d) a6-23-efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation- 2002

7/28/2019 d) a6-23-Efficacy of Ultraviolet Irradiation- 2002

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Acknowledgements

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List of Tables

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Executive Summary

Background

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Table 1 6XPPDU\RI.H\3DUDPHWHUVDQG0HWKRGVIRUWKLV6WXG\

Parameters Studied Methods Used

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1. Introduction

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Test Organism

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Configuration Methodology

Lamp Power

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Table 3.([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU9DU\LQJ5+&RQGLWLRQV

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KLJK7KHGHFD\SURWRFROZDVXVHGLQDOOH[SHULPHQWVZLWKPL[LQJIDQVRQDQG$&+YHQWLODWLRQ7KH89LUUDGLDQFHZDVPHDVXUHGIRUHDFK89*,FRQILJXUDWLRQ$OOWHVWVZHUH

FRQGXFWHGZLWKM.parafortuitum.

7RVLPXODWHDVFHQDULRLQZKLFKWKH89LUUDGLDQFHLVXQHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHGVSDWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKH

URRPDQDGGLWLRQDOZDOOIL[WXUHODPSV:WRWDOZDVLQVWDOOHGRQWKHZHVWZDOOQH[WWRWKHZDOOIL[WXUHDOUHDG\LQVWDOOHG7KHVHWZRZDOOIL[WXUHVZHUHWXUQHGRQLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWZR

FRUQHUIL[WXUHVRQWKHZHVWZDOO)LJXUH7KLVFUHDWHGD89LUUDGLDWHG]RQHWKDWZDVKLJKHVW

QHDUHVWRQHVLGHRIWKHURRPZHVWDQGGHFUHDVHGDFURVVWKHURRPHDVW7KHWRWDOZDWWDJHRIWKHRSHUDWHG89ODPSVZDV:7ULSOLFDWHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHG7DEOH

7RGHWHUPLQHWKH89*,SHUIRUPDQFHXQGHUYHU\KLJK89LUUDGLDQFHOHYHOVDOOIL[WXUHVLQVWDOOHG

LQWKHURRPZHUHRSHUDWHGZKLFKLQFOXGHGWKHIRXUZDOODQGIRXUFRUQHUIL[WXUHVDVZHOODVWKH

FHQWHUIL[WXUH7RWDOZDWWDJHRIWKHRSHUDWHG89ODPSVZDV:7KHGHFD\SURWRFROZDVXVHGIRUWKHH[SHULPHQWVFRQGXFWHGLQWULSOLFDWHH[FHSWWKDWWKHELRDHURVROZDVVDPSOHGHYHU\

PLQXWHVLQVWHDGRIPLQXWHVEHFDXVHWKHFXOWXUDEOHEDFWHULDFRQFHQWUDWLRQVZHUHDVVXPHGWRGHFD\WZLFHDVIDVW7KHVDPSOLQJWLPHIRULPSLQJHUVZDVFKDQJHGWRPLQXWHFRUUHVSRQGLQJO\


27/63

Table 4([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU(OHYDWHG89,UUDGLDQFHDQG8QHYHQO\'LVWULEXWHG,UUDGLDQFH

Fixture Configuration Lamp Power (W)

IL[WXUHVZHVWZDOORQO\

IL[WXUHVZHVWZDOORQO\

$OOIL[WXUHV

$OOIL[WXUHV

)RXUZDOOIRXUFRUQHUDQGRQHFHQWHUIL[WXUH

2.9.4 Photoreactivation Experiments

7KHREMHFWLYHVRIWKHVHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWRISKRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQRQ89*,HIILFDF\DWDQG5+:HWULHGLQLWLDOO\WRFRQGXFWWKHORZHU5+H[SHULPHQWVDW

5+ZKLFKLVWKHOHYHODWZKLFKPRVWRWKHUH[SHULPHQWVKDGEHHQFRQGXFWHGEXWWKHODERUDWRU\GU\VWHDPLQMHFWLRQKXPLGLILFDWLRQV\VWHPZDVQRWZRUNLQJDQGZHFRXOGRQO\DFKLHYH5+

XVLQJWKHSRUWDEOHKXPLGLILHUV5+KDVEHHQVKRZQWRSURGXFHWKHPRVWSKRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQ

HIIHFWVIRUDLUERUQHM. parafortuitum3HFFLD&RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQPHWKRGVZLWKPL[LQJIDQVRQDQGM. parafortuitumZDVXVHGIRUDOOWHVWVFRQGXFWHGWZLFHIRUERWK5+DQG

