d2.2.21 new trends for smart - open cities

New Trends for Smart Cities

Project Acronym Open Cities

Grant Agreement number: 270896

Project Title: OPEN INNOVATION Mechanisms in Smart Cities

D2.2.21 New Trends for Smart Cities

Revision: [draft]

Authors:

Juan Andrés Alonso González (ATOS)

Andrea Rossi (ATOS)

Project co-funded by the European Commission within the ICT Policy Support Programme

Dissemination Level

P Public x

C Confidential, only for members of the consortium and the Commission Services

D 2.2.21 New Trends for Smart Cities

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Revision History

Revision Date Author Organisation Description

v1.0 28/03/2011 Juan Andrés

Alonso

ATOS Draft version of the document

v1.1 25/04/2011 Juan Andrés

Alonso

ATOS Same version with new format.

Reviewed by Barcelona Activa (03/05/2011)

V1.2 11/05/2011 Juan Andrés

Alonso

ATOS Included information in the sections “Open

innovation in smart cities” and Conclusions.

V.1.3 18/05/2011 Andrea

Rossi

ATOS Full Document Review


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents ................................................................................................................................ 3

List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 5

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1. Purpose of this document ................................................................................................... 7

1.2. Document context ............................................................................................................... 7

1.3. Document Structure ............................................................................................................ 8

2. Smart City Definition & Innovation Trends ..................................................................................... 9

2.1. Smart City definition ............................................................................................................ 9

2.2. Innovation projects ........................................................................................................... 10

2.2.1. Smart Cities projects within CIP ICT PSP Programme ........................................................ 10

2.2.2. Other related R&D&I projects ........................................................................................... 17

3. Smart Public Administrations ....................................................................................................... 22

3.1. LOW2NO, JÄTKÄSAARI, HELSINKI ...................................................................................... 22

3.2. EcoMap, Amsterdam and San Francisco ........................................................................... 23

3.3. Barangaroo, Sydney ........................................................................................................... 24

3.4. The Cloud, London ............................................................................................................. 25

4. Private firms’ solutions ................................................................................................................. 26

4.1. IBM The Smarter City ........................................................................................................ 26

4.1.1. The Smarter City Solutions ................................................................................................ 26

4.1.2. IBM Smarter Cities Challenge ............................................................................................ 29

4.2. Siemens Mobility Solution ................................................................................................. 30

4.3. Cisco smart+connected communities ............................................................................... 31

4.4. Streetline Smart Parking .................................................................................................... 32

4.5. Other Smart City Initiatives & solutions ............................................................................ 33

4.5.1. Transportation ................................................................................................................... 34

4.5.2. Utilities .............................................................................................................................. 36

4.5.3. Healthcare ......................................................................................................................... 36

4.5.4. Education ........................................................................................................................... 37

4.5.5. Public Safety ...................................................................................................................... 37

4.5.6. Building management ....................................................................................................... 38

5. Open innovation in Smart cities ................................................................................................... 41

5.1. Urban Labs ......................................................................................................................... 41

5.2. IDeas Crowdsourcing ......................................................................................................... 44


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5.3. The use of public data as Open Innovation Mechanism ................................................... 46

6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 50


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Document context ..................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2 Smart Cities Projects under cip ict psp programme ................................................................ 10

Figure 3 EPIC SERVICE PLATFORM ......................................................................................................... 11

Figure 4 Technologies and services ...................................................................................................... 13

Figure 5 Pilot structure (people) ........................................................................................................... 14

Figure 6 Dynamic and static data handling for life 2.0 services ............................................................ 15

Figure 7 Smart-islands geoplatform ...................................................................................................... 16

Figure 8 Smart-islands system architecture .......................................................................................... 16

Figure 9 Fireball ..................................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 10 APOLLON- PROJECT MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................... 20

Figure 11 Low2no, key outcomes .......................................................................................................... 23

Figure 12 ECOMAP, Amsterdam ............................................................................................................ 23

Figure 13 BARANGAROO, SYDNEY......................................................................................................... 24

Figure 14 THE CLOUD, LONDON ............................................................................................................ 25

Figure 15 The smarter city. Transportation........................................................................................... 27

Figure 16 The smarter city. Public safety .............................................................................................. 27

Figure 17 THE SMARTER CITY. ENERGY & UTILITIES.............................................................................. 28

Figure 18 THE SMARTER CITY. HEALTHCARE ......................................................................................... 28

Figure 19 The smarter city. education .................................................................................................. 29

Figure 20 SIEMENS MOBILITY SOLUTIONS ............................................................................................ 31

Figure 21 STREETLINE PARKING CONSOLE ............................................................................................ 32

Figure 22 Smart cities initiatives and technological solutions .............................................................. 33

Figure 23PARKING APPLICATION OF STREETLINE ................................................................................. 35

Figure 24 iBicing application ................................................................................................................. 35

Figure 25 CONNECTING SMART GRID AND SMART BUILDING .............................................................. 39

Figure 26 Action Space for Living Labs .................................................................................................. 42

Figure 27 Enoll ....................................................................................................................................... 43


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Figure 28 London Datastore .................................................................................................................. 46

Figure 29 Open Data BCN ...................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 30 SeeClickFix ............................................................................................................................. 45

Figure 31 Give a minute Chicago ........................................................................................................... 49

Figure 32 Smart Cities Project ............................................................................................................... 52

Figure 33 Smart Cities Areas ................................................................................................................. 53


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT

The purpose of this document is to analyze trends and identify the most representative and

promising technologies and firms’ solutions around the concept of Smart Cities at a global level.

To help achieve this goal the document has been divided in different sections that include, among

other information, a definition of what a Smart City is, an overview on currently running smart

Research, Development & Innovation (R&D&I) projects, and technological solutions offered by

various ICT players.

This is the first release of this deliverable, the second version we will delivered at month 18 of the

project.

1.2. DOCUMENT CONTEXT

The objective of the Work Package2 (WP2), which this deliverable belongs to, is to explore the

applicability and the limits of different Living Labs methodologies applied to cities denominated

Urban Labs. The information coming out of this deliverable will support and inform the decision

process of Cities involved in Urban Labs and will help to define the Urban Labs Challenges to be

applied in each city for the next task 2.3 of this work package.

In the following figure we can see schematically the tasks of the WP2. The deliverable “New Trends

for Smart Cities” is included in the task with the same name 2.2.

WP2

Living Labs in Smart Cities

WP3

…...

WP1

T2.1 Design, Goals, Planning

and Management of Pilots

T2.2 New Trends

for Smart Cities

T2.3 Urban Labs Challenges

T2.4 Urban Labs Pilots

T2.5 Urban Labs

FIGURE 1 DOCUMENT CONTEXT


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1.3. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE

The structure of this deliverable is divided into five sections:

Section 2: Smart City Definition & Innovation Trends. This section includes a basic definition

of what a Smart City is and means and a summary of the most relevant R&D&I projects

currently running in Europe on the subject of Smart Cities mostly belonging to the CIP Smart

City-portfolio1.)

Section 3: Smart Public Administrations. In this section we will review public administrations

that are active in the Smart Cities outside from the European R&D&I projects thus giving us a

different perspective at a global level.

Section 4: Technological Solutions. It presents a complete review about technological

solutions in Smart Cities. We will show the IBM Smarter City or different Siemens products

(for example, Siemens Building Technologies and Siemens Mobility Solutions) in the Smart

City field.

Section 5: Open Innovation in Smart Cities. This section analyzes three open innovation

mechanisms that are presented in the Open Cities projects: urban labs, ideas crowdsourcing

and platforms and the use of public sets of data. An overview of the currents initiatives and

experiences in each of the mechanism is presented.

Section 6: Conclusions. Finally this section extrapolates three the main conclusions from the

analysis of the previous sections and contents illustrated.

This document is open for public dissemination and not restricted only to the Open Cities consortium

and/or the Commission services.

1 http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/news/eu-supported-smart-city-project-portfolio-future-internet-week-ghent


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2. SMART CITY DEFINITION & INNOVATION TRENDS

In this section we will review some of the most representative Research, Development & Innovation

projects in the Smart Cities context mostly active in Europe, thanks to the support and funding of the

European Commission. Before this overview, here following, we propose a basic definition of the

Smart City concept that could be use as a starting point and reference for the entire document.

2.1. SMART CITY DEFINITION

Simply put, we can define a Smart City, a public administration or authorities that delivers (or aims

to) a set of new generation services and infrastructure, based on information and communication

technologies. Defining new generation service is nevertheless a bit more complex and broader as the

systems and services provided by smart cities should be easy to use, efficient, responsive, open and

sustainable for the environment. The Smart City concept brings together all the characteristics

associated with organizational change, technological, economic and social development of a modern

city. Smart City services and infrastructures as well entail the characteristics of engaging and

interacting with for the citizen that made use of them. Another central element is the adaptive

nature of services, ICT systems, infrastructures, buildings that comprehends the Smart City concept.

They acknowledge their initial status via a set of indicators and adapt their response according to the

external changes that affect them. In doing so, they intelligently adapt to the external variables and

demands that are subject to, thus offering an always customized, more efficient and adaptive

response.

