CV - Alan Fuchs

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 E-mail: afuchs@unr.edu, Phone: 775-327-2227.

Education Ph.D. Chemical Engineering, Tufts University, 1996. M.S. Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, 1979. B.E. Chemical Engineering, Cooper Union School of Engineering, 1977. Professional Experience Chair, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, January 2010 – Present. Associate Professor, University of Nevada, Reno, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, July 2004 – Present. Assistant Professor, University of Nevada, Reno, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Sept. 1998 – July 2004. Adjunct Professor, University of Detroit Mercy, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Assistant Director, Center of Excellence in Environmental Engineering and Science, Sept. 1995-Aug. 1998. R&D Group Leader, Rohm and Haas Inc. (Romicon Subsidiary), Woburn, Mass., 1979-1991. Synergistic Activities ●Included undergraduate and high school students in research projects, recruited at local high schools, worked with Washoe County Gifted and Talented H.S Students. ●National AIChE, working on programming with Institute of Sustainability. ●Northern California AIChE, Sierra Section Director, organized speakers and presentations. Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Fellows Malcolm Wilson, M.S.ChE, Shuo Peng, Ph.D., Mei Xin, M.S.ChE, Ben Hu, Ph.D ChE, Kevin Trembath, Ph.D. ChE., Yuyi Shen, M.S.ChE, Manohar Nekkanti, M.S.ChE, Qi Zheng, M.S.ChE, Beril Kavlicoglu, M.S. ChE , Jake Elkins, M.S. ChE, Joko Sutrisno, M.S. ChE, Anu Adibathla, M.S. ChE, Irawan Pramudya M.S., Joko Sutrisno Ph.D., Adelia Lafeif, M.S.(candidate). Graduate Advisors Ph.D.: Dr. Nakho Sung, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts M.S.: Dr. Richard Heist, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

Honors and Awards – Alan Fuchs, Ph.D. 9. University of Nevada, Reno – Faculty Senator – 2015-2017 8. AIChE, Career and Education Operating Council – 2015-2017. 7. UNR Chair, Chemical and Materials Engineering – 2010-2015. 6. AIChE National – Summer, Fall 2009 – Asked to work with Institute of Sustainability to develop national competition for Chemical Engineering / Entrepenuership. 5. AIChE Nor Cal (Northern California Section) – June 2007 – May 2010 – Sierra Sub-section Director. 4. Electrochemical Society (ECS) – Graduate Student Poster Award – 2nd Place (Anu Adibalthla, Joko Sutrisno) – Mentor-2010. 3. UNR Senior Scholar Mentor – 2006 2. WERC Environmental Design Competition– Design Project Award Winners – Mentor – Multiple Years. 1. Northern California (NorCal) AIChE – Undergraduate Student Paper Competition – 3Rd Place – Mentor- May 2009.

•Total Publications – 40 •Book Chapters – 2 2)Fuchs, A. and Peng, S., “ Novel Materials and Processes for Pollution Control in the

Mining Industry”, book chapter in “Handbook of Pollution Control and Waste Minimization”, Ghassemi, A., Editor, Marcel Dekker Publisher, 2001.

1)Fuchs, A. and Sung, N.H., Epoxy / Fiber Interphase Monitoring Using A Sapphire Optical Fiber For Evanescent Wave Fluorimetry - Instrumentation And Methods - Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces, book chapter, Ed. L. Mittal, Published by I.V.S.P. Midland, p.345-374, 1996.

•Papers in peer reviewed journals – 35. 35) J Sutrisno, I Pramudya, X Aerken, Surface grafting of poly (pentafluorostyrene) on

the iron and iron oxide particles via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 134, Iss. 25, 2017, DOI 10.1002/app44898.

34) Behrooz, M., Sutrisino, J., Zhang, L., Fuchs,A., Gordaninejad,F., “Behavior of Magnetorheological Elastomers”, Smart Materials and Structures, Volume 24, No. 3 (2015).

33) Patel, J., Evrensel, C., Fuchs, A., Sutrisno, J., “Laser Irradiation of Ferrous Particles for Hyperthermia as Cancer Therapy, a Theoretical Study”, Lasers Medical Science, 2014, DOI:10.1007/s10103-014-1618-0.

32) Sutrisno, J., Fuchs, A., Evrensel, C., “Synthesis and Characterization of Surface-Grafted Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(carboxylic acid)-Iron Particles via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Biomedical Applications”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2013. DOI:10.1002/app.40176.

31) Pramudya I, Sutrisno J, Fuchs A, Kavlicoglu B, Sahin H, and Gordaninejad F, “Compressible Magnetorheological Fluid using Composite Polyurethane-Microspheres”, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2013. DOI = 10.1002/mame.201200156.

30) Sutrisno, J., Pramudya, I., Latief, A., Hanbury, R., and Fuchs, A., “Composite Membrane of Zirconium Sulfate-Poly(Ether Sulfone Quinoxalines) for Hydrogen and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells”, Electrochemical Society Transactions, volume 45, issue 23, pages 59-71. 2013, DOI:10.1149/04523.0059ecst.

29) Sutrisno, J., Pramudya, I., and Fuchs, A.,”Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Ether Sulfone Quinolines) and Its Blends for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells”, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 2012.

28) Sutrisno J, and Fuchs A, Sahin H, and Gordaninejad F, “Surface Coated Iron Particles via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) for Thermal–Oxidatively Stable High Viscosity Magnetorheological Fluid (HVMRF)”, J. App. Pol. Sci., 2012. DOI: 10.1002/APP.38199.

