia . Andaman I s l a n d s , and Madagascar. New Haven, HRAF P r e s s .

Peran io , Roger D., 1972, Bisaya . In Frank M. LeBar ( e d i t o r and comp;iler), E t h n i c Groups of I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t Asia. Volume 1: Indones ia . Andaman I s l a n d s , and Madagascar. New Haven. HRAF Press . . . . . - - ~~ - .-

P r e n t i c e , D . J:, 1972, 1dahan Murut. In Frank M. LeBar ( e d i t o r and c o m p i l e r ) , E t h n i c Groups o f I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t Asia. Volume 1: Indones ia , Andaman I s l a n d s , and Madagascar New Haven. HRAF Press .

Rixhon, ~ e r a r d : ( % d . ) , 1972, Su lu S t u d i e s . 1. J o l o , Notre Dame of J o l o Col lzge .

S a t h e r , C l i f f o r d , 1972, Tidong. I n Frank M. LeBar ( e d i t o r and c o m p i l e r ) , E t h n i c Groups o f I n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t Asia. Volume 1: Indones ia , Andaman I s l a n d s , and Madagascar. New Haven, HRAF P r e s s .

Polk lore

McKean, P h i l i p F r i c k , 1971, The Mouse-deer ( K a n t j i l ) i n Malayo- Indonesian F o l k l o r e : A l t e r n a t i v e Analyses and t h e S i g n i f i c a n c e of a T r i c k s t e r F i g y r e i n South E a s t As ia . Asian F o l k l o r e S t u d i e s 30: 71-8T.

Linquis t i c s

Asmah H a j i Omar, 1971, S tandard Language and t h e S t a n d a r d i z - a t i o n of Malay. Anthropolo i c a l Lin u i s t i c s 13:75-89.

- 1972, Numeral ~ l a s s i f i e r s i n M ~ A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l L i n g u i s t i c s 14:87-96.

C l a y r e , B. M . , 1970, Focus: A P r e l i m i n a r y Survey of Some Languages o f E a s t e r n Malaysia. Sarawak Museum J. 18:193-zir.

C1ayre;I. P. C. S., 1970, Sa1bans R e v i s i t e d : A Sequel t o Bolang and H a r r i s s o n 1949. Sarawak Museum J. 18:319-3;

Garman, M. A., P. D. G r i f f i t b s and R. J. Wales, 1970, Murut (Lun Bawang) P r e p o s i t i o n s and Noun-par t i c les i n Childr t Speech. Sarawak Museum J. 18:353-376.

Hudson, A. B., 1970, A Note on Selako: Malayic Dayak and Land Dayak Languages i n Western Borneo. Sarawak Museum J. 18:301-318. - - --.-

Jaspan , M. A., 1972, A Note on E n g l i s h Loan-words i n Bencoolene Malay. Sumatra Research B u l l e t i n 1:47.

paper , $12). Wolff , John U. , 1972, A D i c t i o n a r o f Cebuano.Visayan.

P h i l i p p i n e J o u r n a l o f Lingui:tics S p e c i a l Monograph I s s u e No. 4.

Medioa t Anthropology

Hartog, J. and G. Resner , 1972, Malay Folk Treatment Concepts and P r a c t i c e s w i t h S p e c i a l Reference t o Mental Disorders . Ethnomedizin 1:353-372.

~ i g a s h i , Noboru (ed.), 1968, Medical P r o b l e m s - i n S o u t h e a s t Asia. The Cente r f o r S o u t h e a s t As ia S t u d i e s , Kyoto U n i v e r s i t y , Symposium S e r i e s IV.

P e t e r s , W., 1970, Chemotherapy and Drug R e s i s t a n c e i n M a l a r i a . New York, Acaaemic P r e s s ( x v i i i , 876 pp . , i l l u s . $39.50).

P o Z i t i c a t Scienoe

Kwan, Richard Ching Sum, 1971, The Sabah Dispute and t h e Charac te r of P h i l i p p i n e Diplomacy. M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f London.