5+0HFKDQLFDOYHQWLODWLRQZDVSURYLGHGDW$&+IRUDOOWHVWV)LYHVDPSOLQJORFDWLRQVZHUHXVHGIRUWKHVHWHVWVHDFKLQWKHEUHDWKLQJ]RQH

7RGHWHUPLQHWKHHIIHFWVRISKRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQIRUHDFK5+WKUHHWHVWVZHUHFRQGXFWHG7DEOH89*,RIIDQGIXOOVSHFWUXPIOXRUHVFHQWOLJKWVRII89*,RQDQGIOXRUHVFHQWRIIDQG

89*,RQDQGIOXRUHVFHQWRQ7KHGDWDDQDO\VLVFRPSDULQJWKHILUVWWZRWHVWVSURYLGHGWKH89*,HIIHFWLYHQHVVXQGHUDGDUNHQYLURQPHQW7KHGDWDDQDO\VLVFRPSDULQJWKHVHFRQGWRWKHWKLUGWHVW

SURYLGHGWKH89*,HIILFDF\XQGHUSKRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQFRQGLWLRQV

Table 5([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU3KRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQ

Relative Humidity (%)

Fixture

Configuration

Lamp Power (W)

89RIIIOXRUHVFHQWRII

89RQIOXRUHVFHQWRII

89RQIOXRUHVFHQWRQ 89YLVLEOH

89RIIIOXRUHVFHQWRII

89RQIOXRUHVFHQWRII

89RQIOXRUHVFHQWRQ 89YLVLEOH

2.9.5 Incomplete Mixing Experiments

89*,HIIHFWLYHQHVVZDVWHVWHGXQGHUYDULRXVDLUPL[LQJFRQGLWLRQVXVLQJWKHFRQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ

PHWKRG7ZRH[SHULPHQWDOVFHQDULRVHDFKFRQGXFWHGWZRWLPHVWRHVWLPDWHYDULDELOLW\ZHUHFRQGXFWHGZLWKM. parafortuitumXVLQJWKHFRQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQPHWKRG7DEOH7ZRPL[LQJ

DQGYHQWLODWLRQFRQGLWLRQVZHUHREVHUYHGPL[LQJIDQVRIIWRVLPXODWHLQFRPSOHWHPL[LQJZLWKQRYHQWLODWLRQa$&+GXHWRLQILOWUDWLRQQHJDWLYHSUHVVXUHDQGPL[LQJIDQVRIIWR


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0RVWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGDW

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&

UHVXOWLQJLQDQXSSHU]RQHWHPSHUDWXUHRIR

&DQGDORZHU]RQHWHPSHUDWXUHRIR

&7KHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\IRUDOOH[SHULPHQWVZDV)RUPRVWH[SHULPHQWVILYHVDPSOLQJ

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JDVWUDFHUDQGDSDUWLFOHWUDFHU;XDQG0LOOHU$SSHQGL[,

Table 6([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU,QFRPSOHWH0L[LQJ&RQGLWLRQV

Ventilation

Configuration

Mixing

Configuration

Room/Supply Air

Temperature (oC)

Lamp Power

(W)

$&+ 0L[LQJ)DQV2II 1$

$&+ 0L[LQJ)DQV2II 1$

$&+ 0L[LQJ)DQV2II

$&+ 0L[LQJ)DQV2II

2.10 Statistical Analysis and Error Propagation

6WDWLVWLFDOK\SRWKHVLVWHVWLQJZDVDSSOLHGWRRXUGDWD,QWKLVDQDO\VLVDVWDWLVWLFDOK\SRWKHVLVLV

ILUVWPDGHDERXWWKHGDWDZKLFKLVDVWDWHPHQWDERXWRQHRUPRUHSDUDPHWHUVZHDUHFRQVLGHULQJ3HWUXFFHOOLHWDO7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRIK\SRWKHVHVDQXOO+RDQGDQDOWHUQDWLYH

K\SRWKHVLV+D7\SLFDOO\RXUQXOOK\SRWKHVLVZDVWKDWWKHDULWKPHWLFPHDQFRQFHQWUDWLRQPHDVXUHGLQRQHVHWRIH[SHULPHQWVHTXDOHGWKHPHDQIURPDQRWKHUVHWRIH[SHULPHQWV+R

