CVEN 689CVEN 689Project Project

PresentationPresentationTim SchniedwindTim Schniedwind

Introduction to ProjectIntroduction to Project

Correlation Between Air Pollution Correlation Between Air Pollution and Population Density in and Population Density in Metropolitan AreasMetropolitan Areas

Target AreasTarget Areas New YorkNew York ChicagoChicago HoustonHouston Los AngelesLos Angeles

Air Pollution ResearchAir Pollution Research Covers Scale from Global Warming to Air inside Covers Scale from Global Warming to Air inside

HomesHomes Produced by Factories(point source), Cars(non point Produced by Factories(point source), Cars(non point

source),stoves etc…source),stoves etc…

Impacts of Air PollutionImpacts of Air Pollution

Local(near source) Impacts to Human Local(near source) Impacts to Human HealthHealth

As it disperses: Impacts to As it disperses: Impacts to EnvironmentEnvironment Acid RainAcid Rain Holes in the Ozone LayerHoles in the Ozone Layer Human Health issuesHuman Health issues

Importance for Urban Importance for Urban PlanningPlanning

Mass Transportation vs. Expanding Mass Transportation vs. Expanding Existing Highways or Building New Existing Highways or Building New onesones

Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl

Does More Spread Out = More Does More Spread Out = More PollutionPollution

Research Being done: Research Being done: TNRCCTNRCC

Ozone measurements for the Houston AreaOzone measurements for the Houston Area Speed Limit IssueSpeed Limit Issue

Air Pollution ModelsAir Pollution Models

Attempts to Calculate Air Pollution Attempts to Calculate Air Pollution in an Area based on sources of in an Area based on sources of emmission and estimated dispersion emmission and estimated dispersion and motion of ‘pollution’and motion of ‘pollution’

Project in Mendoza ArgentinaProject in Mendoza Argentina

Project GoalsProject Goals

Learn GISLearn GIS Produce at minimum a visual comparison Produce at minimum a visual comparison

containing:containing: Population Dot Density Maps for Each target Population Dot Density Maps for Each target

areaarea surface showing air pollution levels for several surface showing air pollution levels for several

pollutants (both average and maximum values)pollutants (both average and maximum values) Take more of a public policy approach Take more of a public policy approach

than scientific or engineering perspectivethan scientific or engineering perspective

Dot Density ExampleDot Density Example

Development PlatformDevelopment Platform

ArcMap (ArcInfo 8 line of products)ArcMap (ArcInfo 8 line of products)

Reasons:Reasons: Population Dot Density done Population Dot Density done

automatically, improved joins, other automatically, improved joins, other time saverstime savers

LocationLocation

Location: Location: Home vs. SchoolHome vs. School

Grad Students:

Open 9-5

Data Acquisition: Census Data Acquisition: Census DataData

www.census.govwww.census.gov Just .txt files, many per stateJust .txt files, many per state

www.Geographynetwork.comwww.Geographynetwork.com Census 2000 dataCensus 2000 data County, Tract, BlockCounty, Tract, Block Shapefile Data available on County Shapefile Data available on County

LevelLevel Tables with Census Data available on Tables with Census Data available on

Statewide LevelStatewide Level

EPA Air Pollution DataEPA Air Pollution Data

EPA Airs Monitoring SystemEPA Airs Monitoring System Yearly data 1994-1999Yearly data 1994-1999 Averages and Peak ValuesAverages and Peak Values Shapefile with monitoring locations Shapefile with monitoring locations

(.e00 format)(.e00 format) .dbf table containing the measurements .dbf table containing the measurements

for each monitoring locationfor each monitoring location

Airs LocationsAirs Locations

Airs LocationsAirs Locations

Los AngelesLos Angeles

HoustonHouston

AIRS ParametersAIRS Parameters

Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide NO2NO2 SO2SO2 O3(Ozone)O3(Ozone) PM10 (Particulate Matter > 10 PM10 (Particulate Matter > 10

microns)microns) Pb (lead)Pb (lead)

