CyanidesCyanides HCN; KCN; NaCNHCN; KCN; NaCN Solid or vaporsSolid or vapors Extremely toxic: arrest of intracellular breathingExtremely toxic: arrest of intracellular breathing

– KCN lethal dose 0,15 – 0,60 g (dose may depend on „freshness“)KCN lethal dose 0,15 – 0,60 g (dose may depend on „freshness“) Industry; Nature (some plants – manioc; yam; kernels of some Industry; Nature (some plants – manioc; yam; kernels of some

fruits)fruits) Ways of application: vapors (HCN); ingestion (KCN)Ways of application: vapors (HCN); ingestion (KCN) Symptoms of intoxication:Symptoms of intoxication:

– Big dose: death within few secondsBig dose: death within few seconds– Small dose: Small dose: burningburning and bitter taste in mouth; vomiting; difficult and bitter taste in mouth; vomiting; difficult

breathing; cramps, spasms; signs of cardiac failure; breathing; cramps, spasms; signs of cardiac failure; unconsciousness; deathunconsciousness; death

Autopsy findings:Autopsy findings:– Brightly red lividitiesBrightly red lividities– Typical smell of bitter almondsTypical smell of bitter almonds– General signs of suffocationGeneral signs of suffocation– Lesions of gastric mucosa: KCN+HLesions of gastric mucosa: KCN+H22O=KOH+HCNO=KOH+HCN

Medico legal implications: accident; suicide; homicideMedico legal implications: accident; suicide; homicide

MethanolMethanol

CHCH33OH; liquid; typical aromatic smell of an alcoholOH; liquid; typical aromatic smell of an alcohol Extremely toxicExtremely toxic Lethal dose: 30-100 gLethal dose: 30-100 g Ways of application: vapors, ingestionWays of application: vapors, ingestion Symptoms of intoxication:Symptoms of intoxication:

– Sniffing up: difficult speaking (whisper); pain in the throat; Sniffing up: difficult speaking (whisper); pain in the throat; tinnitus; difficult breathing; disorders of consciousness;tinnitus; difficult breathing; disorders of consciousness;

Medico-legal implications:Medico-legal implications:– AccidentAccident– SuicideSuicide– HomicideHomicide

NitritesNitrites

Nitric gases:Nitric gases:– Lethal dose about 0,4 g/lLethal dose about 0,4 g/l– Main symptoms: breathing disorders, pulmonary Main symptoms: breathing disorders, pulmonary

oedema,expectoration og haemorhagic sputumoedema,expectoration og haemorhagic sputum Solid compounds – anorganic or organic originSolid compounds – anorganic or organic origin

– Amylnitrite; nitrobenzene; nitrogylcerineAmylnitrite; nitrobenzene; nitrogylcerine– Lethal dose: quite high, different, may be 4-15 gLethal dose: quite high, different, may be 4-15 g– Symptoms of intoxication:Symptoms of intoxication:

general: difficulties in breathing, disorders of consciousness; general: difficulties in breathing, disorders of consciousness; perspiration; signs of suffocationperspiration; signs of suffocation

Autopsy findings:Autopsy findings:– Typical blue-gray lividities; methaemoglobinemiaTypical blue-gray lividities; methaemoglobinemia

ThaliumThalium

Metallic chemical elementMetallic chemical element Different chemical compounds: Different chemical compounds: fluorides, sulfites, fluorides, sulfites,

chlorides,iodideschlorides,iodides– Mainly used in industryMainly used in industry– Rat poison and ant killerRat poison and ant killer

Lethal dose: about 2 gLethal dose: about 2 g Ways of application: ingestionWays of application: ingestion Symptoms of intoxication:Symptoms of intoxication:

– Vomiting; cramps; unrest; diarrhea then constipation; renal Vomiting; cramps; unrest; diarrhea then constipation; renal failurefailure

Autopsy findings:Autopsy findings:– Not characteristicNot characteristic

Medico-legal implication:Medico-legal implication:– Accidents; it was abused for induction of abortionAccidents; it was abused for induction of abortion

