D – 9 (tanker safety D – 9 (tanker safety basic course)basic course)

- Izvedbe tankovaIzvedbe tankova

- Ventili Ventili

- Operacije s teretomOperacije s teretom

Gas Carrier TypesGas Carrier Types

• Fully pressurised ships Fully pressurised ships

• Semi-presurised shipsSemi-presurised ships

• Ethylene shipsEthylene ships

• Fully refrigerated LPG shipsFully refrigerated LPG ships

• LNG shipsLNG ships

Fully pressurised shipsFully pressurised ships

• The simplest (for LPG or amonia)The simplest (for LPG or amonia)

• Fitted with tanks type “C” (pressure Fitted with tanks type “C” (pressure vessel)vessel)

• Carbon steel tk-s up to 20 barCarbon steel tk-s up to 20 bar

• No thermal insulation requiredNo thermal insulation required

• No reliquefaction plant requiredNo reliquefaction plant required

• No secundary barrier reguiredNo secundary barrier reguired

• Hold space ventilated w. AirHold space ventilated w. Air

• Discharging by pumps or compressorsDischarging by pumps or compressors• Loading heater Loading heater (for loading fm. fully refrigerated (for loading fm. fully refrigerated

terminals)terminals)

Semi-pressurised shipsSemi-pressurised ships

• ““C” tanks – max. working press. 5-7 barC” tanks – max. working press. 5-7 bar

• Secondary barrier not requiredSecondary barrier not required

• Low temp.steel up to – 48 Low temp.steel up to – 48 ooC (for most LPG C (for most LPG and chemical gas cargoes)and chemical gas cargoes)

• Can be made from special aloy steel or Can be made from special aloy steel or aluminum – for ehylene (- 104 aluminum – for ehylene (- 104 ooC)C)

• Reduced tk.thickness – refrigeration plant Reduced tk.thickness – refrigeration plant & insulation required (for LPG, vinyl & insulation required (for LPG, vinyl chlorid, propylene and butadiene)chlorid, propylene and butadiene)

• Discharging/loading throught refrigirated Discharging/loading throught refrigirated or pressurised facilitiesor pressurised facilities

Ethylene shipsEthylene ships

• For ethylene or LPGFor ethylene or LPGss or Chemical Gases or Chemical Gases• Tanks type “C”Tanks type “C”• No secondary barrier requiredNo secondary barrier required• High-capacity reliquefaction plant and High-capacity reliquefaction plant and

insulation fittedinsulation fitted• Complete double hull required for all Complete double hull required for all

cargoes below – 55 cargoes below – 55 ooC (for tanks type C (for tanks type “A”, “B” or “C”)“A”, “B” or “C”)

Fully refrigerated shipsFully refrigerated ships• For large quantities of LPG or amonia or For large quantities of LPG or amonia or

petroleum productspetroleum products• Types of tanks:Types of tanks:

– Independant tanks w.single hull and DBT and hopper tk Independant tanks w.single hull and DBT and hopper tk (type “A” free standing up to 0.7 bar)(type “A” free standing up to 0.7 bar)

– Independant tanks w.double hullIndependant tanks w.double hull– Integral tanks (incorporating a double hull)Integral tanks (incorporating a double hull)– Semi-membrane tanks (incorporating a double hull)Semi-membrane tanks (incorporating a double hull)

• Have up to 6 tanks fitted w.longitudinal Have up to 6 tanks fitted w.longitudinal bulkhead and transverse wash platesbulkhead and transverse wash plates

• Reliquefaction plant and insulation fittedReliquefaction plant and insulation fitted• Cargo heaters and booster pumps often Cargo heaters and booster pumps often

fitted fitted – for discharging into pressurised facilities– for discharging into pressurised facilities

Not found general favour w. Ship operators

LNG shipsLNG ships

• For Methan: - 161 For Methan: - 161 ooC, or Ethylene: - 104 C, or Ethylene: - 104 ooC Types of tanks:C Types of tanks:

Gaz Transport membraneGaz Transport membrane Technigaz membraneTechnigaz membrane Kvaerner Moss spherical – type “B”Kvaerner Moss spherical – type “B” IHI SPB Tank – prismaticIHI SPB Tank – prismatic

