cvj radiology by dr gaurav chauhan
TRANSCRIPT
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CRANIO-VERTEBRAL JUNCTION
DR. GAURAV CHAUHANDR. R. V. PHADKE
17.11.2015
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ANATOMICAL TOUR
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BONES AND JOINTS
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LIGAMENTSC1-OCCIPITAL OCCIPITO-C2 C1-C2
• ANTERIOR ATLANTO - OCCIPITAL MEMBRANE • APICAL LIGAMENT • ANTERIOR ATLANTO-
AXIAL LIGAMENT
• POSTERIOR ATLANTO- OCCIPITAL MEMBRANE • TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
• POSTERIOR ATLANTO-AXIAL LIGAMENT
• LATERAL ATLANTO- OCCIPITAL LIGAMENTS • ALAR LIGAMENT • TRANSVERSE
LIGAMENT
• CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
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TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT APICAL LIGAMENTPOSTERIOR ATLANTO
OCCIPITALMEMBRANE
ANTTERIOR ATLANTO OCCIPITALMEMBRANE
CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
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EMBRYOLOGY
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SCLEROTOME ORIGINS OF CVJ
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RADIOGRAPHIC VIEWS
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LATERAL VIEWLATERAL VIEW
• ALIGNMENT • ADI• PADI• POSTERIOR VERTEBRAL LINE• ANTERIOR VERTEBRAL LINE• SPINOLAMINAR LINE• PREVERTEBRAL SPACE• CRANIOMETRIC LINES
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OBLIQUE VIEWS
OBLIQUE VIEW• VERTEBRAL FORAMINA• FACET JOINTS
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OPEN MOUTH VIEWOPEN MOUTH VIEW
• ALIGNMENT OF DENS AND ATLAS • ALIGNMENT OF AXIS AND ATLAS • ATLANTO AXIAL DISTANCE• OVERHANGING ATLAS MARGINS ???• ATLANTO OCCIPITAL JOINT
AXIS ANGLE
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AP VIEWAP VIEW
• ALIGNMENT OF TRANSVERSE PROCESS• ALIGNMENT OF SPINOUS PROCESS• PEDICLES• SPRENGEL’S DEFORMITY
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DYNAMIC VIEWSDYNAMIC VIEWS
• FLEXION, NEUTRAL AND EXTENSION• CONTRAINDICATED IN UNSTABLE PT• ADI• PADI• SUBLUXATIONS
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IMAGING MODALITIES
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USG
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CT SCAN
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MRIMRI
• SOFT TISSUE• SPINAL CORD• BONES
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CRANIOMETRY
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BASILAR INVAGINATIONBASILAR IMPRESSIONPLATYBASIA
ANGLESLINES
WIDE RANGES
PAUCITY OF LITERATURE
CRANIAL SETTLING
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CHAMBERLEIN LINECHAMBERLEIN LINE• SHOULD NOT PROJECT ABOVE• 3 mm PERMITTED• ABOVE 7 mm ABNORMAL
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MC GREGORS LINE Mc GREGOR LINE
• DENS SHOULD NOT PROJECT ABOVE• PERMITTED LIMIT IS 6 TO 8 mm
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WAKENHEIM’s LINE AND ANGLE
WAKENHEIM’s LINE AND ANGLE• LINE SHOULD FALL TANGENT TO POSTERIOR ASPECT OF TIP OF DENS• IS FALLS POST = POST CRANIOCERVICAL DISSOCIATION AND VICE VERSA• ANGLE IF LESS THAN 150, SUSPECT CORD COMPRESSION• UPTO 150 IN FLEXION, UPTO 180 IN EXTENSION
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MCREE LINEMc REE LINE
• DENS SHOULD NOT PROJECT ABOVE• LOWER OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE LIE BELOW THIS LINE• LINE THROUGH DENS SHOULD PASS THROUGH ANT 1/3RD• NORMAL 19 to 34 mm• LESS THAN 20 mm = CORD COMPROMISE• MORE THAN 40 mm IN CHIARI
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HEIGHT INDEX OF KLAUSHEIGHT INDEX OF KLAUS• < THAN 30 = BASILAR IMPRESSION• 30 to 36 mm (TENDENCY)• AVERAGE 40 – 41 mm
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BOOGARD’S LINE AND ANGLE
BOOGARD’S LINE AND ANGLE
AVERAGE MAXIMUM MINIMUM122 135 119
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RANAWAT LINE• 15 mm IN MALE• 13 mm IN FEMALE• IF DECREASED THEN BI• CENTRE OF C2 PEDICLE TO LINE JOINING ANT. AND POST. ARCH OF ATLAS