2XUDOWHUQDWLYHK\SRWKHVLVZDVWKDWHLWKHUWKHPHDQFRQFHQWUDWLRQIURPRQHVHWRI

H[SHULPHQWVZDVJUHDWHUWKDQWKHPHDQIURPDQRWKHUVHWRIH[SHULPHQWV+

P P DP RUWKDWWKH

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DP 7RGHFLGHEHWZHHQWKHQXOODQGDOWHUQDWLYHK\SRWKHVHVZHXVHGWKHWWHVWVWDWLVWLF7KHWHVWLVFRQGXFWHGE\DVVXPLQJDWWKHRXWVHWWKDW+

zPRLVWUXH7KH

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YDOXHTXDQWLILHVKRZFRQVLVWHQWLWLV

$OORIRXUH[SHULPHQWVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGWREHLQGHSHQGHQWDQGWKHYDULDQFHVLQWKHH[SHULPHQWVDUHXQNQRZQ7KXVZHFRQGXFWHGRXUK\SRWKHVLVWHVWVFDOOHGWHVWVIRUWKHUHPDLQGHURIWKHUHSRUWIRULQGHSHQGHQWSRSXODWLRQVZLWKXQNQRZQYDULDQFHV:HWHVWHGIRUUHDVRQDEO\VWURQJ

FRQILGHQFHZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWRUHMHFWWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVWKHSYDOXHQHHGHGWR

EHOHVVWKDQ

6LPSOHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQZDVXVHGLQRXUGDWDDQDO\VHVWRTXDQWLI\WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWZRYDULDEOHVRQHRIZKLFKLVWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHDQGWKHRWKHULVWKHLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOH


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Table 7.$YHUDJHr6'89,UUDGLDQFH0HDVXUHGLQWKHXSSHU=RQHRIWKH5RRPE\$FWLQRPHWU\IRU7HVWVZLWK'LIIHUHQW/DPS3RZHU

UV Irradiance (W cm-2

)

Fixture

Configuration

Lamp Power (W)

r FRUQHUZLWKODPSRSHUDWLQJLQHDFK

r FRUQHUZLWKODPSRSHUDWLQJLQHDFKFHQWHUZLWKODPSVRSHUDWLQJ

r FRUQHUZLWKODPSVRSHUDWLQJLQHDFKFRUQHUZLWKODPSRSHUDWLQJFHQWHUZLWK

ODPSVRSHUDWLQJ

r FRUQHUFHQWHU

r FRUQHUDQGZDOODORQJZHVWZDOO

r FRUQHUZDOOFHQWHU PLQH[SRVXUHWHVW$OOODPSVLQIL[WXUHVRSHUDWLQJ

5DGLRPHWU\PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHDOVRGRQHIRUWKH89*,V\VWHPFRQILJXUHGVXFKWKDWIRXUFRUQHU89IL[WXUHVDQGWKHRQHFHQWHUIL[WXUHZHUHRSHUDWLQJ7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHUDGLRPHWHU

PHDVXUHPHQWVDJUHHGZLWKWKRVHXVLQJDFWLQRPHWU\LQGHSHQGHQWWWHVW7KHVSDWLDODYHUDJHYDOXHLQWKHXSSHU]RQHZDV:FP

7KHPD[LPXPYDOXHZDV:FP

DQGWKHPLQLPXPZDV:FP

7KH89LUUDGLDQFHDWWKHKHLJKWRIPZDVWZRRUGHUVRI

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ZHUHRSHUDWHGEDVHGRQWKHWHVWUHTXLUHPHQWV7KHDYHUDJH89VSKHULFDOLUUDGLDQFHZLWKSDUWLDO

89*,ODPSVRSHUDWLQJZDVPHDVXUHGDQGLVVXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH

$FWLQRPHWU\PHDVXUHPHQWVLQZKLFKIRXU89IL[WXUHVDORQJWKHZHVWVLGHRIWKHURRPZHUHRSHUDWHG:LPSRVLQJDVLJQLILFDQW89LUUDGLDQFHJUDGLHQWIURPZHVWWRHDVWZDOOVKRZHG