• Double hull troughout cargo lenghtDouble hull troughout cargo lenght

• Cargo boil-off is burned as fuelCargo boil-off is burned as fuel

• Hold spaces around tanks inerted Hold spaces around tanks inerted continuosly (except in the case of continuosly (except in the case of spherical Type “B”- may be filled w. dry spherical Type “B”- may be filled w. dry air)air)

Basic Types of TanksBasic Types of Tanks

• Independent Type “A”Independent Type “A”

• Independent Type “B”Independent Type “B”

• Independent Type “C”Independent Type “C”

• MembraneMembrane

• Semi-membraneSemi-membrane

• Internal insulation Type “1”Internal insulation Type “1”

• Internal insulation Type “2”Internal insulation Type “2”

• IntegralIntegral

Type “A”Type “A”

• Pmax = 0.7 barPmax = 0.7 bar

• Cargoes must be Cargoes must be carried in fully carried in fully refrigerated refrigerated condition (below condition (below 0.25 bar)0.25 bar)

• Self-suporting Self-suporting prismatic tk.prismatic tk.

• Secondary barrier Secondary barrier requiredrequired

• For cargoes below For cargoes below -10 -10 oo C C

• Sec. barrier – 15 Sec. barrier – 15 days leakagedays leakage

Tip “A”Tip “A”

• Samonosivi prizmatični tk. za terete ispod 10 Samonosivi prizmatični tk. za terete ispod 10 00CC

• Zahtjevaju unutarnja pojačanjaZahtjevaju unutarnja pojačanja• Izolirani pjenom Izolirani pjenom (direktno na tanku ili unutarnjem trupu)(direktno na tanku ili unutarnjem trupu)

• Obavezna 2. barijera koja pokriva cijeli tank Obavezna 2. barijera koja pokriva cijeli tank kod tereta do - 55 kod tereta do - 55 00C (ili kao bariera ili kao dio C (ili kao bariera ili kao dio konstrukcije) – mora izdžati propušt. 15 danakonstrukcije) – mora izdžati propušt. 15 dana

• Prostori između bariera ispunjeni inertnim Prostori između bariera ispunjeni inertnim plinomplinom

Tip “B”Tip “B”

• Sferični (Kvaerner Moss)Sferični (Kvaerner Moss)•Parcijalna druga bariera (ispod donje Parcijalna druga bariera (ispod donje

polovice) ispunjena inertnim plinom ili suhim polovice) ispunjena inertnim plinom ili suhim zrakomzrakom

• Prizmatični Prizmatični •Samonosivi Samonosivi

•Povećavaju korisnu nosivostPovećavaju korisnu nosivost

•Potpuno ispod glavne palubePotpuno ispod glavne palube

Tip “C”Tip “C”

• Posude pod tlakom (5 – 20 bar ovisno Posude pod tlakom (5 – 20 bar ovisno da li su “semi ili fully pressurised” da li su “semi ili fully pressurised” brodovi)brodovi)

• Sferični ili cilindričniSferični ili cilindrični

• Ne zahtijevaju drugu barieruNe zahtijevaju drugu barieru

• Nedostatak – slaba iskoristivost Nedostatak – slaba iskoristivost prostora i velika težina (manje tereta)prostora i velika težina (manje tereta)

• IzolacijaIzolacija

Membranski tankoviMembranski tankovi

• Nisu samonosivi (poduprti izolac. i Nisu samonosivi (poduprti izolac. i trupom)trupom)

• Trup oblikovan kao držeća strukturaTrup oblikovan kao držeća struktura

• Obavezna druga bariera (osigurava Obavezna druga bariera (osigurava nepropusnost i čvrstoću)nepropusnost i čvrstoću)