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CLARK’S STATION• ANTERIOR ARCH SHOULD LIE IN STATION I• IF ANT ARCH LIES IN STATION II OR III, THEN BI
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REDLUND JONALL CRITERIA
• MGREGOR LINE AND DISTAL MARGIN OF C2• 34 mm IN MALES AND 29 mm IN FEMALES•IF LESS THAN THAT, THEN BI
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DIGASTRIC LINE
DIGASTIC LINE• LINE JOINING BILATERAL DIGASTRIC GROOVES• ATLANTO OCCIPITAL JOINT SHOULD BE 11 +/- 4 mm BELOW THIS LINE
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BIMASTOID LINE
BIMASTOID LINE• LINE JOINING BILATERAL MASTOID PROCESSES• TIP OF DENS SHOULD BE LESS THAN 10 mm ABOVE THIS LINE
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POWER’S RATIOPOWER’s RATIO
• < THAN 1 ALWAYS (NORMAL)• IF MORE THAN 1, SUSPECT ANT ATLANTO OCCIPITAL DISSOCIATION
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BULL’S ANGLEBULL’S ANGLE
• < THAN 10° (POSTERIOR ANGLE)• ANGLE B/N 10° AND 13° (TENDENCY FOR BI )• IF ANGLE MORE THAN 13° (BI)• HARD PALATE PLANE• ATLAS PLANE
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ADIATLANTO DENTAL
INTERSPACE• < THAN 5 mm IN CHILDREN• < THAN 3 mm IN ADULTS• DECREASED IN DJD• INCREASED IN DOWNs, ARTHROPATHIES, TRAUMA, GRIESEL, RA
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RULE OF 12BAIBDI
BAI
BDI
BAI AND BDI• BAI UPTO 12 mm• BDI UPTO 12 mm• IF MORE THAN 12mm , SUSPECT OCCIPITI -CERVICAL DISSOCIATION
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BASAL WECHLER ANGLEAVERA
GEMINIMU
MMAXIM
UM137 123 152BASAL WECHLER ANGLE
• NASION, TUBERCULUM SELLA AND BASION• IF MORE THAN 152 , PLATYBASIA• IF LESS THAN 123, KYPHOTIC SKULL• MAY OR MAY NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH BI
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POSTERIOR CERVICAL LINE
POSTERIOR CERVICAL LINE• LINE SHOULD BE CONTINOUS , SPINO LAMINAR JUNCTION JOINING• IF BREAKS, SUSPECT SUBLUXATION
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ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT AXIS ANGLE
ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT AXIS ANGLE
• NORMALLY 124 to 127 DEGREE• IF MORE THAN 180 DEGREE, SEVERE OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR HYPOPLASIA
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BONY ANOMALIES
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ATLANTO OCCIPITAL ASSIMILATION
PARTIAL FUSION
COMPLETE FUSION
COMPLETE FUSION
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PLATYBASIABASILAR INVAGINATION
PLATYBASIA
BASILAR INVAGINATION
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BASILAR ARTERY COMPRESSION BOW STRING DEFORMITY
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BASIOCCIPUT HYPOPLASIA
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CONDYLUS TERTIUS
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HYPOPLASTIC OCCIPITAL CONDYLE
FLAT ATLANTO OCCIPITAL JOINT AXIS ANGLE
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POSTERIOR ATLAS DEFECTS
A
B
C
D
E
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ANTERIOR ARCH OF ATLAS
SPLIT ATLAS
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AXIS
ABSENT DENS
ABSENT DENS HYPOPLASTIC DENS
BERGMANN’S
OS ODONTOIDEUM
OS ODONTOIDEUM
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AXISBERGMANN’S
OS ODONTOIDEUM
HYPOPLASTIC DENS
BIFID DENSI II III
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CONGENITAL LESIONS OF CVJ
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CHIARI 1
TONSILLAR HERNIATION
FM CROWDING
SYRINX
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CHIARI 2
TONSILLAR PLUS BRAINSTEMHERNIATION
MENINGOMYELOCELE
HYDROCEPHALOUS
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CHIARI 2
LEMON SIGN
BANANA SIGN
DANGLING CHOROID PLEXUS + HYDROCEPHALOUS
ANTENATAL USG
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“KLIPPEL FEIL SYNDROME”
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BLOCK VERTEBRAE
ATLANTO OCCIPITAL ASSIMILATION
ATLANTO OCCIPITAL ASSIMILATION
BLOCK VERTEBRAE
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WASP WAIST