WKDWWKH89LUUDGLDQFHQHDURQHVLGHRIWKHURRPZDVDVKLJKDV:FP

ZKLOHRQWKH

RWKHUVLGHRIWKHURRPLVDVORZDV:FP

7KHDYHUDJH89LUUDGLDQFHLV:FP

DVVXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH

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DWD

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7DEOHVXPPDUL]HVWKHKRUL]RQWDOGLVWULEXWLRQRILUUDGLDQFHIRUWKLVVDPHFRUQHUODPSLQWKH

XSSHU]RQHDWPDERYHWKHIORRU5HVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGIRUWKHODPSERWKORXYHUHGDQGXQORXYHUHG/RXYHULQJWKHODPSGHFUHDVHVWKHLUUDGLDQFHE\WZRWRIRXUWLPHV7KHLUUDGLDQFH

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31/63

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Figure 46SDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIXOWUDYLROHWLUUDGLDQFHPHDVXUHGXVLQJDFWLQRPHWU\LQWKHXSSHUURRP]RQHZLWKWKHIRXUFRUQHUOXPLQDULHVDQGRQHFHQWHUOXPLQDU\RSHUDWLQJ:WRWDOODPSSRZHU6SDWLDOO\DYHUDJHGYDOXHDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQZDV:FP

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Figure 5.9HUWLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQRI89LUUDGLDQFHIWDZD\IURPWKH1:FRUQHUODPSORXYHUHGDQGXQORXYHUHGDORQJWKHFHQWHUOLQHDVPHDVXUHGE\FKHPLFDODFWLQRPHWU\


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Table 8+RUL]RQWDO'LVWULEXWLRQRI89,UUDGLDQFH:FP 0HDVXUHGLQWKH8SSHU=RQHRIWKH5RRPE\$FWLQRPHWU\IRUWKH/RXYHUHG8QORXYHUHG1:&RUQHU/DPS

Along N Wall

Centerline 4 ft away 6 ft away 8 ft away

4 ft away

6 ft away

AlongW

Wall

8 ft away

3.2 Cell Concentration and Particle Size for Well-Mixed Conditions

7KHDLUERUQHEDFWHULDWRWDODQGFXOWXUDEOHURRPDYHUDJHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQWKHEUHDWKLQJ]RQHIRUHDFKFRQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQPHWKRGWHVWXQGHUZHOOPL[HGFRQGLWLRQVDUH

OLVWHGRQ7DEOHB. subtilisVSRUHVDQGM. parafortuitumZHUHWHVWHGDWERWKDQG$&+M.

bovis %&*ZDVWHVWHGDW$&+VXFFHVVIXOO\$W$&+KRZHYHULWVFXOWXUDELOLW\ZDVEHORZ

WKHGHWHFWLRQOLPLW'XULQJWKH$&+H[SHULPHQWVDLUERUQHEDFWHULDFRQFHQWUDWLRQVFRQWLQXRXVO\FKDQJHGZLWKWLPH'XULQJWKH$&+H[SHULPHQWVFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDSSURDFKHGHTXLOLEULXPDIWHUPLQ

7KHWRWDOQXPEHURIEDFWHULDDHURVROL]HGDVPHDVXUHGE\GLUHFWFRXQWVZDVVWDWLVWLFDOO\

HTXLYDOHQWIRUDOOH[SHULPHQWVLQ7DEOHFRPSDULQJ89*,RQDQGRIILQGHSHQGHQWWWHVW7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIFXOWXUDEOHDLUERUQHEDFWHULDZDVOHVVWKDQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI

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ORFDWLRQVLQWKHEUHDWKLQJ]RQHDWWKHFHLOLQJDWWKHIORRU)LJXUHDVMXGJHGE\

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,PSDFWRUGDWDGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWPRVWRIWKHFROOHFWHGDLUERUQHEDFWHULDDHURG\QDPLFGLDPHWHUVZHUHEHWZHHQDQGPGVIRULPSDFWRUVWDJHVWKURXJKZLWKDJHRPHWULFPHDQRI

PJHRPHWULFVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ1RVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQZDVREVHUYHGDPRQJWKHGLIIHUHQWPLFURRUJDQLVPVDHURVROL]HGLQGHSHQGHQWWWHVW


33/63

Table 9.7RWDODQG&XOWXUDEOH&RXQW5RRP$YHUDJH6WDQGDUG'HYLDWLRQ&RQFHQWUDWLRQVIRU&RQVWDQW*HQHUDWLRQ0HWKRG([SHULPHQWV8QGHU:HOO0L[HG&RQGLWLRQV 1