Based on this broad definition of a Smart City and its services, in the next sections we are going to

review of several R&D&I projects relevant to the subject. More concretely in the following section we

will review both those purely innovation projects that are, together with Open Cities, under the

umbrella of the CIP ICT PSP and, as well, those ones outside the scope of the programme itself that

fare more research & development projects. The difference is that innovation projects builds upon

outcomes of research & development projects, to deliver technologies and services (usually in the

form of pilots) that are closer to the final users.

The focus of this overview will be therefore on innovation and R&D projects that are currently

running with the co-financing of the European Union and where services, infrastructures,

methodologies and ICT systems for Smart cities are put into practice and tested for the use of final

users, mainly public local administrations and authorities. For each project we will list the main

features and characteristics present on their respective websites, the cities and public authorities

involved in every project and the main partners.


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2.2. INNOVATION PROJECTS

2.2.1. SMART CITIES PROJECTS WITHIN CIP ICT PSP PROGRAMME

This chapter presents a brief description of the seven innovation pilots within the objective 5.1 of the

CIP ICT-PSP "Open innovation for Internet-enabled services in smart cities2" with the exclusion of the

Open Cities project. In 2010 the EU Commission has selected 7 Pilot "B" projects which plan to use

the methodology of user-driven open innovation to stimulate the take-up of internet-based

technologies and services in Smart Cities. In multiple networked cities, each pilot promotes related

groups of applications and services using advanced Internet technologies and platforms. As key

players in the local city ecosystems, Living Labs ensure the involvement of end-users at large scale.

The next figure shows the 7 projects under the CIP ICT PSP Programme.

CIP ICT PSP Programme

Open Innovation for Internet-enabled services in

Smart Cities

EPIC

Smart

Islands

Smart IP

PeriphÈria

People

Life 2.0

FIGURE 2 SMART CITIES PROJECTS UNDER CIP ICT PSP PROGRAMME

2 Source Europe’s Information Society,

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/livinglabs/openinnovation/index_en.htm


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EPIC EUROPEAN PLATFORM FOR INTELLIGENT CITIES

The European Platform for Intelligent Cities (EPIC)3 will combine innovation ecosystem processes,

fully researched and tested e-Government service applications and new Cloud computing

technologies to create the first truly scalable and flexible pan-European platform for innovative, user-

driven public service delivery, along with a user Road Map.

Living labs help individual public administrations harness the power of Web 2.0 and future policy

directions to develop and deliver citizen and business-driven services. Cloud computing is

increasingly helping the private sector to reduce cost, increase efficiency and work smarter.

Technical approach

The innovative EPIC service platform (see next figure) involves combining and integrating a number

of trusted elements.

1. EPIC Test and development Cloud: Provides a managed virtualized innovation infrastructure.

2. Semantic and Linguistic Layer: Takes the

solution to a mass audience and

overcomes language barriers.

3. IOT Middleware: Embeds the future

internet technologies interface into the

fabric of the platform.

4. EPIC Smart Cities Service Catalogue:

Provides information about all the

available services.

5. EPIC City Portal: front end interface to

access the city applications and

services.

6. City Applications: Leverages Living Labs and

Smart Cities service delivery innovations

- Relocation Service

- Urban Planning Service

- Smart Environment Service

Smart Cities: Brussels (BE), Issy (FR), Manchester (UK) and Tirgu-Mures (RO)

Partners: Fraunhofer Institute (GE), IBM Germany (GE), Deloitte (BE), National Technical University of

Athens (GR), ENOLL Association (BE).

3 Source http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/livinglabs/docs/epic_v6_pub.pdf

FIGURE 3 EPIC SERVICE PLATFORM


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SMARTIP - SMART METROPOLITAN AREAS REALISED THROUGH INNOVATION & PEOPLE

The idea of the SMARTiP4 project is to take the experience developed by a wide range of existing

user-driven, open innovation initiatives in Europe, particularly those developed services by

empowering ‘smart citizens’ who are able to use and co-produce innovative Internet-enabled

services within emerging “smart” cities. The aim is to enable to adoption of open platforms for the

co-production of citizen-centric Internet-enabled services in five test-bed sites, Manchester, Gent,

Cologne, Bologna and Oulu. The objective is to enhance the opportunities emerging for a dynamic

co-production process resulting in more inclusive, higher quality and efficient public services which

can then be made replicable and scalable for cross-border deployment on a larger scale.

This will focus on a series of pilot projects covering three thematic areas:

- Smart engagement

- Smart environments

- Smart mobility

The pilots aim to act as a catalyst to stimulate citizen engagement in becoming active generators of

content and applications development, as well as being more informed and involved users of the

developing Internet-enabled services in “smart” cities.

Smart cities: Manchester (UK), Gent (BE), Cologne (GE), Bologna (IT) and Oulu (FI)

Partners: Digipolis (BE), Alcatel Lucent(BE), University of Oulu Finland (FI), Peoples Voice Media (UK),

University of Manchester (UK), ENoLL (BE), Regione Emilia Romagna (IT), Engineering (IT), IBBT (BE).

Project website: www.manchesterdda.com/smartip

4 Source www.manchesterdda.com/smartip

http://www.manchesterdda.com/smartip

http://www.manchesterdda.com/smartip


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PERIPHÈRIA: NETWORKED SMART PERIPHERAL CITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES

Periphèria5 aims to deploy convergent Future Internet platforms and innovative services for the

promotion of sustainable lifestyles and workstyles in and across emergent networks of “smart”

peripheral cities in Europe.

Periphèria Future Internet Vision

In this scenario, the parallel evolution known as the Future Internet (FI) offers unprecedented and

until now largely unrevealed opportunities. Periphèria views the FI as the interaction of Internet of

Things (IoT), Internet of Services (IoS) and Internet of People (IoP).

Technologies and services

Periphèria implements a trans-

European Open Service Convergence

Platform (OSCP) for the provision of

Internet and FI-enabled services in and

across networks of Smart Peripheral

Cities. The OSCP extends and enhances

the SAVE ENERGY Social Information

Architecture6, integrating key new

components, sensor networks, real

time 3D and mobile location-based

services, from previous research initiatives,

emerging devices and platforms and ad hoc

mash-ups designed and implemented on the spot.

Smart cities:

Partner Pilot Cities: Malmö (SE), Bremen (DE), Athens (GR), Genoa (IT), Palmela (PT)

Sponsoring Cities: Budapest (HU), La-Ferté-Sous-Jouarre (FR), Larnaca (CY), Malaga (ES),

Malta (MT), Palermo (IT), Rio de Janeiro (BR)

5 Source: www.peripheria.eu

6 CIP ICT PSP project 238882 http://ict4saveenergy.eu

FIGURE 4 TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES

http://www.peripheria.eu/


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Partners: Alfamicro Sistema de Computadores Lda (PT), TXT eSolutions Spa(IT), Karlsruher Institut für

Technologie (DE), Intelligent Sensing Anywhere SA (PT), Archeometra Srl, Athens Technology Center

SA (IT), Politecnico di Milano (IT).

Project website: www.peripheria.eu

PEOPLE. PILOT SMART URBAN ECOSYSTEMS LEVERAGING OPEN INNOVATION FOR PROMOTING AND ENABLING E-SERVICES.

The PEOPLE7 aims at speeding up the uptake of smart cities through the rapid implementation,

deployment and uptake of innovative internet-based services in order to allow facing the main

challenges of developed cities at present and towards their future quality of life. This will be enabled

by designing and implementing user-driven open innovation methodologies and processes.

Technical Approach

PEOPLE consist of four Pilot Smart Open Innovation

Urban Ecosystems (POPLE Pilots) created to become

seeds towards sustainable smart cities based on ICT

services. The Pilots are structured in four layers (Basic,

Citizens, Services and Monitoring layer). The next figure

shows this structure. PEOPLE Pilots are networked at

each of these layers in order to enhance the total

impact by creating synergies and increasing knowledge

generation and uptake.

Smart cities:

- Partner Pilot Cities: Bilbao (SP), Vitry sur Seine (FR),

Thermi (GR) and Bremen (GE)

- Partners: Anova IT Consulting SL (Coordinator) S.L. (SP), Ariadna Servicios Informaticos SL (SP), City

Passenger SA (FR), Logotech SA (GR), Intel Space Innovation Technologies SA (GR), University of

Bremen (GE), LSSI Research Lab Institute (FR)

Project website: http://www.people-project.eu/

7 Source http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/livinglabs/docs/people_v5_pub.pdf

FIGURE 5 PILOT STRUCTURE (PEOPLE)

http://www.peripheria.eu/

http://www.people-project.eu/

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/livinglabs/docs/people_v5_pub.pdf


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LIFE 2:0 GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONING SERVICES TO SUPPORT INDEPENDENT LIVING AND SOCIAL INTERACTION OF ELDERLY PEOPLE.

The Life 2:0 project8 aims to generate new opportunities for social interactions by providing new

services for elderly people, based on the use of tracking systems and social network applications. The

main objective of the project is to build product-service solutions that increase the opportunities for:

Social contacts between elderly people in their local area

Acquiring knowledge about people living in the areas an events occurring close by

Getting knowledge about services and assistance available in their area

Offering their residual capabilities and skills to friends, family and other people of any age,

living in their area.

Technical Approach

Life 2:0 will create an open platform that will support services based on the connection of different

technological solutions, including:

- Portable tracking devices

- Set-Top-Boxes devices

- Visualization Applications

- Social network applications

The Life 2:0 platform will support bundles of

services ranging from basic geographical

positioning systems to socially networked services

and to local market-based services.