SCOLIOSIS
BLOCK VERTEBRAE
OPEN SPINA BIFIDA
SPRENGEL’S DEFORMITY
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SPRENGEL’S DEFORMITY
SYRINX
HEMIVERTEBRA
CHIARI MALFORMATION
OMOVERTEBRAL BAR
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DOWN’S SYNDROME
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NORMAL
DOWN’S SYNDROME
INCREASED ADI
NARROW FORAMEN MAGNUM
AOI
AAI
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BDI
BAIPADI
POWER’R RATIO
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ACHONDROPLASIA
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LARGE CRANIAL VAULTSMALL SKULL BASEFLAT NOSEFRONTAL BOSSING
NARROW FORAMEN MAGNUM
NARROW FORAMEN MAGNUMSMALL CISTERNA MAGNACERVICOMEDULLARY KINKHIGH UP BRAIN STEM
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MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS
AAI
J SHAPED SELLA
FORAMEN MAGNUM NARROWING
DYSPLASTIC CONE SHAPED DENS
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ACQUIRED LESIONS OF CVJ
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RHEUMATOID
ARTHRITISDENS EROSION
DECREASED FACET JOINT SPACE PANNUS AROUND DENS
AADBONY EROSIONLATERAL TRANSLATION
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DENS EROSION AADDECREASED PADI BASILAR
INVAGINATION
DENS EROSION AXIS EROSION
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PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
OSTEITIS & ENTHESITIS OF DENS
BONE FORMATION AROUND DENS & AA JOINTAAI
ACCESSORY BONE FORMATIONFUSION OF ZYGOAPOPHYSEAL JOINTS
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DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE
OSTEOPHYTOSIS
OSTEOPHYTOSIS
DECREASED ADI
SCLEROSIS
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GOUT
DENS EROSION
CALCIFIED PSEUDOMASS
DUAL ENERGY CTCALCIUM = BLUEURATE = GREEN
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SUBLUXATIONS IN AS
AAD / AAI
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TRAUMATIC LESIONS
OF CVJ
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OCCIPITAL CONDYLE #“ANDERSON’S”
I
II
III
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ATLANTO OCCIPITAL INSTABILITY
ANTERIOR SUBLUXATION
↑ed BDI
POSTERIOR SUBLUXATION
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JEFFERSON’S
OVERHANGING LATERAL MASSES OF C1TYPICAL 4 PART #
2 PART #
> THAN 7 mm
INCREASED ADI, DECREASED PADI
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JEFFERSON’S FRACTURE
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JEFFERSON #
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STEELE’s RULE OF THIRDS
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# IN ARCH OF ATLAS
ANTERIOR
POSTERIORMORE COMMON
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RUPTURE OF TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
INCREASED ADI
INCREASED ADI INJEFFERSON’S #
OVERHANGING ATLAS MARGINS
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DICKMAN CLASSIFICATION
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ANDERSON AND D’ALONZO CLASSIFICATIONODONTOID #
III
III
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MACH EFFECT
FRACTURE ??? OPEN MOUTH VIEW
TOMOGRAMNO FRACTURE
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MACH EFFECT EXPLAINED !!!
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LEVINE AND EDWARD’S CLASSIFICATION
HANGMAN’S #
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THE FAT “C2” SIGNFRACTURE IN BODY OF C2
VERTEBRA
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LESIONS : BENIGN AND MALIGNANT
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VERTEBRAL ARTERYNORMAL HYPOPLASTIC APLASTIC
FENESTRATEDMEDIAL LOOPSTRECHED LOOP SIGN
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AT THE LEVEL OF ENTRY OF VERTEBRAL ARTERY IN FT OF ATLAS, MEDIAL EDGE OF FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM TO MIDLINE
AT THE LEVEL OF DENS TIP, SHORTEST DISTANCE OF DENS TO EITHER VERTEBRAL ARTERIES
AT THE LEVEL OF POSTERIOR ARCH OF ATLAS, MEDIAL EDGE OF VERTBRAL ARTERY TO MIDLINE
M3
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