d1-background-information-legal-framework-fecal-sludge-management-khulna by muhammed alamgir

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01 J uly 2013 Monday

Khulna, Bangladesh

Background Information and

Legal Framework on Fecal

Sludge Management in Khulna

Muhammed Alamgir

Department of Civil EngineeringKhulna University of Engineering & Technology

ADB’s

Action Planning Workshop for Improving

Sanitation Conditions in Khulna

The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies

of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee

the accuracy of the data included in this paper/presentation and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.

Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.



Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

This presentation addresses

• Present status of the Fecal Sludge

Management of in Khulna City.

• Existing policies, regulatory frameworks,legal and institutional arrangements relatedto urban sanitation & sludge management

Fecal Sludge refers to undigested or

partially digested slurry or solidcomes from blackwater or excreta



This Project is co-financed by the Asia Pro Eco Programme of the European Commission


Population, Households & Others in KCC

Population 1 million (recent study CDIA 2009).

However, KCC claims 1.5 millions since 2004 Holding : 60,000~60,500

Family : 1,95,000

Population Density : 18,000-1,00,0000/sq. km Average family size: 5 to 6

No. of Slums: 745

Population in Slums: 0.23 millions

Annual Rainfall: 1700mm

Elevation: 2.15m above MSL





Types of Surveyed Area in KCC

No. Types Numbers1 Residential Areas 116

2

School/ College/

Coaching/ Kindergarten/Maddrasa 60

3 Offices/NGOs 66

4 Market Places 17

5 Slum Areas 199

Total Areas458





Types of Latrine

1. Open Latrine

2. Hanging Latrine

3. Conventional Latrine with reusable Pot4. Pit (Twin Pit & Single Pit)

5. CL Latrine (2, 3 & Multi)

6. Septic Tank system without Soak Pit

7. Septic Tank with Soak Pit



This Project is co-financed by the Asia Pro Eco Programme of the European CommissionKhulna University of Engineering & Technology

Percentage of various types of latrines

Open Latrine (5%)

Hanging Latrine (4%)

Conventional Latrine with

reusable Pot (15%)Pit (Twin Pit & Single Pit)(22%)

CL Latrine (2, 3 & Multi)

(7%)

Septic Tank system withoutSoak Pit (44%)

Septic Tank with Soak Pit(3%)




Open Defecation

Open Defecation




Hanging Latrines

Hanging latrine on a canal Series of hanging latrines




Conventional Latrine

Conventional Latrine which is used by Railway




Open Latrines

Behind a latrineOpen latrine




Pit Latrines

Pit Latrine Near a Canal Latrine with offset pit




Fecal Sludge Disposal

No

. Disposal

methods No of

survey Percentage 1 Mud hole 162 41

2 Drain 179 45

3 KCC van 18 6

4 local

sweeper20 3

5 River 5 3

6 Canal 1 1

7 Pond 1 1

Total =

386

100





Surveyed Areas : 386 Nos.

Mud hole (41%)

Drain (45%)

Carried by KCC van(6%)Carried by local

sweeper (3%)River (3%)

Canal (1%)

Pond (1%)




Fecal Sludge Disposal- Situation in Khulna





No septic tank & waste directly

mix with drain waterWaste fall directly from the 1st floor





Septic tank without lid & without

connection with the latrine pipe





Residential Area

Mud hole (41%)

Drain (34%)

Carried by KCCvan (8%)

Carried by localsweeper (16%)

River (1%)

Canal (1%)

Surveyed Houses : 103 Nos.





Schools/Colleges/Coaching's/Kindergartens/Maddrasa

Mud hole (53%)

Drain (37%)

Carried by KCC van(9%)


River (0%)

Canal (0%)

Surveyed Institutes : 43 Nos.

S





Government offices/NGO

Mud hole (36%)

Drain (47%)



River (0%)

Canal (0%)

Surveyed Offices : 47 Nos.

F l Sl d Di l





Market/ Shopping Places

Mud hole (33%)

Drain (44%)



River (0%)

Canal (0%)

Surveyed Markets : 9 Nos.