- Basic services

- Socially networked services

- Local Market-based services

Partners: Aalborg University (DK), Joensuun Kaupunki

(FI), Politecnico di Milano (IT), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (SP), Aalborg Kommune (DK), Telecom Italia

(IT), Alcatel-Lucent Espana S.A. (SP), I2CAT (SP), Net technologies (BE), Fondazione Housing Sociale

(IT), Eläkeliitto (FI), Creative Gears (DK), Ágora (SP).

Project website: http://www.life2project.eu

8 Source: http://www.life2project.eu

FIGURE 6 DYNAMIC AND STATIC DATA HANDLING FOR LIFE 2.0 SERVICES

http://www.life2project.eu/

http://www.life2project.eu/


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SMART-ISLANDS

Smart-Islands9 delivers a GeoPlatform/Globe with 8 integrated Smart Webservices specifically

addressed to Mediterranean Islands that are small and have unique characteristics. However, the

Smart-Island Platform can have an EU-wide and international applicability and value once delivered

to the market in 2012.

Technology

- Integrates existing open platforms/environments in cities/islands stimulating the

development and validation in real setting of innovative internet-based services.

- Extends standards 3D Geobrowsers to accessing & managing geo-information according to

INSPIRE & OGC standards.

- Extends and uses the open platform of http://www.yassoo.travel/ that will deliver 3D-SDI as

extension of ECP-2006-GEO310009 Medisolae-3D projects.

- Accessible through a 3D web-platform; it allows interactive Location Based Services & access

to 3D Spatial Data Infrastructure.

Partners: EPSILON International SA, EPSILON Italia srl, EPSILON Consulting Ltd. , PARAGON Ltd. ,

Hellenic Small Islands Network , GISIG , Fondazione Graphitech , MeteoGrid Ltd. , Prof. Schaller

Umweltconsult GmbH , Islands Authorities

9 Source: http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/livinglabs/docs/smart-islands_pub.pdf

FIGURE 8 SMART-ISLANDS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

FIGURE 7 SMART-ISLANDS GEOPLATFORM

http://www.yassoo.travel/


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2.2.2. OTHER RELATED R&D&I PROJECTS

Besides the innovation projects mentioned in the previous section included in the CIP program, there

are many cities that are currently working on different smart city R&D&I projects. In this chapter, we

will make a brief incursion in some of these projects by analyzing its aims, initiatives and foreseeable

results. Advancing and piloting Living Lab methodologies are represented in this section with Fireball,

Apollon and CO-LLABS projects.

FIREBALL: FUTURE INTERNET TOWARDS SMART CITIES BY ADOPTING LIVING LABS

FiREBALL10 is a Coordination Action partially funded by the European

Commission, under the 7th Framework Programme. The main objective of the FIREBALL coordinating

Actions is to coordinate and align activities in the domains of Future Internet research and testing,

and of user driven open innovation into a sustainable network of European cities paving the way for

Smart Cities by utilizing facilities and people. This is done by bringing three communities and assets

together, the FIRE community, the User Driven Open Innovation (Living Labs) community, and users

in city environments, thus creating a sustainable city centered network of open user driven

innovation.

Key objectives FIREBALL

Achieve European-wide coordination of

methodologies and approaches in the domains

of FIRE and Living lab.

Leverage European-wide available assets for

exploring Future Internet opportunities.

Ensure coordinated development and sharing of

best practices of Future Internet innovation in

pilot cities and sectors.

More information about the project on:

http://www.fireball4smartcities.eu/

10 Source http://www.fireball4smartcities.eu/

FIGURE 9 FIREBALL




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SMART CITIES

Smart Cities11 is an innovation project funded by the The North Sea Region Programme. This

Programme is investing in the future by working together for a sustainable and competitive North

Sea region. Smart Cities is supported by the European Regional Development Fund. The general aim

of the Smart Cities project is to create an innovation network between governments and academic

partners leading to excellence in the domain of the development and take-up of e-services, setting a

new baseline for e-service delivery in the whole North Sea region. Smart Cities will create:

a network of North Sea e-Government leaders with ambitious transformational e-

Government Strategies aiming to deliver innovative and excellent public services with

documented improved quality of life and enhanced competitiveness;

an academic and research network which will support and help local and national authorities

in realising and focusing their ambitions;

a unique approach of developing e-services by combining the academic approach, the

government view and proven practices and knowledge in a powerful process of co-design.

This will result in a transferable methodology useful for EU innovation networks and

authorities and a model for the NSR;

a new baseline of customer-centred, personalised, information-rich and geolocated services

in the North Sea Region combining existing solutions already developed by the partners and

co-designing new customer services, wireless applications and strategies for take-up and

multi-channelling

Smart cities: Stad Kortrijk(BE), Stadt Osterholz-Scharmbeck (GE), Cities of Kristiansand and

Lillesand(NO), Karlstads Kommun Municipality (SE), Norfolk County Council (UK), Edinburgh City (UK).

Partners: Intercommunale Leiedal (BE), BIS GmbH(GE), Gemeente Groningen(NL), Edinburgh Napier

University (UK), Mechelen University College(BE), Improvement and Development Agency for local

Government (UK), Jade University of Applied Sciences of Wilhelmshaven /Oldenburg/Elsfleth (GE).

More information about the project on: http://www.smartcities.info/

11 Source: http://www.smartcities.info/

http://www.smartcities.info/

http://www.smartcities.info/


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SMART SANTANDER

Smart Santander12 is a purely R&D project partially funded by the European

Commission, under the 7th Framework Programme. It proposes a unique in the world city-scale

experimental research facility in support of typical applications and services for a smart city. This

unique experimental facility will be sufficiently large, open and flexible to enable horizontal and

vertical federation with other experimental facilities and stimulates development of new applications

by user of various types including experimental advanced research on IoT technologies and realistic

assessment of users’ acceptability tests. The facility will comprise more than 20,000 sensors and will

be based on a real life IoT deployment in an urban setting. The core of the facility will be located in

the city of Santander, the capital of the region of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain, and

its surroundings. SmartSantander will enable the Future Internet of Things to become a reality.

Smart cities: Santander

More relevant Partners: Telefonica I+D (SP), Alcatel-Lucent S.P.A. (IT) , Alcatel-Lucent S.A. (SP),

Ericsson D.O.O. Serbia, TTI Norte (SP).

More information about the project on: http://www.smartsantander.eu/

APOLLON: ADVANCED PILOTS OF LIVING LABS OPERATING IN NETWORKS

The Apollon13 project will take the next step in networking and harmonising Living Lab approaches

throughout Europe. It will evaluate the positive impact of domain-specific cross-border Living Lab

networks. This approach enables SMEs to test and experiment their products and services outside of

their home market and gain access to a true European market space, while being supported by large

industrial companies, academic centres and other Living Lab stakeholders.

Apollon selected four domains in which ICT product and service innovation may benefit most from

cross-border Living Lab networking: homecare, energy efficiency, e-manufacturing and e-

participation through social media.

The main objectives of the Apollon project are to: (1) conduct cross-border Living Lab pilots, aimed in

particular at SMEs; (2) harmonise methodologies and tools for cross-border Living Lab projects; and

(3) create sustainable cross-border domain-specific Living Lab networks.

12 Source http://www.smartsantander.eu/

13 Source: http://www.apollon-pilot.eu

http://www.smartsantander.eu/


http://www.apollon-pilot.eu/


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Technical Approach

Apollon is leveraging current experiences and ongoing investments to supplement cross-border pilots

with best-of-class methods for setting up, developing and operating sustainable networks of Living

Labs. The next figure shows the structure of the Project Management work package.

The project consists of four cross-border Living Lab experiments, i.e. in the domains of homecare and

independent living, energy efficiency, e-manufacturing and e-participation. These will focus on

validating the added value of a cross-border Living Lab network, both in terms of SMEs gaining access

to new markets, and in terms of achieving collaboration breakthroughs in the development of pan-

European domain-specific solutions.

Living Labs: IBBT (BE), Amsterdam Innovation Motor (NL), ESOCE Net (IT), Fiapal (PT), Forum Virium

(FI), Hungarian Vehicle Engineering Cluster (HU), iAvante (ES), ISSY Media (FR), Lisboa E Nova (PT),

Manchester City Council (UK).

More relevant Partners: Helsinki School of Economics (FI), Lulea University of Technology (SE), NOKIA

(FI), SAP AG (DE).

More information about the project on: http://www.apollon-pilot.eu

FIGURE 10 APOLLON- PROJECT MANAGEMENT

http://www.apollon-pilot.eu/


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CO-LLABS: COMMUNITY BASED LIVING LABS TO ENHANCE SMES INNOVATION IN EUROPE

The overall objective of the CO-LLABS14 Thematic Network is to achieve a European-wide adoption of

ICT-based Living Lab services and practices to allow SMEs to improve their innovation capabilities and

processes and become part of “open innovation” environments. Thus, CO-LLABS addresses Work

Programme Objective 4.1b “to improve the capacity of businesses and in particular SMEs to benefit

from ICT-based innovations in their products and services”.