Milne, R. S. and K. J. Ratnam, 1972, The Sarawak E l e c t i o n of 1970: An A n a l y s i s . o f t h e Vote. J. o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a S t u d i e s 3:111-12

Har r i s son , B. n a r r l s s o n , 1968, Magala: N e o l i t h i t a l Age Bur ia l G r o t t o s ar beKaLQ.., . --.-,

I Sarawak. , . ,..,,ay_sian Branch Royal A s i a t i c Society '

41:148-175. - . i

The Preh 4 5.

i s t o r y o

. . .. f Borneo Har r f sson , T., 1970, . Asian Per- ,

s p e c t i v e s 13:17- 1971, P r e h i s t o r i c - Caves, Borneo.

44:35-78.

A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r of A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics a t Purdue Uni- v e r s i t y working i n t h e a r e a s of P u b l i c P o l i c y and Community Development . A l l e d i t o r i a l correspondence should now be addressed t o t h e E d i t o r , Borneo Research B u l l e t i n , c / o Department of A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics, Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , West L a f a y e t t e , I n d i a n a 47907, U.S.A.

Grant Reoeived from t h e Evans Fund

The E d i t o r , on b e h a l f o f t h e BRC, h a s r e c e i v e d a g r a n t o f $55.0 from t h e Evans Fund t o h e l p cover t h e c o s t s o f p u b l i s h i n g and? I d i s t r i b u t i n g Volume 5 (1973) o f t h e BRB. We a r e deep ly i n d e b t - ed t o t h e Evans Fund f o r t h e i r g e n e r o s i t y i n h e l p i n g s u p p o r t t h e work of t h e BRC and t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e @. The Evans Fund (c/o t h e R e g i s t r a r y , The Old Schools , U n i v e r s i t y o f Cambridge, Cambridge, England) was e s t a b l i s h e d under t h e W i l l of t h e l a t e I v o r Hugh Norman Evans t o f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n ethnology, e thnography, and a rchaeo logy i n r e l a t i o n t o Borneo, t h e Malay Peninsu la , Tha i land , t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.

The Acoounts f o r Volume 4 1 9 7 2

Income

Fel lowship Fees $ 390.91 I n d i v i d u a l S u b s c r i p t i o n s 243.71 I n s t i t u t i o n a l S u b s c r i p t i o n s 313.82 Contr ' b u t i o n s :

Bellows 366.26 S u b s c r i b e r s 37.90 I n s t i t u t i o n a l 200.00

S u b t o t a l $1552.60

Less f u t u r e s u b s c r i p t i o n s and Felrowship Fees 128.60

T o t a l $1424.00

Expenditures

P r i n t i n g S e c r e t a r i a l S e r v i c e s Mai l ing Charges O f f i c e S u p p l i e s Charges c a r r i e d over

from Volume 3 Miscel laneous

T o t a l

Surp lus C a r r i e d Forward t o Volume 5

I n comparison w i t h l a s t y e a r ' s accounts , s u b s c r i p t i o n s a r e ,

$177, b u t Fe l lowship f e e s a r e down $121. This l o s t i s t o s e x t e n t more a p p a r e n t t h a n r e a l s i n c e f o r 1971 we d i d n o t deduct f e e s p a i d in ' advance. As a r e s u l t of c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l i n g expenses f o r 1972,we were a b l e t o reduce them by $389. However, t h i s a l s o r e s u l t e d i n a r e d u c t i o n o f 18 pages i n t h e s i z e of Volume 4 s i n c e we. d i d n o t c a r r y t h e Fe l lowship l i s t f o r 1972 and because we trimmed back on t h e coverage o f News and Announcements

Most i m p o r t a n t l y , it should be n o t e d t h a t t h e s u r p l u s a s w e l l a s p a r t o f t h e expenses f o r Volume 4 was t h e r e s u l t of two c o n t r i - b u t i o n s , t o t a l l i n g $400. Without t h e s e t h e BRB would have cont inued t o o p e r a t e w i t h a d e f i c i t . I t a l s o s h o u l d be no ted t h a t t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s by Fel lows j u s t about e q u a l l e d t h e i r F e l l o w s h i p - f e e s , and we a r e t h u s c o n t i n u a l l y i n d e b t e d t o t h e generosi,ty o f t h e Fel lows o f t h e BRC t o keep p u b l i s h i n g t h e E.