F l Sl d Di l





Slum Area

Mud hole (42%)

Drain (55%)

Carried by KCC van

(0%)

Carried by local

sweeper (0%)

River (2%)

Canal (0%)

Pond (1%)

Surveyed Houses : 184 Nos.

S S k W ll




Survey on Soak Well

No. Types

With

soakwell

Withoutsoak well

Total No. of survey

1 Residential Areas 5 115 116

2

School/College/Coaching/

Kindergarten/Maddrasa 7 53 60

3

Government Offices /

NGOs 3 63 66

4

Market/ Shopping

Places 0 17 17

5 Slum Areas 20 179 199

Total 35 427 458

Percentage 7.64% 92.36%

F l Sl d Di l





Cost for Desludging

Small houses : Tk.1000 ~ Tk.1500

Large residence : Tk.2000 ~ Tk.3000 Offices : Tk.2500 ~ Tk.3500

School : Tk.2500 ~ Tk.3500

Desludging Time

• at night : 70%• at daylight : 30%




Existing policies, regulatoryframeworks, legal and

institutional arrangementsrelated to urban sanitationwith a major focus on fecal

sludge management

M i i t




Main points

1. Framework

• Major legislations

• Existing policy•Local regulation

2. Roles and responsibi lit ies

• Responsible ministry

• Main regulator/responsibility•Local responsible agencies

3. Household aspects

• Regulation at household• Building codes• Regulation on discharge• Regulation of emptying

4. Operator aspects• Permits and licenses• Regulation on emptying• Regulation on dumping• Regulation on tariff

5. Treatment/ Reuse

•Regulation of treatment and reuse practices

Overall Framework




Overall Framework

Source: SDP (FY 2011-25)

Present legal instruments, pol icies, strategies and plans

WSS: Water Supply & Sanitation

L l I t t (A t R l d R l ti )




Legal Instruments (Acts, Rules and Regulations)

WASA (Water and Sewerage Authority) Act, 1996Carry out works related to water supply, sewage systems, solid

waste collection and drainage.

Environmental Conservation Act (ECA)1995, Rules (ECR) 1997ECA provides the basis of environmental management in

Bangladesh. However, the ECR 1997 do not suggest anyspecific measures for regulation of sewage wastes, sewagetreatment plants and sludge management.

Local Government Acts (City Corporation, Paurashava) 2009

Empowers City Corporations and Pourashavas to set tariffs,tolls, taxes and fees for basic urban services.

Existing Policy Development




National Policy for Safe Water Supply & Sanitation (NPSWSS),1998

access to safe water and sanitation services at an affordablecost and bring changes in the traditional service deliveryarrangement and increase the capacity of the sector.


National Sanitation Strategy (NSS), 2005

•Central government responsible for funding,guiding, monitoring, and coordinating sanitation

programs• decision and implementation must be conducted atthe local level by the local government institutions .





Pro-poor Strategy 2005 for WSS

•Firstly, there is a need for ‘direct attack on poverty’ • Secondly, to provide a ‘safety-net’ for hardcore poor• Community requires to contribute 10% of capital costof water supply projects as the ‘beneficiary’s share’.


Sector Development Plan (SDP 2005) for WSS

Planning document for the water and sanitation sector of Bangladesh to achieve its national and international targets.

Sector Development Plan (SDP FY: 2011-25 ) for WSS

comprehensive development plan for WSS sector for15 years in phases.

Progressive Developments in Three Phases




Progressive Developments in Three Phases

of (SDP FY: 2011-25) Implementation

Source: SDP (FY 2011-25)

Short term ( FY 201 1 - 15)

• WSS s ervice s to all by at least basic levels

provided

• Institutional strengthening initiated, regulatory

framework developed and legislationsenacted

Medium term ( FY 201 6 - 20 )

• WSS s ervice levels improved

• Institutional strengthen ed and sub - sector

SWAp operational

Long term ( FY 20 21 - 25 )

• WSS s ervice levels further improved • Institution s further strengthen ed and sector

SWAp operational

Shortcomings Gap Analysis




• Environment Conservation Rules 1997

specifies regulation of sewage wastes,sludge management and sewage treatmentplants.