To that end the CO-LLABS Thematic Network brings together a selection of Europe’s most advanced

Living Labs on the one hand and regional SME-innovation oriented organizations on the other to

exchange practices of Living Lab support services, and identify and develop specific pilots in domains

such as e-health, energy, media, e-business and e-inclusion. The work is grounded in thorough

understanding of current Living Labs practices and experiences and strengthened by creating better

insight in successful business models of future SME oriented Living Labs. The CO-LLABS Thematic

Network supports interaction with policy makers at regional, national and European level to establish

consensus on the Living Labs approach as a cornerstone of European innovation policies, in particular

at the regional and cross-regional level.

The underlying motivation is that Living Labs provide services to SMEs that would otherwise not be

available to them. Focus is on how SMEs and their business partners can be involved in Living Labs in

the best way in order to collaborate in open innovation and on sharing experience among Living Labs

initiatives and beyond as regards SME involvement in co-creation of Living Labs practices.

More information about the project in: http://www.ami-communities.eu/wiki/

14 Source: http://www.ami-communities.eu/wiki/

http://www.ami-communities.eu/wiki/

http://www.ami-communities.eu/wiki/


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3. SMART PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS

In this third section we will review some projects involving public administrations that are currently

developing Smart City services their citizens respectively. This not inclusive list of projects includes

cities and public administration that are not listed in the previous section but equally, if not more,

importantly positioned in the smart city service provision. Currently there are several firms and fewer

Public Administrations using open innovation to improve and innovate their services in and outside

the Smart City concept. As the previous section has showed us, the use of open innovation

methodologies such as the Living Labs approach is being widely experimented and tested thorough

R&D&I project. In this section we will analyze if this is the case also for projects and initiatives that

are already on the market and the degree of success and maturity they have reached.

3.1. LOW2NO15, JÄTKÄSAARI, HELSINKI

On March 2009 Sitra (Finish Innovation Fund) in collaboration with the City of Helsinki, has launched

this project as a Sustainable Development design Competition. The goal of the Project is to identify

the best teams to verify their solutions in design development. This team will design a large building

complex in Jätkäsaari, one of the metropolitan areas of Helsinki.

The design of the project objectives is based in four central blocks: Energy efficiency, low/no carbon

emissions, high architectural, spatial and social value and finally sustainable materials and methods.

The following figure represents the four key outcomes within the area of mobility.

15 Source Low2No Design competition, website: http://www.low2no.org/

http://www.low2no.org/


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FIGURE 11 LOW2NO, KEY OUTCOMES

What kind of competition is Low2no? The project is a sustainable development competition but not

really an architectural competition. It is not an ideas competition, but good ideas will be important

for the development of the project. In the smart cities context, Low2no will become a prototype

project in the field of carbon no emissions and energy efficiency.

More information of the project and the main actors: http://www.low2no.org/

Sitra (the Finish innovation Fund): http://www.sitra.fi/en

City of Helsinki: http://www.hel.fi/wps/portal/Kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto_en

3.2. ECOMAP, AMSTERDAM AND SAN FRANCISCO

Urban EcoMap16 is an interactive decision space that allows citizens to make decisions about their

daily habits. The web provides information about the progress toward greenhouse gas reduction

goals and also provides access to tools and resources at local level to reduce carbon footprint.

The information is organized by zip codes on neighborhood level; citizens can see what is happening

in real time and compare information with others neighborhood. The emission ranking by district

lets citizens know the district with less emission; they can classify the information by different fields:

Transportation, Energy or Waste. The following figure is an example of information displayed in

Amsterdam.

FIGURE 12 ECOMAP, AMSTERDAM

16 Source Urban EcoMap website: http://urbanecomap.org/

http://www.low2no.org/

http://www.sitra.fi/en

http://www.hel.fi/wps/portal/Kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto_en

http://urbanecomap.org/


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The pilot Project is a collaborative effort involving Cisco IBSF (the global strategic consulting arm of

Cisco) and San Francisco’s Department of the Environment. In this moment Urban EcoMap lets know

environmental information of Amsterdam and San Francisco.

More information on: http://urbanecomap.org/

San Francisco’s Department of Environment: http://www.sfenvironment.org/

Amsterdam Smart City: http://www.amsterdamsmartcity.com/

3.3. BARANGAROO, SYDNEY

Barangaroo17 is an ambitious smart project of infrastructure that is being developed in Sydney CBD

(Australia). The project goal is transform 22-hectare land parcel and 1,4 km of Sydney Harbour

foreshore.

The renewal of Barangaroo will achieve outcomes for the environment field, as being water positive

(exporting more water than it uses), generating zero waste (eliminating more than generating) and

achieving carbon neutrality (generating more renewable energy than it uses).

According to Arup18 the development of an informatics strategy for the site, is being developed by

the same Arup Consulting Group together with Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners and Bovis Lend Lease.

This informatics services include the use of water, energy and other resource.

The figure below shows the image of the past and the future of Barangaroo.

FIGURE 13 BARANGAROO, SYDNEY

Expanded information of the project in: http://www.barangaroo.com/

17 Source Barangaroo Sidney Australia, http://www.barangaroo.com/

18 “Smart Cities, Transforming the 21st century city via the creative use of technology”, 2010

http://urbanecomap.org/

http://www.sfenvironment.org/

http://www.amsterdamsmartcity.com/

http://www.barangaroo.com/index.cfm?menu_id=1

http://www.barangaroo.com/index.cfm?menu_id=1


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3.4. THE CLOUD, LONDON

The Cloud19 is a smart initiative for London in relation to the 2012 Olympic Games that proposes a

new form of observation deck.

The cloud is a structure comprised of a filigree central array of columns; the Cloud would 'float' over

London's skyline. In this structure, it will be possible to display images and data within a series of

interconnected plastic bubbles.

How ascend to the Cloud? People can select foot or bicycle to ascend to the Cloud, the idea it is

contribute with each individual footstep to a vast collective energy-harvesting effort. Everyone in the

world can contribute to the Cloud with his presence or via their contribution towards his particular

sphere and their ownership of a single LED. The next figure shows a representation of the Cloud and

the Stadium.

FIGURE 14 THE CLOUD, LONDON

More information on: http://www.raisethecloud.org/

19 The Cloud London website: http://www.raisethecloud.org/

http://www.raisethecloud.org/

http://www.raisethecloud.org/


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4. PRIVATE FIRMS’ SOLUTIONS

Aside from public administrations there are as well several firms that are developing and providing

services related to the Smart City concept. Of course the firms’ potential clients are the same public

administration and city authorities. These projects aim to lead the development of technological

solutions that will enable the intelligent management of the services that municipalities provide to

their citizens. In this section we will include these technological solutions that, in some cases, are

already being used in Cities around the world.

4.1. IBM THE SMARTER CITY

4.1.1. THE SMARTER CITY SOLUTIONS

As a result of the new demands of an increasingly urbanized world arises the concept Smarter City,

which offers a set of solutions in urban areas such as Transportation, Public Safety, Energy and

Utilities, Education and Healthcare among others. The main objective of this idea is to help cities

better understand and meet these demands.

The Smarter City Assessment Tool is based on a methodology developed by IBM’s Global Location

Strategies consulting service, which helps corporations determine the best countries and cities in

which to locate businesses. Cities using this tool, which leverages research done by the IBM Institute

for Business Value, will provide IBM with specific data about their core operational systems (people,

business, transport, communication, water and energy) which are then analyzed to benchmark a

city’s overall capabilities against peer locations, highlight relative strengths and weaknesses and

provide initial recommendations for improvement.

More information about The Smarter City on:

http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/index.shtml?cm_mmc=agus_brsmartcity-

20090929-usbrb111-_-s-_-genhpmerch-_-sp

We present here some solutions that Smarter City offers.

http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/index.shtml?cm_mmc=agus_brsmartcity-20090929-usbrb111-_-s-_-genhpmerch-_-sp

http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/index.shtml?cm_mmc=agus_brsmartcity-20090929-usbrb111-_-s-_-genhpmerch-_-sp


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THE SMARTER CITY - TRANSPORTATION20

Transportation is one of the IBM solutions to the cities. In the transportation field, traffic is a real

problem in the cities and according IBM, not only cars can be smarter, roads can also be. In this case,

IBM intends to implement technological advantages to building new roads, cars with roadside

sensors as well as the use of global positioning systems to improve traffic in cities.

One example presented by IBM is the city of Stockholm, where traffic congestion and carbon

emissions have been reduced thanks to a new smart toll system.

FIGURE 15 THE SMARTER CITY. TRANSPORTATION

THE SMARTER CITY - PUBLIC SAFETY21

It is expected that by 2050 three quarters of the population will live in cities, for this reason, public

safety will be considered as a key factor. It is important then to choose the most appropriate

approach.

Public officials are turning our public safety systems smarter, by using the same technology advances

that businesses have been using -- autonomic sense-and-respond capabilities, analytics, visualization

and computational modeling-- this will lead to anticipate events and thus respond and preventing

them.

FIGURE 16 THE SMARTER CITY. PUBLIC SAFETY

20 Source IBM, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/transportation.shtml?pref=html

21 Source IBM http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/publicsafety.shtml?pref=html


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THE SMARTER CITY - ENERGY & UTILITIES22

Customers can benefit from usage and cost reductions due to the emergence of technologies that

make smart grids possible. Nowadays, companies can provide the information and control that the

users need to change their behavior.

According IBM, smart grids use sensors, meters, digital controls and analytic tools that let monitor

and control the flow of energy, from power plant to plug. Optimize grid performance, prevent

outages and restore outages faster are some of the advantages that smart grids offer to power

companies.