• 2 osnovna sistema:2 osnovna sistema:•Gaz TransportGaz Transport

•Technigaz:Technigaz: Mark IMark I Mark IIIMark III

Karakteristike membranskih tankovaKarakteristike membranskih tankova

Test tlak 0.245 bar/temp.=- 165Test tlak 0.245 bar/temp.=- 165OOCC Pretlak: 80 mbar (ne podnose potlak)Pretlak: 80 mbar (ne podnose potlak) Npr. PNpr. Pokolniokolni = 1000 mbar / p = 1000 mbar / pspremnikaspremnika = 1080 = 1080 Dom kapljevine (prema krmi):Dom kapljevine (prema krmi):

Poklopac za ulazak u tankPoklopac za ulazak u tank Cjevovodi ukrcaja/iskrcajaCjevovodi ukrcaja/iskrcaja Temperaturne i sonde nivoaTemperaturne i sonde nivoa Kabeli pumpe iskrcaja (ako je motor u tanku)Kabeli pumpe iskrcaja (ako je motor u tanku)

Dom plina (prema provi – manji od d.k.)Dom plina (prema provi – manji od d.k.) Spoj na sigurnosne ventileSpoj na sigurnosne ventile

Polumembranski tankoviPolumembranski tankovi

• Nisu našli veću primjenuNisu našli veću primjenu

• Primarna bariera deblja nego na membr.tk.Primarna bariera deblja nego na membr.tk.

• Ravne stranice i veliki radijusi za diletacijeRavne stranice i veliki radijusi za diletacije

• Samonosivi kad je prazan ali ne i kad je Samonosivi kad je prazan ali ne i kad je pun (tada se oslanja na unutarnji trup)pun (tada se oslanja na unutarnji trup)

• Modificirani za fully refrigerated LPG (neke Modificirani za fully refrigerated LPG (neke Jap. gradnje)Jap. gradnje)

Materijali tankova (IGC Materijali tankova (IGC Code)Code)

• Za fully-refrig. LPG mater. mora Za fully-refrig. LPG mater. mora izdržati do -55 izdržati do -55 00C C

•Fully killed, fine grain, carbon-manganese Fully killed, fine grain, carbon-manganese steel, 0.5 % Ni Aloysteel, 0.5 % Ni Aloy

• Za etilen i metan (- 104 ili – 162 Za etilen i metan (- 104 ili – 162 00C)C)•Nickel aloyed steel, Invar (SS) ili AluminiumNickel aloyed steel, Invar (SS) ili Aluminium

Kvaerner Moss Design

LNG tank connection

-Tank oslonjen na ekvatorijalni prsten koji prenosi opterećenje na dvostruku oplatu.

- Materijal – aluminij 5083-0

- Izolacija – PU pjena zaštićena Al oplatom

- Na gornjoj polovici kružni perforirani cjevovod za hlađenje tokom putovanja u balastu

PREDNOSTI- Manji rizik od oštećenja pri sudaru ili nasukanju

- Povoljniji uvijeti gradnje (nezavisno od trupa broda) i bolja kontrola gradnje

- Podnose veće tlakove (mogućnost iskrcaja bez pumpi)

- Oblik omogućuje bolje sakuplanje tereta – bolja kontrola iskrcaja

LNG

Prismatic shape “B” Type- Povećava iskoristivost brodskog prostora- Tlak limitiran na 0.7 bar – LNG brodovi

Type “C” tanksType “C” tanks

Cylindrical or SphericalCylindrical or Spherical Design pressure higher than 2 barDesign pressure higher than 2 bar For semi or fully pressurised carriersFor semi or fully pressurised carriers Designed and bult acc. with pressure Designed and bult acc. with pressure

vessel codesvessel codes No sec. Barrier is requiredNo sec. Barrier is required Hold space filled w. Inert gas or dry airHold space filled w. Inert gas or dry air

Type “C” tanksType “C” tanks

Fully pressurised ships:Fully pressurised ships: Pmax = 18 barPmax = 18 bar T = TatmT = Tatm

Semi-pressurised ships:Semi-pressurised ships: Pmax = 5 – 7 bar / vacum = 0.5 barPmax = 5 – 7 bar / vacum = 0.5 bar T = - 48 for LPG / - 104 for ethylene (for steel)T = - 48 for LPG / - 104 for ethylene (for steel) Ethylene carrier may be used to transport LPGEthylene carrier may be used to transport LPG