C o n t r i b u t i o n s for t h e Support o f t h e BRC

I would a g a i n l i k e t o thank a l l t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s who have gen- e r o u s l y c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e c o s t s o f p u b l i s h i n g t h e BRB. While we w i l l be s t a r t i n g a new volume, Volume 5 , w i t h a s u r m s c a r r i e d forward from Volume 4 and a g r a n t from t h e Evans Fund, we w i l l n e v e r t h e l e s s have t o depend on t h e g e n e r o s i t y o f t h e many Fellows and f r i e n d s o f t h e BRC t o c o n t i n u e p u b l i s h i n g t h e BRB f o r a t l e a s t t h e n e x t s e v e r a l y e a r s u n t i l t h e d e v e l o p m e n t ~ a s e o f t h e BRB i s completed and it becomes an e s t a b l i s h e d medium o f commun- - l c a t i o n on Borneo r e s e a r c h . C o n t r i b u t i o n s Received: J. P. Andr iesse ; P. B e a v i t t ; J. A. Fowler; P h i l i p Goldman; E. Jensen ; D. Johns ton ; J. P f i f f l e r i n g ; R. Rudes; B. W. S a n d i l a n d s ; R. Schwenk; P. M. S c o t t ; R. S u t l i v e ; J. 0. S u t t e r ; P. Weldon; R . Wenkam; W. Wilder; L. Wright.

New Rates for t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , Malaysia , Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia

Because of t h e expanded c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , Malays ia , S ingapore , Brune i , and I n d o n e s i a and because o f o u r c o n t i n u i n g dependency on t h e g e n e r o s i t y o f t h e Fe l lows o f t h e BRC and o t h e r donors , t h e d e c i s i o n h a s been made t h a t Fe l lowship f e e s and sub- s c r i p t i o n r a t e s w i l l have t o be i n s t i t u t e d f o r t h e s e c o u n t r i e s . This h a s been a m a t t e r o f d i s c u s s i o n f o r t h e p a s t s i x months and i n s e t t i n g t h e r a t e s we have c o n s u l t e d s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e v e r y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n . We have t h u s a t t e m p t e d t o s e t t h e new r a t e s s o t h a t t h e y w i l l n o t cause any h a r d s h i p on t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d s c h o l a r s i n any o f t h e s e coun- t r i e s , b u t i f t h e y do s o , t h e E d i t o r i a l Board o f t h e would deep ly a p p r e c i a t e h e a r i n g a b o u t t h i s .

The new r a t e s a r e a s f o l l o w s :

I n s t i t u t i o n a l S u b s c r i p t i o n s : Malays ia , Brune i , S ingapore , USS4.00; I n d o n e s i a , US$2.00; P h i l i p p i n e s , US$3.00. I n s t i t u t i o r a 1 s u b s c r i p t i o n s i n t h e r e s t of t h e world w i l l remain US$5.00.

I n d i v i d u a l S u b s c r i p t i o n s : Malays ia , Brune i , S ingapore , M$5.00; I n d o n e s i a Rp 400; P h i l i p p i n e s P 10.

Fe l lowship Fees: Malays ia , Brune i , S ingapore , M$10.00; -0; P h i l i p p i n e s P 20.