FIGURE 17 THE SMARTER CITY. ENERGY & UTILITIES

THE SMARTER CITY - HEALTHCARE23

It is expected by 2010, 30% of the data stored on the world's computers will be medical images

trapped on them; it would be interesting make a smart system using healthcare solutions

instrumented, interconnected and intelligent.

Technology alone can't cure what ails us. But, healthy individuals can use it to reach smarter choices

about their health and care and can help to treat the illnesses, heal our injuries and find ways to

battle diseases too.

FIGURE 18 THE SMARTER CITY. HEALTHCARE

22 Source IBM, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/energy.shtml?pref=html

23 Source IBM, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/healthcare.shtml?pref=html


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THE SMARTER CITY - EDUCATION24

Education is an important field to be considered as well in the context of a Smart City ; the concept

goes that a smart city takes an important role too to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of

education for the future of a country.

Management, measurement and processes must be improve to reach a better effectiveness of

school systems, could increase by 22% at the existing spending levels. It all begins with math.

As an example we can find in the U.S. where they have 15,000 individual school districts and over

4,000 higher education institutions, against China which has nearly 500,000 primary and middle

schools, many responsible for managing their own infrastructures. These redundancies have created

tremendous inefficiencies, higher costs and silos of resources.

FIGURE 19 THE SMARTER CITY. EDUCATION

4.1.2. IBM SMARTER CITIES CHALLENGE25

After having identified the application areas and their respective technological solutions, on 9th

March 2011, IBM has selected 24 cities worldwide to receive IBM Smarter Cities Challenge grants.

These cities are Guadalajara, Mexico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Delhi, India, Antofagasta, Chile, Boulder,

Co., and Glasgow, Scotland. The grants provide the cities with access to IBM's top experts to analyze

and recommend ways they can become even better place in which to live, work and play.

In total 100 municipalities around the world will benefit of the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. This

competitive program has a budget of $ 50 million in technology and services for next three years.

Experts selected by IBM will collaborate to improve municipal services and efficiency.

24 Source IBM, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/education.shtml?pref=html

25 Source: http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/33984.wss

http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/33984.wss


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IBM technical experts, researchers and consultants participated in the selection phase. They

reviewed issues such as healthcare, education and safety among other. Finally, selected were those

cities that made the strongest case for participating in the IBM challenge.

We can find more information on the webpage of IBM: http://www-

03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/33984.wss

4.2. SIEMENS MOBILITY SOLUTION

Siemens Mobility Division26, which is the internationally leading provider of transportation and

logistics solutions, offers its own solution "Complete Mobility" this targets the goal of sustainability

and combines the company's competence in operations control systems for railways and traffic

control systems for roadways together with solutions for airport and postal logistics, railway

electrification, rolling stock for mass transit, regional and mainline services, as well as turnkey

systems and forward-looking service concepts.

The multiple challenges can only be mastered if all transport modes are sensibly coordinated and

function smoothly, so Siemens offers integrated mobility solutions that ensure safe, economical and

environmentally compatible passenger and freight transport.

The Siemens Mobility Division searches ensure the efficient transport of people and mobility

solutions, so is focused on networking and various modes of transportation using its "Complete

Mobility" approach.

The four solutions that Siemens Mobility offers us are related to the next fields:

Airport Logistics

Postal Automation

Rail Solutions

Road Solutions

Figure 20 show us a map of Siemens mobility solutions.

26 Source Siemens Mobility, http://www.siemens.com/mobility




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FIGURE 20 SIEMENS MOBILITY SOLUTIONS

4.3. CISCO SMART+CONNECTED COMMUNITIES

The solution that Cisco27 provides helps communities to transform themselves into connected

communities. In this way these connected communities would lead to:

Realize sustainable economic growth

Enable environmental sustainability through resource management and operational

efficiencies

Enhance quality of life

The concept Smart+Connected Communities comes from the join of "Community+Connect"

experience for the constituents (residents and business) and “Community+Exchange" for those who

manage the community; both of them are what Cisco knows as "Community+Connect" experience

through which the constituents of the community have access to information and services that

enrich their lives, with solutions for their home, schools, transportation, and more.

"Community+Exchange" for Cisco is to create solutions that can help with the planning and day-to-

day operations and management of a community.

Examples of Community+Exchange experiences are found in the following areas:

Utilities

Transportation

Safety & Security

Real Estate

Government

27 Source Cisco Industry Solutions, http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/smart_connected_communities.html

http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/smart_connected_communities.html


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More information about Cisco Smart Connected Communities on:


4.4. STREETLINE SMART PARKING

Streetline28 is a privately held corporation headquartered in San Francisco, California that offers

Smart City solutions. Together with Streetline, some of the most progressive cities in the world are

revolutionizing their city parking trough its Smart parking application. This application provides

parking occupancy and payment status information in real-time. Among others advantages, Smart

Parking helps to Improve policy, increase revenue, reduce carbon emissions and increase

enforcement productivity. The next figure shows an overview of the parking operation in real-time.

FIGURE 21 STREETLINE PARKING CONSOLE

Smart Parking allows drivers go directly to available parking through the parking guidance systems.

The application allows citizens find parking more quickly, so this will be a clear benefit for the city by

reducing carbon emissions.

28 Source Streetline, http://www.streetlinenetworks.com/



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4.5. OTHER SMART CITY INITIATIVES & SOLUTIONS

According to Forrester29 a sampling of smart city initiatives stretches across the critical infrastructure

and public services that city governments provide for citizens. To complete this section and also

complementing the Smart Cities definition, we include the main areas of application of the Smart city

concept. These areas are:

- Transportation

- Utilities

- Healthcare

- Education

- Public Safety

- Building Management

The following figure illustrates the areas of application of the smart city concept according to

Forrester. For each area identified some example solutions are then described. These examples are

basically pilots or fully fledged solutions that city governments have recently implemented and that,

as a result, they provide to their citizens.

FIGURE 22 SMART CITIES30

INITIATIVES AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS

29 Source: Forrester. Getting Clever About Smart Cities: New Opportunities Require New Business Models

Jennifer Bélissent


Jennifer Bélissent (p 8), (2010)


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4.5.1. TRANSPORTATION

The transportation area has many initiatives within the smart cities scope. Nowadays, cities around

the world offer different transportation solutions, but these cities have to work together technology

companies which have knowledge and tools for develop the appropriate solution.

We include here some examples that Forrester31 has collected in its study and we add other

examples such as parking applications or the bicycle service in Barcelona.

- As examples of cities with sophisticated smart transportation initiatives are Stockholm and

London, both cities work with Smart Transportation solutions of IBM32.

- Another example is San Juan Province in Northwest Argentina; in this case, the mobile

payment program lets drivers pay for parking via SMS. Local governments work with

Telefónica, this integrated operator in the telecommunication sector, develops mobile

payment solutions.

- Presto Parking33 offers payment via SMS to park in different Spanish cities.

- Dublin34 city council allows parking and paying it by mobile phone. It is need to register with

the company Parking tag35.

- Paybyphone36 is another company that lets drivers pay for parking by phone. Citizens of

different cities of Europe can use this service.

- Another solution for parking is Streetline37. Through Parker application, users can check in

real time the available parking spaces. On figure below we can see an example of this kind of

application.


Jennifer Bélissent, 2010

32 IBM transportation systems

http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/transportation_systems/overview/index.html

33 Presto Parking website, http://www.prestoparking.com

34 Dublin website, http://www.dublincity.ie/ROADSANDTRAFFIC/PARKING/Pages/PayandDisplay.aspx#free

35 Parking tab website, https://www.parkingtag.ie/

36 Paybyphone website https://paybyphone.co.uk/

37 Streetline website, http://www.streetlinenetworks.com/


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FIGURE 23PARKING APPLICATION OF STREETLINE

These are several Cities that adopt the Streetline solution: Culver City, Los Angeles, Sausalito,

New York City and Washington.

- iBicing Barcelona38 is a consulting service about availability of bicycles in the Bicing

stations. This application let you check via SMS the availability of bicycles and the

stations. The next figure shows the application in a mobile phone.

FIGURE 24 IBICING APPLICATION

38 iBicing Barcelona, http://www.bicing.cat/usuarios/servicios/sms/sms.php?TU5fU01T&MzY%3D


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4.5.2. UTILITIES

In the field of utilities, we have recollected information about two different scenarios. Firstly,

there is the case of the initiative to inform users of how much energy they are consuming to

influence demand. Smart energy grids aim to reduce spending by providing only the necessary

energy. How to achieve this goal? Governments need to improve energy distribution and change

consumption patterns. In the market we can find firms as Accenture39 or Capgemini, which offer

services and solutions to help public authorities.

On other hand, there are regions, where the problem it’s getting any electricity at all. In this case,

cities have to leverage alternative energy sources and control energy use. To help city

governments, there are suppliers like Inveneo40 and Green wifi41, which offer different products

and services.

In addition to the Forrester42’s examples, Johnson Controls43 offer smart grid solutions,

connected with smart buildings (see the following Smart Building paragraph for more

explanations).

4.5.3. HEALTHCARE

According to the Forrester44 study, several Smart eHealth initiatives are being implemented

worldwide as described in the examples both at national and local level.