ArsenicArsenic As; metalloid chemical elementAs; metalloid chemical element Inorganic and organic compoundsInorganic and organic compounds Used in industry in wood preservation; obsolete medicament Used in industry in wood preservation; obsolete medicament

(neoslavarsan)(neoslavarsan) Lethal dose: reduced (As (III) and oxidized (As (V) formsLethal dose: reduced (As (III) and oxidized (As (V) forms

– About 0,15-0,30 gAbout 0,15-0,30 g– Affect intracellular breathing, man enzymatic pathwaysAffect intracellular breathing, man enzymatic pathways

Ways of application: ingestionWays of application: ingestion Symptoms of intoxication:Symptoms of intoxication:

– Gastrointestinal form (acute)Gastrointestinal form (acute) Scrape in mouth, vomiting – later haemorhagicScrape in mouth, vomiting – later haemorhagic, , diarrhea – diarrhea –

signs of dehydratation; renal failuresigns of dehydratation; renal failure– Nerve form (chronic)Nerve form (chronic)

Metallic taste in mouth, nausea, diarMetallic taste in mouth, nausea, diarrrhhaae×constipatione×constipation Inflammatory changes on mucosa: stomatitis, skin Inflammatory changes on mucosa: stomatitis, skin

pigmentationpigmentation Neurological disordersNeurological disorders

Autopsy findings: Autopsy findings: – Gastrointestinal, liver and kidneys damageGastrointestinal, liver and kidneys damage

NicotineNicotine Alkaloid present in plants form Alkaloid present in plants form Solanacae Solanacae family – tobaccofamily – tobacco Most wide-spread abused drugMost wide-spread abused drug Content in tobacco is about 0,3-6 % Content in tobacco is about 0,3-6 % Lethal dose: 0,01-0,05 g (extract from one cigarette may lethal)Lethal dose: 0,01-0,05 g (extract from one cigarette may lethal) Symptoms of intoxication:Symptoms of intoxication:

– Activate sympathetic nervous system: salivation, nausea, vomitingActivate sympathetic nervous system: salivation, nausea, vomiting– CNS: irritationCNS: irritation

Ways of application:Ways of application:– SmokingSmoking– Chewing × ingestionChewing × ingestion

Autopsy findings:Autopsy findings:– Not characteristic, typical smell of tobacco from organs; signs of Not characteristic, typical smell of tobacco from organs; signs of

burning on mucosaburning on mucosa MedicoMedico--legal implication:legal implication:

– AccidentAccident– SuicideSuicide– HomicideHomicide

BarbituratesBarbiturates Organic substanceOrganic substance Large family of medicamentsLarge family of medicaments Barbiturates are classified as ultrashort-, short-, intermediate-, and Barbiturates are classified as ultrashort-, short-, intermediate-, and

long-acting, long-acting, Symptoms of intoxicationSymptoms of intoxication

– respiratory depression, lowered blood pressure, fatigue, fever, respiratory depression, lowered blood pressure, fatigue, fever, unusual excitement, irritability, dizziness, poor concentration, unusual excitement, irritability, dizziness, poor concentration, sedation, confusion, impaired coordination, impaired judgment, sedation, confusion, impaired coordination, impaired judgment, addiction, and respiratory arrest which may lead to death addiction, and respiratory arrest which may lead to death

Lethal dose: different, quite highLethal dose: different, quite high Autopsy findings:Autopsy findings:

– Not characteristic, general signs of suffocation, hyperemia, Not characteristic, general signs of suffocation, hyperemia, brain edemabrain edema

Medico-legal implication:Medico-legal implication:– Accident; Accident; – SuicidesSuicides– homicidehomicide

Warfare agentsWarfare agents Blood agentsBlood agents

– Cyanogen chlorideCyanogen chloride– Hydrogen cyanideHydrogen cyanide

Blister agentsBlister agents– LewisiteLewisite– Mustard gasMustard gas

Nerve agents: organophosphates blocking acetylcholinesteraseNerve agents: organophosphates blocking acetylcholinesterase– TabunTabun– SarinSarin– SomanSoman– SyclosarinSyclosarin

