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CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION

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Page 1: CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION · Seasonal Bee Inspector. Action : It is essential to keep the varroa mite infestation at a level which can be tolerated

CYMDEITHASGWENYNWYRCYMRU

WELSHBEEKEEPERS’ASSOCIATION

Page 2: CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION · Seasonal Bee Inspector. Action : It is essential to keep the varroa mite infestation at a level which can be tolerated

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Thetext,andassociatedimage,hasintentionallybeenkeptbrief,asitissolelytoenabletheidentificationofdisease.Shouldyouwishtolearnmoreaboutaparticularcondition,whereappropriate,alinkhasbeenprovidedtoenableadeeperstudyofthesubject.We’vetriedtocoverthediseasesandconditionsyouarelikelytocomeacross,wheninspectingyourhives.Wehopeyoufindthisreferenceuseful.TheManagementTeamWelshBeekeepers’Association.September2014

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TableofContentsHealthyBrood 1AmericanFoulbrood[AFB] 2EuropeanFoulbrood[EFB] 3BaldBrood 4Chalkbrood 5ChronicBeeParalysisVirus 6DeformedWingVirus 7DroneLayingQueen 8Nosema 9Varroa 10ParasiticMiteSyndrome 11Sacbrood 12

TableofFigures

Figure1:Healthyunsealedworkerbrood 1Figure2:Healthysealedworkerbrood 1Figure3:AFB-Fluiddrawnoutasastring 2Figure4:AFB-Scales 2Figure5:EFB-Infectedlarvae 3Figure6:BaldBrood–Incompletecapping&raisedlip 4Figure7:Chalkbrood 5Figure8:AdultbeesaffectedbyChronicBeeParalysisVirus 6Figure9:AdultbeesinfectedwithDeformedWingVirus 7Figure10:Dronebroodinworkercells 8Figure11:Nosemaspspores[x400magnification] 9Figure12:TheVarroadestructormiteonabee 10Figure13:ParasiticMiteSyndrome 11Figure14:Sacbrood-‘ChineseSlipper’ 12 AllimagesarecopyrightofFrankGellatly

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HealthyBroodItisimportantforallbeekeeperstobefamiliarwiththeappearanceof

healthyworkerbrood,inordertorecogniseabnormalitieswhichmay

indicatethepresenceofdisease.

UnsealedBroodHealthylarvaearepearlywhiteincolour.Theylieinadistinctive‘C’shape,

withthebodydividedintosegmentsalongitslength.

Figure1:HealthyunsealedworkerbroodSealedBroodThewaxcappingsonhealthyworkerbrood,aredrylookingandslightly

convex.Anevenbroodpattern,withfewemptycells,suggeststhequeenis

layingwellandthelarvaearedevelopingnormally.

Figure2:Healthysealedworkerbrood

Page 5: CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION · Seasonal Bee Inspector. Action : It is essential to keep the varroa mite infestation at a level which can be tolerated

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AmericanFoulbrood[AFB]

IfyoususpectoneofyourcoloniesisinfectedwithAmericanFoulbrood,you

areunderastatutoryobligationtoimmediatelynotifyaDefraBeeInspector.https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/public/Contacts/contacts.cfm

Causativeagent:Paenibacilluslarvae[asporeformingbacterium]

Description:AFBisadiseaseofthesealedbrood,whichcanappearpatchy,thecappingslookingsunken,greasyandperforated.Theaffectedlarvaedie,

becomingaformless,viscousslimewhichcanbedrawnoutasastring,

knownasthe‘ropetest’.

Figure3:AFB-FluiddrawnoutasastringThisfluidthendriestoform‘scales’whichadheretothelowercellwall,

whichthebeesareunabletoremove.