Elec t ions t o the Board o f D i r e o t o r s o f the BRC

The i n i t i a l s t a g e of c r e a t i n g t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r t h e BRC have now been s u c c e s s f u l l y completed, i n my o p i n i o n , and I b e l i e v e it i s t ime we cons idered e s t a b l i s h i n g a p r o c e s s by which t h e Board of D i r e c t o r s of t h e BRC a r e chosen i n an e l e c t i o n by t h e Fellows. I t i s my hope t h a t by t h i s means we can provide g r e a t e r o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e Fel lows t o p a r t i - c i p a t e i n t h e development o f t h e BRC and t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e BRB. I n d i s c u s s i n g t h i s m a t t e r w i t h t h e new E d i t o r of t h e m, he a l s o a g r e e s t h a t t h e t ime i s now opportune t o ho ld e l e c s n s f o r t h e Board, and he h a s very k i n d l y o f f e r e d t o handle t h e d e t a i l s involved i n t h i s . Consequently, we can look forward t o a f u l l y e l e c t e d Board of D i r e c t o r s f o r t h e !

BRC w i t h i n t h e n e x t year.

THE BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL

The Borneo Research Counci l was founded i n 1968 and i t s member- s h i p c o n s i s t s of Fel lows, a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l group o f s c h o l a r s who a r e p r o f e s s i o n a l l y engaged i n r e s e a r c h i n Borneo. The goa ls of t h e Counci l a r e (1) t o promote s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h i n the s o c i a l , b i o l o g i c a l , and medical s c i e n c e s i n Borneo; ( 2 ) t o permit t h e r e s e a r c h community, i n t e r e s t e d Borneo government departments and o t h e r s t o keep a b r e a s t o f ongoing research and i t s r e s u l t s ; ( 3 ) t o s e r v e a s a v e h i c l e f o r drawing a t t e n t i o n t o u r g e n t r e s e a r c h problems; (4) t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e flow of in format ion on Borneo r e s e a r c h a r i s i n g from many d i v e r s e sources: (5) t o d i s s e m i n a t e r a p i d l y t h e i n i t i a l r e s u l t s of research a c t i v i t y ; and (6) t o f a c i l i t a t e r e s e a r c h by r e p o r t - ing on c u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n s . The f u n c t i o n s of t h e Counci l a l s o inc lude p r o v i G n g counse l and a s s i s t a n c e t o r e s e a r c h endeavors , conserva t ion a c t i v i t i e s , and t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f research r e s u l t s .

Support f o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Counc i l comes from s u b s c r i p - t i o n s t o t h e Borneo Research B u l l e t i n , Fe l lowship f e e s , and c o n t r i b u t i o n s . C o n t r i b u t i o n s have p layed a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t i n t h e suppor t of._the Counci l , and t h e y a r e always welcome.

FeZZowe o f the Borneo Reeearch CounoiZ

The p r i v i l e g e s of Fellows i n c l u d e (1) p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n , t h e o rgan iza t ion and a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e Counc i l ; (2 ) r i g h t t o form committees of Fellows t o d e a l wi th s p e c i a l r e s e a r c h problems o r i n t e r e s t s ; ( 3 ) suppor t o f t h e Counc i l ' s program of f u r t h e r - ing r e s e a r c h i n t h e s o c i a l , b i o l o g i c a l , and medica l s c i e n c e s i n Borneo; ( 4 ) s u b s c r i p t i o n t o t h e Borneo Research B u l l e t i n .

The Fellows of t h e Counci l s e r v e a s a_-pool of knowledge and e x p e r t i s e on Borneo m a t t e r s which may be drawn upon t o d e a l with s p e c i f i c problems bo th i n t h e f i e l d of r e s e a r c h and i n the p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n of s c i e n t i f i c knowledge.

Fellowship i n t h e Counci l i s by i n v i t a t i o n , and e n q u i r i e s a r e welcomed i n t h i s regard .