Difference In utilizat.

of ship space

Type “C” tanksType “C” tanks

Membrane tanksMembrane tanks

Not self supporting (supported through Not self supporting (supported through the insulation – inner hull)the insulation – inner hull)

Primary & secondary barrierPrimary & secondary barrier 2 companies (types):2 companies (types):

Gaz Transport membrane systemGaz Transport membrane system Technigaz membrane systemTechnigaz membrane system

Larger LNG carriersLarger LNG carriers Primary barrier (Invar: Primary barrier (Invar:

36% Ni / 0.2% C)36% Ni / 0.2% C) Perlite in plywood boxes Perlite in plywood boxes

(200 mm)(200 mm) Secondary barrier (Invar)Secondary barrier (Invar) Perlite in plywood boxes Perlite in plywood boxes

(200 mm)(200 mm)

Invar: Invar: • Low coeff.of Low coeff.of

thermal exp.thermal exp.• Thickness of 0.7 Thickness of 0.7

mm (new mm (new designs) designs)

Gaz Transport - membrana

Primary barrier SS Primary barrier SS 18 Ni / 10 Cr 1.2 18 Ni / 10 Cr 1.2 mmmm

Corrugated platesCorrugated plates Mark I – balsa wood Mark I – balsa wood

+ plywood + pvc + plywood + pvc connectionconnection

Mark III – PU foam Mark III – PU foam + triplex + + triplex + plywood boxesplywood boxes

Triplex = fiberglass Triplex = fiberglass cloth + aluminium cloth + aluminium laminate - barrierlaminate - barrier

Technigaz Mark III

Armatura tankaArmatura tanka

Pumpe za iskrcaj (2)Pumpe za iskrcaj (2) Pumpe za posušivanjePumpe za posušivanje Temperaturne sonde – po visiniTemperaturne sonde – po visini Senzori za mjerenje tlakaSenzori za mjerenje tlaka Mjerači razineMjerači razine Plovci za alarm visokog nivoaPlovci za alarm visokog nivoa Mjerači gustoće teretaMjerači gustoće tereta

Armatura 1.izolacijskog područjaArmatura 1.izolacijskog područja

Cjevovod razvoda dušika ili suhog zraka Cjevovod razvoda dušika ili suhog zraka (izolacijska područja pod pretlakom 3-5 mbar)(izolacijska područja pod pretlakom 3-5 mbar)

Aut.sig.ventili za ispust NAut.sig.ventili za ispust N22 ili CH ili CH44 u u slučaju proboja membraneslučaju proboja membrane

Cjevovodi za uzimanje uzorakaCjevovodi za uzimanje uzoraka Temperaturne sonde (više njih)Temperaturne sonde (više njih) Senzori za alarm u slučaju probojaSenzori za alarm u slučaju proboja

Armatura 2.izolacijskog područjaArmatura 2.izolacijskog područja

Cjevovod razvoda dušika ili suhog zrakaCjevovod razvoda dušika ili suhog zraka Aut.sig.ventili za ispust NAut.sig.ventili za ispust N22 ili CH ili CH44 u u

slučaju proboja 2. membraneslučaju proboja 2. membrane Cjevovodi za uzimanje uzorakaCjevovodi za uzimanje uzoraka Temperaturne sonde (više njih)Temperaturne sonde (više njih) Senzori za alarm u slučaju probojaSenzori za alarm u slučaju proboja Senzori za slučaj proboja vode iz balastaSenzori za slučaj proboja vode iz balasta

Semi-membrane tanksSemi-membrane tanks

• Primary barrier much thicker than Primary barrier much thicker than membranemembrane

• Large radius corners & flat sidesLarge radius corners & flat sides

• Self-supporting when empty (not in Self-supporting when empty (not in loaded condition)loaded condition)

• Several Japanese-built fully refrigerated Several Japanese-built fully refrigerated LPG LPG

Integral tanksIntegral tanks• Structural part of the ship’s hullStructural part of the ship’s hull

• Not allowed for carriage LG below -10 Not allowed for carriage LG below -10 00CC

• Some Japanese built for carriage of Some Japanese built for carriage of fully refrigerated butanefully refrigerated butane