Egypt and Saudi Arabia are implementing eHealth programs as a way to accommodate the needs of a

rapidly growing population. Some cities such as Trikala in Greece have implemented telemedicine

pilot programs to remotely monitor elderly, disabled, and chronically ill patients.

Examples of e-Health initiatives are Telemedicine and electronic patient records. Electronic patient

records facilitate information sharing and collaboration across clinics, pharmacies, and hospitals.

Telemedicine extends the reach of medical facilities and improves access to medicine.

39 Accenture intelligent City Network, http://newsroom.accenture.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=4811#rel

40 Inveneo, http://www.inveneo.org/

41 Green wifi, http://www.green-wifi.org/



43 Smart Grid Johnson Controls,

http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/us/en/about/our_company/featured_stories/smart_grid.html




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Industry-specific partners, including InterSystems45 and McKesson46 work with Cisco, GE, IBM, and

Siemens to provide smart healthcare solutions. Among partners who offer mobile healthcare

services MTN and Telefónica are as well to be mentioned.

4.5.4. EDUCATION47

In the field of higher education, new technology allows to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of

universities. Educators and administrators are increasingly interested in leveraging new technologies

to both increase access to educational content and improve collaboration among students and

faculty. Two initiatives in the field of Education concern the management of campus within

universities and eLearning services.

Management of campus allows improving the efficiency and effectiveness of university services. One

example is the UNAM48 University (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México). The initiative UNAN

Digital promotes strategic and efficient use of ICT to support the broader mandate of the university

(education, research, and dissemination of culture) as well as the overall management of the campus

(public safety, transportation, and buildings maintenance).

Blue Sky49 eLearning is a good alternative in rural areas with remote access to provide students

access to educational content and urban faculty members. This initiative has been implemented in

China.

4.5.5. PUBLIC SAFETY50

Public safety is a high level priority for Governments. Public safety initiatives have to serve to:

optimize the capacity and response time of emergency services; secure and control mass events;

secure public administration transactions and workflows; and provide surveillance of public places.

One example is the video surveillance system in Ceuta, Spain, located on the northernmost tip of

Africa, where 250 cameras were positioned around town and connected to emergency services.

45 Intersystems website, http://www.intersystems.com/

46 Mckesson website, http://www.mckesson.com/



48 Universidad Nacional autónoma de México UNAM, http://www.unam.mx/

49 Blue Sky, http://www.blueskysolution.co.uk/



http://www.blueskysolution.co.uk/


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Tech vendors and service providers alike provide public safety solutions. As two examples we can

distinguish Telefónica which provides enhanced 911 (E911) services to improve the response times of

emergency services and Cisco’s Video Surveillance Manager that provides cameras and command

centers with policy-based access to live and archived video.

4.5.6. BUILDING MANAGEMENT51

The buildings sector — both residential and commercial — accounts for about one-fifth of the

world’s total delivered energy consumption. In the US, buildings account for about 70% of energy

use. Optimized and modernized heating, ventilation, and air conditioning alone can significantly

reduce building energy consumption. Integrated building and room automation systems further cut

energy and operating costs.

Honeywell52 and Johnson Controls53, provide building technology solutions for a long time. Etisalat’s

E-Real Estate and E-Facilities Management (FM) offering manages intelligent building technologies

and integrated FM solutions, with noted clients including several airports, mosques, and government

buildings in Dubai.

- Johnson Controls Building efficiency

“Smart Buildings” is a short term for “dozens of intelligent systems that help to run a

facility more efficiently and are now ready to deliver giant leaps in productivity.” These

systems – including sensors, software, controllers and connections – have been

rehearsing for this performance since the days when connectivity, open architecture and

interoperability became new industry buzz words. They have been properly equipped for

their new journey. Their seat belts are in place. And they’re ready to impress top

management with their enhanced abilities to bring a dizzying array of building-related

data into crystal clear focus to better aid in achieving the organization’s goals. The great

promise of integration’s benefits is finally being realized54”.



52 Honeywell, http://honeywell.com/Products-Services/Pages/buildings-construction-maintenance.aspx

53 Source Smart Grid Johnson Controls,

http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/us/en/about/our_company/featured_stories/smart_grid.html

54 Source: Taken from the White paper Smart Buildings. Terry Hoffman, Johnson Controls, Inc.

http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/us/en/products/building_efficiency.html


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FIGURE 25 CONNECTING SMART GRID AND SMART BUILDING55

- Johnson Controls. Empire State Building

The Empire State Building is being retrofitted to make it over 38% more energy efficient

thanks to Johnson Controls collaboration’s. This company will finish its improvements on

2013 and will be in the top 10% of all U.S. office buildings in energy efficiency. To reduce

energy costs and carbon emissions, Johnson Controls has provided to the Empire State

Building with innovative technologies, by building infrastructure improvements and systems

monitoring services. It is expected that by 2011, more than 50% of the improvements will be

implemented and therefore this will create high-performance tenant workspaces. The work

is projected to save $4.4 million in annual energy costs and will pay for itself in just over

three years. The Empire State Building will become in one of the most energy efficient build

in the world. Johnson Controls can make a building work more efficiently, sustainably and

profitably from educational institutions and hospitals, to government and office buildings.

- Siemens IBT Industry Building Technology56

In building automation, fire protection, security systems and low voltage installation systems

for commercial, industrial and residential premises Building Technologies (BT) will become

the market leader providing innovative solutions that will enhance the comfort and safety of

55 Source: White paper Smart Buildings. Terry Hoffman, Johnson Controls, Inc.

56 Source Siemens IBT, http://sg.siemens.com/business/Industry/IndusBuildingTech.asp

http://www.buildingtechnologies.siemens.com/bt/global/en/Pages/home.aspx


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occupants, increasing energy efficiency and optimizing the management of technical

infrastructure.

The ranges of offerings available are related to electrical installation technology heating and

ventilation systems, to security and fire safety systems. The main objective is to satisfy and

exceed all customers' requirements by offering innovative and comprehensive solutions.

Some of the buildings in Singapore that are equipped with BT’s intelligent solutions include

the recent Resort World Sentosa, Singapore Freeport, Marina Bay Financial Centre and many

others such as Changi Airport, Motorola, German Centre, Seagate, Singapore Exchange,

National University of Singapore, Swissotel the Stamford, Capital Tower, Singapore Post

Centre, Singapore Press Holdings headquarters, JTC headquarters and Esplanade – Theatres

on the Bay.

Expanded information about Siemens IBT on:

http://sg.siemens.com/business/Industry/IndusBuildingTech.asp


http://sg.siemens.com/business/Industry/IndusBuildingTech.asp



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5. OPEN INNOVATION IN SMART CITIES

The Open Cities project is an important opportunity to advance, test and validate the use of Open

Innovation in Smart Cities with a concrete focus on Future Internet Services using in many cases an

open innovation, user-centered Living Lab approach. Open Cities aims at exploring some Open

Innovation mechanisms that are especially relevant in Future Internet Services in Smart Cities. In this

we choose to analyze the 3 mechanisms that better use open innovation for their development:

Urban Labs, that is to say living labs methodologies and spaces applied in a urban context

Ideas Crowdsourcing platforms able to generate, collect and manage ideas and opinion for

the improvement and innovation of public services

Use and exploitation of public data, that public administration make available to citizens,

business communities and other relevant stakeholders

This section will include relevant examples about the above mechanisms. In the first version of this

deliverable we focus on each of them outlining what are the baselines from which the Open Cities

pilot mechanisms are now starting and, with the second release of this deliverable, we will expand

this information and analyze what they will have achieved at the end of the project.

5.1. URBAN LABS

As mentioned before, Open Cities aims at exploring five Open Innovation mechanisms that are

especially relevant in Future Internet Services in Smart Cities. One of them is Living Labs in Urban

Spaces: Urban Labs. The objective is validating the use of Living Labs methodologies as a catalyser for

innovation and co-creation in cities. In this section we will analyze different references about Living

Labs, this will allow us to know the current trends in this area and the latest developments and

results to be obtained from projects that are currently running.

According to the Europe’s Information Society, the Living Labs methodologies make the innovation

process more efficient. Trough this methodologies, it is possible bridging the gap between R&D and

the market, and lets obtain outcomes in the field of R & D in a more rapid and effective way. The aim

is to create lead markets by the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)57.

A clear benefit of living labs model is to allow people and industries to test the best innovations of

tomorrow, in a process that involved citizens, businesses and public authorities. As a simple

57 Source Europe’s Information Society, Living Labs activities

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/livinglabs/index_en.htm


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definition of Living labs, the Europe’s Information Society gives the following: Living labs58 are

examples of useful open innovation environments in real-life settings.

The end-user involvement in the early stages of the creative process of technology development

brings clear benefits. This methodology allows listening to the needs of users and gets outcomes

according to the issues raised directly by end-users.

The next figure shows the Action Space for Living Labs along the technology adaption cycle.

FIGURE 26 ACTION SPACE FOR LIVING LABS

The Living Labs model benefits citizens as end-users, industry and research. Citizens can influence the

development of innovative services & products, Industry can develop, validate and integrate new

ideas, and trough the integration of technological innovation in society it will increase return on

investments in ICT research.

At European level, there are small groups of Living Labs in different regions, these groups join efforts

with the aim of facilitate co-selling developments and services on the European or global market.

Normally, SME’s and micro-entrepreneurs do not have the knowledge and resource to develop their

activities to other European regions, so Living Labs approach has particular interest in these cases.