Ventilation

Configuration

Lamp Power

(W)

Total Count Concentration

(# m-3

)

Culturable Count Concentration

(CFU m-3

)

: u u$&+

u

u

u u

$&+ u u

u u$&+

u u

u uB.subtilisVSRUHV

$&+

u u

u u$&+ u u

1$ u$&+

1$ u

u u

$&+

u u

u uM.parafortuitum

$&+ u u

u u$&+

u u

u u

M.bovis%&*

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3.3 Effectiveness of UVGI

$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKH89*,V\VWHPFRUQHUSOXVFHQWHUIL[WXUHVRSHUDWLQJ:UHGXFHG

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B. subtilisM.parafortuitumB. subtilis VSRUHVZHUHPRUHUHVLVWDQWWR

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M. para.B. subtilis M. para.B. subtilis

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Figure 6.(IIHFWLYHQHVVRI89*,LQGXFHGPLFURELDOLQDFWLYDWLRQIRUFRQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQPHWKRGH[SHULPHQWVXQGHUZHOOPL[HGFRQGLWLRQVZLWK5+DQGRUDLUFKDQJHVSHUKRXU$&+YHQWLODWLRQUDWHIRU%VXEWLOLVVSRUHV0SDUDIRUWXLWXPDQG0ERYLV%&*(UURUEDUVUHSUHVHQWWKHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ([SHULPHQWVZHUHUHSHDWHGLQGLFDWHVH[SHULPHQWLQGLFDWHVH[SHULPHQW

3.4 UVGI Inactivation Rate (ACHUV)

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)LJXUH$OOGDWDLVIRUZHOOPL[HGFRQGLWLRQVDQG5+7KHOHDVWVTXDUHVPHWKRGZDVXVHGWRILWOLQHVWRWKHGDWDDQGLQDFWLYDWLRQUDWHVZHUHLQIHUUHGE\VXEWUDFWLQJWKHVORSHRIWKHOLQHVIRUWKHQR89H[SHULPHQWVIURPWKRVHZLWK89*,(TXDWLRQVDQG7KHILJXUHVDUH

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3.6 Effectiveness of UVGI for Various RH Conditions

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RH 1 and RH 2 to

be tested for

difference

Average

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for RH 1

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for RH 2

T test statistic P value (one tail)

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3.7 UVGI Inactivation Rate (ACHUV) for Various RH Conditions

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3.8 UVGI Inactivation Rate (ACHUV) for Unevenly Distributed Irradiance

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Figure 13. 'DWDIURPGHFD\PHWKRGH[SHULPHQWVXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHLQDFWLYDWLRQUDWHVLQGXFHGE\89*,IRUXQHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHG89LUUDGLDQFHDOOOXPLQDULHVDORQJZHVWZDOO:IRU0SDUDIRUWXLWXPXQGHUZHOOPL[HGFRQGLWLRQVZLWK$&+YHQWLODWLRQ'DWDDUHVKRZQIRUWKUHHUHSHDWH[SHULPHQWV89*,LQDFWLYDWLRQUDWHVDUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHVORSHVRIWKHOLQHVZLWK89*,RQDQGRII6ORSHVRIOLQHVVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIWKHOLQHVDUH:KH[SHULPHQWKH[SHULPHQWKH[SHULPHQWK$OOVORSHVZHUHVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWDVMXGJHGE\)WHVWV

3.9 UVGI Inactivation Rate (ACHUV) for Elevated levels of UV Irradiance

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3.10 Effectiveness of UVGI under Photoreactivation Conditions

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Table 11.5HVXOWVIRU3KRWRUHDFWLYDWLQJ&RQGLWLRQVDQG5HODWLYH+XPLGLW\ 1

Exp. # Fixture

Configuration

Total Count

Concentration

(# m-3)

Culturable Count

Concentration

(CFU m-3)

Effectiveness

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due to PR

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Total CountConcentration

(# m-3

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Culturable CountConcentration

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3.11 Effectiveness of UVGI for Incomplete Mixing Conditions

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4. Discussion and Conclusions

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,QRXUVWXG\ZHXVHGWZRLQGLFHVWRGHVFULEHWKHLPSDFWRI89*,RQDLUERUQHEDFWHULD2QHLVWKHeffectiveness((TXDWLRQ7KHRWKHUL

d) a6-23-efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation- 2002

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