• Integral tk-s w. Internal insulation Integral tk-s w. Internal insulation (fixed on inner hull or independent (fixed on inner hull or independent load-bearing surface) – up to -55 load-bearing surface) – up to -55 00C C (concept has not proved)(concept has not proved)

Insulation materialsInsulation materials

• Balsa Wood -------------- 0.05 W/mBalsa Wood -------------- 0.05 W/mooKK

• Mineral Wood ----------- 0.03 W/mMineral Wood ----------- 0.03 W/mooKK

• Perlite -------------------- 0.04 W/mPerlite -------------------- 0.04 W/mooKK

• Polystyrene ------------- 0.036 W/mPolystyrene ------------- 0.036 W/mooKK

• Polyurethane ----------- 0.025 W/mPolyurethane ----------- 0.025 W/mooKK

Insulation materials Insulation materials demandsdemands

• Low thermal conductivityLow thermal conductivity

• Ability to bear loadsAbility to bear loads

• Ability to withstand mechanical Ability to withstand mechanical damagedamage

• Light weightLight weight

• Compatible with cargo liquid or vaporCompatible with cargo liquid or vapor

ValvesValves

• Valves on pipelineValves on pipeline Relief (safety) valvesRelief (safety) valves Globe, gate, ball, butterfly – remotly operatedGlobe, gate, ball, butterfly – remotly operated

• Safety valves on tanksSafety valves on tanks Min. 2 valves on tanks greater than 20 mMin. 2 valves on tanks greater than 20 m33

spring loaded or pilot operatedspring loaded or pilot operated

• All must be compatible w. cargo and All must be compatible w. cargo and whitstand low temperature (SS)whitstand low temperature (SS)

Pilot-operated is Pilot-operated is used on any types used on any types of tanksof tanks

Spring-loaded is Spring-loaded is used on tanks used on tanks type “C” (under type “C” (under pressure)pressure)

Zahtjevi za konstrukcijuZahtjevi za konstrukciju

• ““Pump room” ne smije biti ispod Pump room” ne smije biti ispod gl.palubegl.palube

• Cjevovod se ne smije voditi ispod g.p.Cjevovod se ne smije voditi ispod g.p.• Cjevovod mora ići kroz “tank dome”Cjevovod mora ići kroz “tank dome”• Komp.stanica i stan.el. motora moraju Komp.stanica i stan.el. motora moraju

biti nepropusno odvojenibiti nepropusno odvojeni• ESD (Emergency Shut Down) – sistem za ESD (Emergency Shut Down) – sistem za

gašenje kompresora, zatv. ventila, gašenje kompresora, zatv. ventila, zaustavljanje pumpi – sa mosta, skale, zaustavljanje pumpi – sa mosta, skale, kompresorske stanice, CCR i Emergency kompresorske stanice, CCR i Emergency Control Station-a; i ako nestane Control Station-a; i ako nestane napajanja ili kod požara na tank domu.napajanja ili kod požara na tank domu.

Zahtjevi za konstrukcijuZahtjevi za konstrukciju

• Najmanje 2 sig. Ventila na tk-ovima Najmanje 2 sig. Ventila na tk-ovima većim od 20 mvećim od 20 m33 (manji od 20 m (manji od 20 m33 – dozv. 1 – dozv. 1 ventil)ventil)

• Redovita drenaža “vent risera” (voda Redovita drenaža “vent risera” (voda povećava tlak otvaranja)povećava tlak otvaranja)

• Ubrizgavanje inhibitora smrzavanja u Ubrizgavanje inhibitora smrzavanja u pumpe (metanol i sl.)pumpe (metanol i sl.)

• Grijači kod iskrcaja u topao tank na kraju, Grijači kod iskrcaja u topao tank na kraju, ili ukrcaja (npr. Propan se zagrijava od – ili ukrcaja (npr. Propan se zagrijava od – 45 na – 5 kako ne bi došlo do pucanja 45 na – 5 kako ne bi došlo do pucanja tankova, ako nisu prije pothlađeni)tankova, ako nisu prije pothlađeni)