Novichok agentsNovichok agents Pulmonary agents:Pulmonary agents:

– ChlorineChlorine– ChloropicrineChloropicrine– PhosgenePhosgene– DiphosgenDiphosgen

Incapacitating agents:Incapacitating agents:– Agent 15Agent 15– EA: EA: is ais a glycolate anticholinergic compound related to atropine, scopolamine, glycolate anticholinergic compound related to atropine, scopolamine,

hyoscyamine, and other deliriants. hyoscyamine, and other deliriants. – Kolokol-1: opiate-derivedKolokol-1: opiate-derived

Riot control agentsRiot control agents– Pepper sprayPepper spray– CSgasCSgas

StrychnineStrychnine Alkaloid present in seeds from Alkaloid present in seeds from Strychnos nux vomica (Strychnos nux vomica (Strychnine Strychnine

tree)tree) Used as pesticide and rodenticideUsed as pesticide and rodenticide

– before in medicine as stimulantbefore in medicine as stimulant Extremely toxic: 0,03 – 0,05 gExtremely toxic: 0,03 – 0,05 g Ways of application:Ways of application:

– IngestionIngestion Symptoms of intoxication:Symptoms of intoxication:

– Unrest, dizziness, anxiety,Unrest, dizziness, anxiety,– Feelings of suffocationFeelings of suffocation– Convulsions, thirst but drinking is not possibleConvulsions, thirst but drinking is not possible– Death may occur immediately, but after a couple of days as wellDeath may occur immediately, but after a couple of days as well

Autopsy findings:Autopsy findings:– Not typical, except rigor mortis which is lasting longer then usuallyNot typical, except rigor mortis which is lasting longer then usually

Medico-legal implications:Medico-legal implications:– AccidentAccident– SuicideSuicide– Homicide: before, but not suitable because of extreme bitter tasteHomicide: before, but not suitable because of extreme bitter taste

InsecticidesInsecticides

1 Classes of agricultural insecticides 1 Classes of agricultural insecticides • 1.1 Organochlorine compounds 1.1 Organochlorine compounds • 1.2 Organophosphates 1.2 Organophosphates • 1.3 Pyrethroids 1.3 Pyrethroids • 1.4 Neonicotinoids 1.4 Neonicotinoids • 1.5 Biological insecticides 1.5 Biological insecticides

Mushrooms intoxicationMushrooms intoxication

Primary intoxication by mushroomsPrimary intoxication by mushrooms– Amanita - contains phalotoxins and amatoxinsAmanita - contains phalotoxins and amatoxins– Symptoms of intoxication: Symptoms of intoxication:

CNS - hallucinationsCNS - hallucinations GastrointestinalGastrointestinal Hepatic failureHepatic failure

– Lethal dose:Lethal dose: About one half of cap may be lethalAbout one half of cap may be lethal

Secondary intoxication:Secondary intoxication:– Bacterial contamination of non-toxic mushrooms prepared as Bacterial contamination of non-toxic mushrooms prepared as

foodfood

OpiumOpium Opium is mixture of alkaloids present in sap of immature seed Opium is mixture of alkaloids present in sap of immature seed

pops of pops of Papaver somniferum Papaver somniferum Composition:Composition:

– Morphine, narkoitn, papaverine, codeine, thebainMorphine, narkoitn, papaverine, codeine, thebain Most commonly abused drugMost commonly abused drug Derivatives: heroinDerivatives: heroin Ways of application:Ways of application:

– IngestionIngestion– SmokingSmoking

Symptoms of intoxication:Symptoms of intoxication:– CNSCNS

Autopsy findings:Autopsy findings:– Not characteristic, pinky red lividities, general signs of suffocations, Not characteristic, pinky red lividities, general signs of suffocations,

aspiration of gastric contentaspiration of gastric content Medico-legal implication:Medico-legal implication:

– AccidentAccident– SuicideSuicide– HomicideHomicide