Shortcomings – Gap Analysis

• Local Government Acts 2009 providesauthority to the City Corporations andPaurashavas for establishment of sewage

treatment plants as well as fecal sludgemanagement.

Roles and Responsibilit ies




Roles and Responsibilit ies

Main Responsible Ministry/Departments

Local Government Division

Line agencies Semi-autonomous agencies Local GovernmentInstitutions

URBAN RURAL

DPHE LGED WASAs

− Dhaka WASA− Chittagong WASA− Khulna WASA

− 6 x City

Corporations− 308 x

Paurashavas

− 64x Zila Parishad

− 482x UpazilaParishad− 4,466 x Union

Parishad

Organizational structures of the organizations under LGD

(Source: SDP FY 2011-25)

11 x City

325 x

Household/Consumer Behaviour




Regulation on Discharge by Households (by BNBC)•Designed by a licensed professional

•Septic / Imhoff tanks discharging shall be required for theapproval.

Household/Consumer Behaviour

Regulation on Emptying Frequencies (by BNBC)•The liquid retention time of septic tank shall be at least 1 day.• The desludging frequency of a septic tank shall be at least 6months interval and maximum once a year.

Enforcement of Building Codes (by BNBC)•The new drainage and sanitation system shall not be put intooperation until approved by the Building Authority.

Operator Behaviour




Permits & Licenses (by BNBC)No individual, partnership, corporation or firm shall engage in

this sectorwithout obtaining a license from the Authority.

Operator Behaviour

Regulation on Safe Emptying Practice ( by BNBC)Operations during periodical cleaning of a drainage andsanitation Regulation on Dumping and Disposal (by BNBC)

•Soil percolation tests shall be conducted.•No seepage unit shall be extended into water table directly.•Soak pit shall be lined with stone, brick or concrete blocks•The bottom of the pit shall be filled with coarse gravel.

Operator Behaviour




Enforcement of Dumping and Disposal•The primary institution for environmental management is DoE,

which has the authority to regulate and enforce.

Operator Behaviour

Regulation on Fair Pricing/ Tariff Setting•As stated in NPSWSS 1998, the City Corporation/Paurasabha shall be empowered to fix-up price/tariff Regulation on Utility Operator in Sanitation Services

Public Service Providers: shall include government agencies

and utilities which are established to provide WSS services.

Private Service Providers: shall include persons,organizations including NGOs, CBOs and/or privately ownedagencies involved in WSS services.

Treatment/ Re use




Treatment/ Re-use

Regulation of Discharge of Treated Human Waste

(by BNBC)• Septic tanks discharging into either a subsurfacedisposal field or one or more seepage pits shall berequired for the approval of drainage and sanitation

plans for the places where public sewers are notavailable.

• Such disposal method shall be designed by a

licensed professional in accordance with therequirement of the provisions of this code andregulations of the concerned authorities.

Existing Local Situations




Existing Local Situations

Fecal Sludge Management in Khulna City

• Fecal sludge collection is done by formal & informalsectors.• KCC provides services such as desludging of septic

tank using their own staffs and vehicles against afixed charge.• Some self employed professional people who usedto provide such services against contracted charges.

• There is no wastewater/ sewage/sludge treatmentplant in Khulna city, the traditional method such asland disposal is very common.

Existing Local Regulations




Existing Local Regulations

Fecal Sludge Management in Khulna City

•A part of fecal sludge is being collected anddisposed by the KCC while the rest is managed byinformal professionals.

• Fecal sludge is deposited in MSW disposal site, butmajor parts are disposed to the nearby drains or intomud holes.

•In Khulna city KWASA was established in 2008, butits activities is limited to water supply only.



Thi P j t i fi d b th A i P E P f th E C i i

Let’s bring environmentalsustainability in the cities for

sustainable development

Thanks to WaterAid Bangladesh and

SNV Bangladesh for support

d1-background-information-legal-framework-fecal-sludge-management-khulna by muhammed alamgir

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