Figure4:AFB-ScalesFurtherReading:https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?sectionid=26

Action:• ColoniesinwhichAFBisconfirmedwillbeburnt,

• YoumaybeabletoclaimfromBeeDiseaseInsurance[BDI]http://www.beediseasesinsurance.co.uk/

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EuropeanFoulbrood[EFB]

IfyoususpectoneofyourcoloniesisinfectedwithEuropeanFoulbrood,you

areunderastatutoryobligationtoimmediatelynotifyaDefraBeeInspector.https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/public/Contacts/contacts.cfm

CausativeAgent:Melissococcusplutonius[anon-sporeformingbacterium]

Description:EFBisadiseaseofunsealedbrood,thelarvaedyingbeforethecellissealed.Theinfectedlarvamovesinsideitscell,adoptinganunnatural

attitude,becomesdiscoloured,losessegmentationandtakesonamelted

downappearance.Iteventuallyformsaremovablescale.

Figure5:EFB–Infectedlarvae

FurtherReading:https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?sectionid=26Action:

• ColoniesinwhichEFBisconfirmedwillbeburntiftheinfectionis

severe,ortreatedusingthe‘shookswarmtechnique’.

• YoumaybeabletoclaimfromBeeDiseaseInsurance[BDI]http://www.beediseasesinsurance.co.uk/

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BaldBrood

CausativeAgent:Notalwaysknown,howeverthemostcommonreasonis

infestationofbroodcombsbylesserwaxmothlarvae.Itcanalsobeagenetic

condition

Description:ColonieswithBaldBroodmayhavesmallpatchesoflive,

normallookingpupaeincellsthatareincompletelycapped.Thepartial

cappingoftenhasaraisedlipthatprotrudesfromthecomb.

Figure6:BaldBrood-incompletecapping&raisedlip.

FurtherReading:https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?pageid=201

Action:Normally,healthycoloniescansuppressinfestationsofthewax

moth.Removalofwaxmothlarvae,bythebeekeeper,mayhelptoreduce

theseverityoftheproblem.

Page 8: CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION · Seasonal Bee Inspector. Action : It is essential to keep the varroa mite infestation at a level which can be tolerated

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Chalkbrood

CausativeAgent:Ascosphaeraapis[afungus]

Description:ThelarvaediesasaresultofingestingAscosphaeraapis.Initiallythedeadlarvaearecoveredwithafluffygrowthandareswollento

thesizeofthecell.Laterthedeadlarvaedryintohard,shrunken,chalklike

‘mummies’whichmaybecomegreytoblack,withthebrownvestigialhead

stillinplace.Adultbeesremovemanyofthe‘mummies’,whichcanbeseen

atthehiveentrance.

Figure7:Chalkbrood

FurtherReading:https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?pageId=200

Action:ThereisnotreatmentavailableinBritain.Sterilisethehiveand

replacebroodframes,asthesporesmayremaininthehiveandcausere-

infection.Requeen.Somestrainsofbeesarelesssusceptible.

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ChronicBeeParalysisVirus

CausativeAgent:ChronicBeeParalysisVirus

Description:Thesymptomsofthisvirusappearonlyinadultbeesand

includethelossofbodyhair,blackcolouring,trembling,andtheinabilityto

fly.Theirparalyzedwingsareoftenheldatanunusualanglethatresembles

theletter“K.”

Figure8:AdultbeesaffectedbyChronicBeeParalysisVirus.

FurtherReading:https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?pageId=275

Action:Thereisnoactionthatcanbetaken.Thisisaviruswhichmayonly

affectsomebeesorcansweepthroughacolony,especiallyattimesof

overcrowdingorconfinement.Thecolonymaysuccumborrecover.

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DeformedWingVirus[DWV]

CausativeAgent:Deformedwingvirus(DWV)isthemainviraldisease

associatedwithVarroamiteinfestations.Mitesfeedingonlarvaearevery

effectivevectorsofDWV.

Description:Primarilyaffectingyoungbees,itcausesdistorted,misshapen,

twisted,orwrinkledwings.

Figure9:AdultbeesinfectedwithDeformedWingVirus.