Airs Parameters ChosenAirs Parameters Chosen

Ozone(O3): Ozone(O3): formed when VOC’s react with NOx formed when VOC’s react with NOx

compounds in the presence of sunlight, compounds in the presence of sunlight, most common in summermost common in summer human health effectshuman health effects National Ambient Air Quality Standard:National Ambient Air Quality Standard:

1hour averaging period < .125 ppm1hour averaging period < .125 ppm

Airs Parameter Airs Parameter (continued)(continued)

PM 10:PM 10: Measurement of Particles > 10 micronsMeasurement of Particles > 10 microns Particles this size cannot enter lungsParticles this size cannot enter lungs 24 hours: <155mg/m324 hours: <155mg/m3

SO2:SO2: Sulfur dioxideSulfur dioxide .035ppm, hourly.035ppm, hourly

COCO Carbon Monoxide, Limit: 35.5 ppm 1hr. Carbon Monoxide, Limit: 35.5 ppm 1hr.

periodperiod

Methodology: Dot Density Methodology: Dot Density Diagrams Diagrams

Which data to use to generate Dot Which data to use to generate Dot Density Diagrams, County, Tract, or Density Diagrams, County, Tract, or Block?Block?

Shapefiles only available as Shapefiles only available as county .zip filescounty .zip files Necessitated selecting individual Necessitated selecting individual

counties that make up metropolitan counties that make up metropolitan areaarea

Tract or BlockTract or Block

Chicago Area TractsChicago Area Tracts

Dot Density StepsDot Density Steps Select Counties and Download Tract Select Counties and Download Tract

shapefiles(and associated files) as well as shapefiles(and associated files) as well as dbf containing census data on the tract leveldbf containing census data on the tract level

Merge(geoprocessing wizard) County Merge(geoprocessing wizard) County Layers together to form one layer containing Layers together to form one layer containing all the tracts in the “metropolitan area”all the tracts in the “metropolitan area”

Join Metropolitan Area layer with dbf file Join Metropolitan Area layer with dbf file containing Census Tract Datacontaining Census Tract Data

Use Symbology tab to Set Dot Density Use Symbology tab to Set Dot Density Parameters (simlar to legend in ArcView)Parameters (simlar to legend in ArcView)

Dot Density ExampleDot Density Example Houston Area, Each Dot Represents 150 peopleHouston Area, Each Dot Represents 150 people

Dot Density ChicagoDot Density Chicago Each Dot represents 750 people (computational reasons)Each Dot represents 750 people (computational reasons)

Methodology: Creating a Methodology: Creating a SurfaceSurface

Create a New Table of Monitor Create a New Table of Monitor Values taking out values for years Values taking out values for years prior to 1999prior to 1999 Reason: So Join will not introduce Non Reason: So Join will not introduce Non

Uniform DatesUniform Dates Use “Select by Attributes” and “Export” Use “Select by Attributes” and “Export”

from the table options menufrom the table options menu Join Table with Shapefile of monitor Join Table with Shapefile of monitor

location pointslocation points

Methodology continuedMethodology continued

Trim out those stations that don’t Trim out those stations that don’t measure pollution levels for the measure pollution levels for the particular surface being createdparticular surface being created

Use Spatial Analyst (inverse Use Spatial Analyst (inverse distance weighting) to Interpolate A distance weighting) to Interpolate A Grid from Monitor Point dataGrid from Monitor Point data

Inverse Distance Inverse Distance WeightingWeighting

Method used for filling in surface Method used for filling in surface based on values collected at based on values collected at measuring stationsmeasuring stations

Part of the Spatial Analysis PackagePart of the Spatial Analysis Package IDW assumes things that are closer IDW assumes things that are closer

together are more alike. together are more alike. Gives higher weighting to those Gives higher weighting to those

points that are closer to the location it points that are closer to the location it is calculatingis calculating

Surface ExampleSurface Example Houston, Ozone Max 1 Hr Values:Houston, Ozone Max 1 Hr Values:

(.125> violates federal regulations)(.125> violates federal regulations)

Future PlansFuture Plans

Pull Everything Together so that it Pull Everything Together so that it can be analyzed Visuallycan be analyzed Visually

Draw ConclusionsDraw Conclusions

Numerical Analysis?Numerical Analysis?

QuestionsQuestions

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