There are different kinds of Living Labs in Europe grouped by a particular characteristic classified by

location, by industrial sector or focused in a particular technology. The European Network of Living

Labs is probably the best known and bigger network of living labs in Europe. This association has

more than 200 members at this moment and categorizes its associates following different area of

classification. The next section is dedicated to better explain the history, role and scope of this

association.

58 Source “Advancing and applying Living Lab Methodologies” July 2010. European Commission, Information

Society and Media.


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Europe has many examples of Living Labs, different initiatives are developed in regions and

countries, and many of them have similar characteristics. The European Network of Living Labs

(ENoLL59) is a community of Living Labs with a sustainable strategy. The contribution to the creation

of a dynamic European innovation system is the general goal of the ENoLL community.

Founded in November 2006, this network has grown in four “waves” as show the next figure. To this

date, the community has over 250 members.

FIGURE 27 ENOLL

The ENoLL structure has five operational Work Groups and some thematic Sub Groups. The five

operational Work Groups that are monitors and directs by the ENoLL Council are:

- Strategic Planning

- Policy

- Thematic Domain Living Labs

- Foreign Affairs, Future Internet

- Living Labs and Social Innovation Convergence

Expanded information of ENoLL on: http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/

59 Source European Network of Living Labs http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/

http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/

http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/


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5.2. IDEAS CROWDSOURCING

Regarding ideas crowdsourcing, one of the examples in the Open Innovation field in public sector is

found in the city of Amsterdam. Amsterdam Opent60 is an Open Innovation project led by the

Municipality of Amsterdam Economic Affairs. At January 2010 the City of Amsterdam has launched a

crowdsourcing pilot with three challenges relation to the local policy issues:

- Solve the bike storage problem in Amsterdam

- Redesign the Red Light District

- Try to convince house owners to produce energy

In only 4 months, the Municipality has received 100 ideas and around 150 co-creation discussion

between the crowd and policy makers. After the evaluation of the more interesting ideas, some of

them will be executed in collaboration with the municipality. The idea is to use crowdsourcing in the

public sector because it is a powerful user-driven tool that has not been widely used in this field.

There are a broad variety of crowdsourcing tools on the market that offer different functionality.

After explore different options, the City of Amsterdam acquired one of these tools as application

linked to municipality website via extern hosting.

The application lets everyone submit an idea or start a discussion, but the application has a

functionality for civil servants who published the challenges, to rank, select or reject ideas.

Extended information of the project on the website: www.amsterdam.nl/amsterdamopent

The city of Amsterdam is participating in the Open Cities project as WP3 leader where the

experiences and best practices learned from its experience in crowdsourcing will be formalized in a

methodology and tried to be applied to other cities in the Open Cities consortium.

Other examples of crowdsourcing platform can be found on the other side of the Atlantic, in the

United States where the crowdsourcing61 strategy is one that cities can adopt to enlist the help,

knowledge and time of their citizens. To show how valuable is crowdsourcing for tracking community

and infrastructure issues some applications have been developed, one of these is SeeClickFix62 that

satisfy three basic principles:

60 Source www.amsterdam.nl/amsterdamopent

61 Source http://americancity.org/columns/entry/2431

62 SeeClickFix website, http://www.seeclickfix.com/citizens

http://www.amsterdam.nl/amsterdamopent

http://www.amsterdam.nl/amsterdamopent

http://americancity.org/columns/entry/2431


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Empowerment: because allows anyone to report and track non-emergency issues anywhere in the world via the internet. This empowers citizens, community groups, media organizations and governments to take care of and improve their neighborhoods.

Efficiency: in computer terminology, distributed sensing is particularly powerful at recognizing patterns, such as those that gradually take shape on a street. Besides, the government can't be in all places at all times.

Engagement: citizens who take the time to report even minor issues and see them fixed are

likely to get more engaged in their local communities. It's called a self-reinforcing loop.

FIGURE 28 SEECLICKFIX

http://seeclickfix.com/citizens

http://seeclickfix.com/community_groups

http://seeclickfix.com/media

http://seeclickfix.com/media

http://seeclickfix.com/goverment


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5.3. THE USE OF PUBLIC DATA AS OPEN INNOVATION MECHANISM

The other Open Innovation mechanism that is quite popular throughout Europe nowadays concerns

the use and exploitation of public data. In the Open Cities project there is a specific work package

dedicated to study Open Data initiatives and methodologies. Work package four, led by the city

Senate of Berlin and Fraunhofer Institute, explore and validate Open Data as a mechanism for Open

Innovation in the Public Sector and specifically in Open Cities, we can find all the necessary

information about this topic in the wp4’s deliverables. However, in this section about Open

Innovation in Smart cities we review different examples about open data initiatives.

One of the examples is the London web page London.gov.uk, where there is a specific section call

“Popular Suggestions”. This section is included in the London Datastore63 website that has been

created by the Greater London Authority (GLA). The next figure shows the London datastore website.

FIGURE 29 LONDON DATASTORE

Data from the GLA and other public organizations are available to the citizens through this website

free of charge. The GLA is committed to attracting other public sector organizations to release their

data in this website.

63 Source http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore


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The first phase is to publish the data, but these are presented as raw data, so it is necessary a second

phase. In this phase, data has to be presented in an orderly way and easy to use. The aim of London

Datastore is to promote people with technical skills to transform raw data into applications, websites

or mobile products useful for the overall citizens.

Open Data BCN64 is available from April 2011 and is an initiative of the Barcelona City Council,

through the Commission for the Presidency. The Barcelona Open Data portal offers 500 data sets

grouped under five main headings.

Territory: includes maps, urban planning data, neighborhood data, etc.

Population: includes social and demographic information, population movements, etc.

Economy: includes data on employment, housing, vehicles, etc.

Urban environment: includes information on city amenities, traffic status, transport data,

etc.

Administration: includes city bylaws, urban planning regulations, etc.

The information is offered in various formats in order to foster the reuse of these data sets,

depending on the characteristics of each one.

The existing information can be offered with a more familiar format to the public (such as .pdf and

.xls) or can be presented in more technical formats (among others vectorial formats like .dgn and

.dwg).

One of the formats most in demand with open data service developers is the .rdf one, the reason is

that is regarded the authentic open data format as it has some specific characteristics that allow data

to be easily processed and reused.

To encourage the reuse of this information BCN Open Data portal offers the city's 30,000 + amenities

in .rdf format.

On figure 27 we can see an example of the BCN Open Data website, the street map and contractor

profile are offered in this format, the latter a data set including information on bids in process,

awards and contracts that have been formalized with Barcelona City Council, dependent and

independent bodies.

64 Source eGoverment Barcelona

http://www.bcn.cat/opendata/

http://w3.bcn.es/V01/Serveis/Noticies/V01NoticiesLlistatNoticiesCtl/0,2138,1013028362_1118157550_3_1492649391,00.html?accio=detall&home=


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FIGURE 30 OPEN DATA BCN

Open Data BCN website: http://w20.bcn.cat/opendata/

Other two examples showing big efforts in creating and maintaining public data sets are from

California.

San Francisco. This city has worked on a website dedicated to documenting the city’s trees65.

The objective is to allow anyone to become a citizen urban forester. Starting with available

public data (which usually only covers trees on public property), the website asks citizens to

add or update information about a tree (or trees) in their neighborhood such as location,

species, truck diameter or height. The information gathered will help to the different urban

sectors, first of all, urban foresters and city planners may better manage trees in specific

areas, track and combat tree pests and diseases, and plan future tree plantings. On the other

hand, climatologists may use it to better understand the effects of urban forests on climates,

and students and citizen scientists may use it to learn about the role trees play in the urban

ecosystem.

65 http://urbanforestmap.org/


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Los Angeles. It is using for first time its website called SurveyLA66 to encourage public

participation on a project which deals about historic resources of the city trying to identify

them and will serve as a centerpiece for the City’s preservation program. The website offers

a step-by-step guide in order to everybody can participate on it providing information easily.

Another service that can be found on this website is that any citizen can complete an online

form to submit a historic resource in their community, while a mapping service for

identifying existing historic structures and districts is in the works.

These projects show us the large and expensive efforts that would likely be necessary for city staff to

complete and maintain on their own. It’s hoped that a relatively accurate (and most importantly,

public) database of local resources can be compiled by involving citizens over time. To help deal with

property data and traffic surveys (following in the footsteps of OpenStreetMap67), local governments

could use similar approaches. All that’s needed is for someone to take the first step.

A new program was launched in May 2010 by New York, it consists on listening citizens’ proposals to

improve the city, the way to participate is as simple as sending a message through Twitter, Facebook

or SMS to the web Give a Minute68, in consultation several municipal governments. The ideas

collected will be displayed on the web. The governors will form working groups composed by

citizen’s interest in common themes. These themes will be gotten from the proposed improvements

by the people who have participated on the web. Give a Minute is a new way of public dialogue.

This initiative was originally born in Chicago. Began in late November and ended in mid-December.

More than 2,000 ideas came to the web but the step from idea to citizen execution has not been

carried out. That is precisely the jump that New York wants.

FIGURE 31 GIVE A MINUTE CHICAGO

66 SurveyLA, http://www.preservation.lacity.org/survey/

67 http://www.openstreetmap.org/

68 Source Give a minute, http://www.giveaminute.info/


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6. CONCLUSIONS

In this section we summarize some of the contents developed in the writing of this document and we

draw some initial conclusions. After analyzing the information gathered in the different sections, we

will show the current trends in the field of living labs in Smart Cities: Urban Labs.