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

Research Notes: These should be concerned w i t h a summary of r e s e a r c h o n : a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t o r g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a ; t h e r e s u l t s o f r e c e n t r e s e a r c h ; a review o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e ; a n a l y s e s o f s t a t e of r e s e a r c h ; and s o f o r t h . Research Notes d i f f e r from o t h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s i n t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l covered should be based on o r i g i n a l r e s e a r c h . o r t h e use of judgement, exper ience and p e r s o n a l knowledge on t h e p a r t o f t h e a u t h o r i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e m a t e r i a l so t h a t an o r i g i n a l c o n c l u s i o n i s reached.

B r i e f Communications: These d i f f e r from t h e foregoing i n t h a t no o r i g i n a l c o n c l u s i o n s a r e drawn nor any d a t a inc luded based on o r i g i n a l r e s e a r c h . They a l s o d i f f e r i n c o n s i s t i n g p r i m a r i l y of a s t a t e m e n t of r e s e a r c h i n t e n t i o n s o r a summary o f news, e i t h e r d e r i v e d from p r i v a t e s o u r c e s o r summarized from i tems a p p e a r i i g i n o t h e r p l a c e s t h a t may n o t be r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e r e a d e r s of t h e B u l l e t i n b u t which have an i n t e r e s t and r e l e v a n c e f o r them. They w i l l be i n c l u d e d w i t h t h e c o n t r i b u t o r ' : name i n p a r e n t h e s e s fo l lowing t h e i t e m t o i n d i c a t e t h e s o u r c e . Summaries of news l o n g e r t h a n one o r two p a r a g r a p h s w i l l appear wi th t h e c o n t r i b u t o r ' s name under t h e t i t l e and p r e f a c e d by "From. "

B i b l i o g r a p h i c S e c t i o n : A B i b l i o g r a p h y o f r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s w i l l appear i n each i s s u e o f t h e B u l l e t i n , and, consequent ly , r e p r i n t s o r o t h e r n o t i c e s of r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s would be g r a t e f u l l y r e c e i v e d by t h e E d i t o r .

Other I tems: P e r s o n a l news, b r i e f summaries o f r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s , r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s , and o t h e r b r i e f i t e m s w i l l appear w i t h o u t t h e source s p e c i f i c a l l y i n d i c a t e d . The E d i t o r u r g e s t h o s e c o n t r i b u t i n g such news i t e m s t o send them i n t h e form and s t y l e i n which t h e c o n t r i b u t o r wishes them t o appear r a t h e r t h a n l e a v i n g t h i s t o t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e E d i t o r .

A l l c o n t r i b u t i o n s should b e s e n t t o t h e E d i t o r , Borneo Research B u l l e t i n , c / o Department of A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics, Purdue u n i v e r s i t y , West L a f a y e t t e , I n d i a n a 47907, U.S.A.

STYLE FOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Please submit a l l c o n t r i b u t i o n s double spaced. Research Notes and B r i e f Communications s h c u l d be l i m i t e d t o approximately e i g h t double-spaced pages. F o o t n o t e s are. t o be avoided wherever p o s s i b l e . B i b l i o g r a p h i e s s h o u l d be l i s t e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l y by a u t h o r a t t h e end of c o n t r i b u t i o n s ; a u t h o r should appear on a s e p a r a t e l i n e , t h e n d a t e , t i t l e o f a r t i c l e , j o u r n a l , volume number, and pages. For books i n c l u d e p l a c e of p u b l i c a t i o n and f i n a l l y p u b l i s h e r . References i n t h e body o f c o n t r i b u t i o n s should be c i t e d by a u t h o r ' s l a s t name, d a t e , and page numbers a s fo l lows: (Smith 1950:36-41). F o r p u n c t u a t i o n and c a p i t a l - i z a t i o n r e f e r t o B i b l i o g r a p h i c S e c t i o n .

Names mentioned i n t h e News S e c t i o n and o t h e r u n c r e d i t e d con- t r i b u t i o n s w i l l be c a p i t a l i z e d and underl ' ined.

d.a. translation project of research in rural development....

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