FurtherReading:https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?pageId=275

Action:Treatwithavarroacide

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DroneLayingQueen

Cause:Aqueenwhohasbeenlayingnormally,andthenbeginstolayonly

droneeggs,islikelytobefailingbecauseshehasrunoutofspermdueto

poormating.

Description:Patchybrood,neglectedbroodanddronebroodinworkercells.

Figure10:Dronebroodinworkercells.

Action:Dronelayingqueensmayberemovedandreplacedwithahealthy

queen,orunitethecolonywithaqueenrightcolony.

Page 12: CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION · Seasonal Bee Inspector. Action : It is essential to keep the varroa mite infestation at a level which can be tolerated

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Nosema

CausativeAgent:Nosemaapis&Nosemaceranae[aMicrosporidianfungal

pathogen]

Description:Therearenooutwardsymptomsofthedisease,although

affectedcoloniescanshow‘springdwindling’,thefailuretobuildupas

expected.DysenteryisoftenassociatedwithNosemaapis,butisnotcausedbythepathogen,butasaresultoftheinfection.Thisresultsinthefoulingof

combs,ontopbarsoratthehiveentrance.

Figure11:Nosemaspspores[x400magnification]

FurtherReading:https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?pageid=191

Action:Thereisnomedicinaltreatment,althoughVitaclaimthattheirfeed

additive‘VitaGold’reducesthesporecountinbees’intestines.Instead,

beekeepersshouldmaintaintheircoloniesingoodhealth,applygood

husbandrypractices;suchasmaintainingstrong,wellfedanddisease

tolerantcolonies,headedbyyoungandprolificqueens.

Page 13: CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION · Seasonal Bee Inspector. Action : It is essential to keep the varroa mite infestation at a level which can be tolerated

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Varroa

CausativeAgent:Varroadestructor[amite]

Description:Mitepopulationscanbuildveryquickly.Themitetransmitsa

varietyofviruses,whichcanresultincolonycollapse.Thevirusestransmitted

includeDeformedWingVirus,AcuteBeeParalysisVirusandKashmirBee

Virus.

Figure12:TheVarroadestructormiteonabee

FurtherReading:ManagingVarroa–aFeraleafletavailablefromyour

SeasonalBeeInspector.

Action:Itisessentialtokeepthevarroamiteinfestationatalevelwhichcan

betoleratedbythebees.Mostbeekeepersmonitormitelevelsandusea

systemofIntegratedPestManagement.

Page 14: CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION · Seasonal Bee Inspector. Action : It is essential to keep the varroa mite infestation at a level which can be tolerated

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ParasiticMiteSyndrome

CausativeAgent:Varroadestructor[amite]

Description:Deadbroodinuncappedcells,andbroodthathasbeenchewedbythebeesinanattempttoremoveitfromthecomb.Deadlarvae,butno

livelarvaecanbeseenintheaccompanyingfigure,indicatingthatthebees

areunabletorearhealthybrood.

Figure13:ParasiticMiteSyndrome

FurtherReading:ManagingVarroa–aFeraleafletavailablefromyour

SeasonalBeeInspector.

Action:TostoptheonsetofParasiticMiteSyndrome,itisessentialtokeep

thevarroamiteinfestationatalevelwhichcanbetoleratedbythebees.

MostbeekeepersmonitormitelevelsanduseasystemofIntegratedPest

Management.

Page 15: CYMDEITHAS GWENYNWYR CYMRU WELSH BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION · Seasonal Bee Inspector. Action : It is essential to keep the varroa mite infestation at a level which can be tolerated

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Sacbrood

CausativeAgent:Sacbroodvirus

Description:Thediseasedlarvaefailtopupateanddieincellsthathavebeencapped,thecellcappingsareoftenperforated.Thelarvaedryoutfrom

afluidfilledsackwithitsheadupinthecell,toascalewhichresemblesa

‘ChineseSlipper’.

Figure14:Sacbrood-‘ChineseSlipper’

FurtherReading:https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?pageId=199

Action:Notreatmentisavailable.


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