From these conclusions, “New trends for Smart Cities” will support and inform the decision process

of Cities involved in Urban Labs and will help to define the Urban Labs Challenges to be applied in

each city for the task 2.3.

COLLABORATION, NOT ISOLATION

In the first part of the document, we have described the different initiatives in the smart cities

context at a global scale, with a certain emphasis on R&D and innovation project in the European

context. As we can see in section 2, there are several R&D and Innovation projects on this topic both

at European and global level. The table in the next page summarizes them, mentioning the subject

of the project, the cities /partners involved and the webpage link where present.

Those projects outlined are probably the most important ones for the Open Cities project. The Open

Cities project in fact will look forward several ways of collaborating and communicating with these

projects as they are financed b the same European Program. This overview helps in facilitating

general information and is a first step in finding synergies and best practices among the projects of

the same cluster/portfolio. The second release of this deliverable will concretely go into details of

which of these projects and, within them, which are the most interesting activities and initiatives that

can be taken into account by the open cities pilot to have a better impact for the final users of the

smart cities services. This work and information should as well support and help kick-start the

activities of task 1.6 “Coordination with Smart Cities portfolio”, where, most of the Open Cities

partners, are as well represented in order to find synergies among the different project of the

portfolio.


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Project DescriptionCities involved in the project /

relevant partnersProject website

EPICEuropean Platform for Intelligent

Cities

Brussels (BE)

Issy (FR)

Manchester (UK)

Tirgu-Mures (RO)

SMARTIPSmart Metropolitan Areas Realised

Through Innovation & People

Manchester (UK)

Gent (BE)

Cologne (GE)

Bologna (IT)

Oulu (FI) www.manchesterdda.com/smartip

PERIPHÈRIA

Networked Smart Peripheral Cities

for Sustainable Lifestyles

Partner Pilot Cities:

Malmö (SE)

Bremen (DE)

Athens (GR)

Genoa (IT)

Palmela (PT)

Sponsoring Cities:

Budapest (HU),

La-Ferté-Sous-Jouarre (FR)

Larnaca (CY)

Malaga (ES)

Malta (MT)

Palermo (IT)

Rio de Janeiro (BR) www.peripheria.eu

PEOPLE

Pilot smart urban ecosystems

leveraging open innovation for

promoting and enabling e-services

Bilbao (SP)

Vitry sur Seine (FR)

Thermi (GR)

Bremen (GE) http://www.people-project.eu/

LIFE 2:0

Geographical positioning services to

support independent living and

social interaction of elderly people

Aalborg University (DK)

Joensuun Kaupunki (FI)

Politecnico di Milano (IT)

Universitat Pompeu Fabra (SP)

Aalborg Kommune (DK)

Telecom Italia (IT)

Alcatel-Lucent Espana S.A. (SP)

I2CAT (SP), Net technologies (BE)

Fondazione Housing Sociale (IT)

Eläkeliitto (FI)

Creative Gears (DK)

Ágora (SP) http://www.life2project.eu

Smart-Island

Smart-Island delivers a

GeoPlatform/Globe with 8

integrated Smart Webservices

specifically addressed to

Mediterranean Islands that are small

and have unique characteristics.

However, the Smart-Island Platform

can have an EU-wide and

international applicability and value

once delivered to the market in 2012

EPSILON International SA

EPSILON Italia srl

EPSILON Consulting Ltd.

PARAGON Ltd.

Hellenic Small Islands Network

GISIG

Fondazione Graphitech

MeteoGrid Ltd.

Prof. Schaller Umweltconsult GmbH

Islands Authorities

Open CitiesOpen Innovation Mechanisms in

Smart Cities

Amsterdam (NL)

Barcelona (SP)

Berlin(DE)

Helsinki(FI)

Paris (FR)

Rome (IT) http://opencities.net/

Fireball Future Internet towards Smart Cities

by adopting living labs http://www.fireball4smartcities.eu/


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Project DescriptionCities involved in the project /

relevant partnersProject website

Smart Cities

The Smart Cities project is creating

an innovation network between

cities and academic partners to

develop and deliver better e-

services to citizens and businesses in

the North Sea Region

Stad Kortrijk(BE)

Stadt Osterholz-Scharmbeck (GE)

Cities of Kristiansand and Lillesand(NO)

Karlstads Kommun Municipality (SE)

Norfolk County Council (UK)

Edinburgh City (UK) http://www.smartcities.info/

Smart Santander

SmartSantander proposes a unique

in the world city-scale experimental

research facility in support of typical

applications and services for a smart

city

Santander (SP)


ApollonAdvanced pilots of living labs

operatin in networks

Living Labs:

IBBT (BE)

Amsterdam Innovation Motor (NL)

ESOCE Net (IT)

Fiapal (PT)

Forum Virium (FI)

Hungarian Vehicle Engineering Cluster

(HU)

iAvante (ES)

ISSY Media (FR)

Lisboa E Nova (PT)

Manchester City Council (UK) http://www.apollon-pilot.eu

CO-LLABSCommunity based living labs to

enhance SMEs Innovation in Europe http://www.ami-communities.eu/wiki/

FIGURE 32 SMART CITIES PROJECT

HOW TO DEFINE OPEN CHALLENGES?

Another important feature of the Open Cities project is the one concerning Open Challenges. The

project foresees to organize many of these competitions to the general public and to the project

stakeholders (citizens, SMEs, other public institutions, developers communities). WP2, WP4, WP5

and WP6 will all organize open challenges in order to get the user involved in the definition and

decision making of the pilot deployment that will follow. Following the information gathered in

section 4, we have observed that many other players in the market are using open challenges or

open calls in order to get the users involved in the participation of the solution building or the service

building. Although each technology solution and firm has a different positioning with regards of the

Smart Cities offering they all offer some sort of challenges or open competition. These competitions

range in different fields of action and we can conclude that the solutions in the fields of transport

(which often include other more specific solutions), energy, security and environment are common

to all technology companies analyzed in this version of the deliverable.

We would like also to emphasize that there are several initiatives in the field of transport. In section

4.5.1 we have described just some of these examples. On the next figure, we show the different


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smart cities areas that Technological Firms have on market. Also we include the Smart cities

initiatives of the Forrester [1] study.

Smart Cities Areas

Sm

art

Cit

y

Init

iati

ve

s

(Fo

rre

ste

r)

Cis

co

Sm

art

+ C

on

ne

cte

d

Co

mm

un

itie

s

Sie

me

ns

Mo

bilit

y

So

luti

on

sIB

M S

ma

rte

r C

ity

Public safety Healthcare

Building

ManagmentCity ManagmentHealthcare

Real Estate

Energy & UtilitiesPublic SafetyConstituen

Services

Transportation

Safety & Security

Education

Transportation

Government

Energy & Utilities

Airport Logistics

Postal

Automation

Rail Solution

Road Solution

Utilities

Education

Transportation

FIGURE 33 SMART CITIES AREAS

CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AS A KEY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CITIES

Citizen participation is undoubtedly one of the key points in the development of smart cities. This

mechanism are often initiated and then supported by the public administration or firm that is

developing the smart city solution to ensure the proper final uptake and good deployment.

Reviewing the mechanisms of open innovation within the open data and crowdsourcing chapter of

section five, we can find several examples of citizen cooperation.

Use of public data

In this case we can include two examples: London Datastore and Open Data Barcelona. The first

seeks to involve citizens directly through the platform Popular Suggestions leveraging the knowledge

and suggestions of citizens. Open Data Barcelona is the second example; this is a recent initiative of

the Barcelona City Council, which nevertheless provides around 500 data sets grouped under five

main headings. This initiative lets citizens know relevant public data easily and in an accessible

manner.

[1] Source: Forrester. Getting Clever About Smart Cities: New Opportunities Require New Business Models

Jennifer Bélissent


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Crowdsourcing

We can see through citizen participation, citizens may collect information that would otherwise be

expensive. This is the example brought by the Amsterdam Open project that the Open Cities project

will develop further and try to cross-fertilize in other cities of the consortium.

Another initiative in this context is “Give a minute” this is a new kind of public dialogue. The program

objective is listening to proposals from citizens to improve the city; citizens could send the message

through Twitter, Facebook or SMS. Ideas will be collected and displayed on the web.

Finally with reference to Living Labs in a Smart City context, that in Open Cities we name Urban labs,

we consider them as an essential tool to achieve results applicable to each of the cities involved in

any smart city project. In fact the Living Lab methodology allows us to tackle real problems of an

urban environment and to research, find and develop plausible solutions. Generally speaking we can

consider the Living lab methodology as the underlying methodology behind all the open innovation

mechanisms we have identified in the course of this analysis of trends in Smart Cities. Both

mechanisms analyzed here, idea crowdsourcing and exploitation of open public data, are based upon

the involvement of final stakeholders, most frequently citizen, in the development and co-creation of

the solution. The way this is often done is via a competition or open challenge organized by the

provider of the service. The involvement of the final users, citizens and stakeholders usually ensure

more compliance and acceptance in the delivery of the service fostering as well innovative solutions

minimizing overall risks of deployment.

d2.2.21 new trends for smart - open cities

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