27) Bouchlaka MN, Sckisel GD, Wilkins D, Maverakis E, Monjazeb AM, Fung M, Welniak L, Redelman D, Fuchs A, Evrensel CA, Murphy JM, Mechanical Disruption of Tumors by Iron Particles and Magnetic Field Application Results in

Increased Anti-Tumor Immune Responses, 2012, PLoS ONE 7(10): e48049. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048049.

26) Behrooz, M., Sutrisno, J., Wang, X. Fyda, R., Fuchs, A., Gordaninejad, F.,”A New Isolator for Vibration Control”, Proceedings SPIE, Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems – 2011. DOI: 10.1117/12.881871.

25) Sutrisno, J., Pramudya, I., and Fuchs, A., “Synthesis and Preparation of Composite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells from Poly(Ether Ketone Quinolines)-Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Blend and Nafion with Non- and Surface Coated Silicotungstic Acid”, Electrochemical Society Transactions, volume 35, issue 12, pages 21-31, 2011. DOI: 10.1149/1.3643485.

24) Bouchlaka, M., Wilkins, D., Fuchs, A., Evrensel, C., and Murphy, W., “Mechanical Disruption of the Primary Tumor Using Magnetic Beads Inhibits Metastasis of Breast Cancer”, The Journal of Immunology, 2010, 184, 100.24.

23) Fuchs,A., Rashid, A., Liu, Y., Kavlicoglu, B., Sahin, H., Gordaninejad. F, .“Compressible Magnetorheological Fluids”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 115, iss. 6, March 15, 2010, pp. 3348 – 3356.

22) Fuchs,A., Joko Sutrisno, Faramarz Gordaninejad, Mert Bahadir Caglar, Liu Yanming, “Surface polymerization of iron particles for magnetorheological elastomers”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Volume 117, Issue 2, pages 934–942, 15 July 2010.

21) Smith, Y.R.; Fuchs, A.; Meyyappan, M. Industrial scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes via fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition: a senior design project. Chem. Eng. Ed., 44 (2), 2010

20) Fuchs, A., Sutrisno, J., Gordaninejad, F., Caglar, M., and Liu,Y, Surface Polymerization of Iron Particles for Magnetorheological Elastomers (MREs), Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 17 September 2009.

19) Wang, X., Gordaninejad, F., Caglar, M., Liu, Yanming, Sutrisno, J., and Fuchs, A.,“Sensing Behavior of Magneto-Rheological Elastomers,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 131, pp.24-29, Sept. 2009.

18) Kavlicoglu B.M., Gordaninejad F., Evrensel C.A., Liu Y., Kavlicoglu N., Fuchs A., “Heating of a High-Torque Magneto-rheological Fluid Limited Slip Differential Clutch,” Journal of Intelligent Materials and Systems, v 19, n 2, p 235-241, 2008.

17)Fuchs, A. Zhang, Q., Gordaninejad, F., and Evrensel, C.A, “Development and Characterization of Magnetorheological Elastomers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 2497-2308, 2007.

16)Hu, B., Fuchs, A., Gordaninejad, F. and Evrensel, C., "Nanostructured and Surface Polymerized Iron Particles for Magnetorheological Fluids", International Journal of Modern Physics B (IJMPB), Vol 21, Numbers 28-29, pp. 4819-4824, November 10, 2007.

15)Aydar, G. Evrensel, C.A, Gordaninejad, F., Fuchs, A., “A Low Force Magneto-Rheological (Mr) Fluid Damper: Design, Fabrication And Characterization” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol 18, Number 12, pp. 1155-1160, December 2007.

14)Ozcan, S., Evrensel, C.A, Pinsky, M, Fuchs, A., “Dynamic Simulation of Pressure Driven Flow Fluids with Suspended Ferrous Particles in a Micro Channel under

Magnetic Field”, International Journal of Modern Physics B (IJMPB), Vol 21, Numbers 28-29, pp. 4890-4897, November 10, 2007.

13)Sahin, H., Liu Y., Wang, X.., Gordaninejad, F. Evrensel C.A., Fuchs, A., “Full-Scale Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers For Heavy Vehicle Rollover”, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol 18, Number 12, pp. 1161-1167, December 2007.

12)Kavlicoglu, N. C., Kavlicoglu, B. M., Liu, Y., Evrensel, C., Fuchs, A., Korol, G. and Gordaninejad, F., “Response Time and Performance of a High-Torque Magneto-Rheological Fluid Limited Slip Differential Clutch,” Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 16, pp. 149-159, Jan. 2007

11)Kavlicoglu, B. M., Gordaninejad, F., Evrensel, C., Fuchs, A., and Korol, G., “A Semi-Active Magnetorheological Fluid Limited Slip Differential Clutch,” ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 128, No. 5, pp. 604-610, 2006.

10)Hu, B,. Fuchs, A., Huseyin, S., Gordaninejad, F., and Evrensel, C., “Atom Transfer Radical Polymerized MR Fluids”, Polymer, volume 47, issue 22, October 18, 2006, p.7653-7663.

9)Hu, B,. Fuchs, A., Huseyin, S., Gordaninejad, F., and Evrensel, C., “Supramolecular Magnetorheological Polymer Gels”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, volume 100, issue 3, May 5, 2006, p.2464-2479.

8)Fuchs, A., Hu, B., Gordaninejad, F., Evrensel, C., "Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetorheological Polyimide Gels", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 98, Issue 6, Dec. 15, 2005, pp. 2402-2413.

7)Fuchs, A., Xin, M., Gordaninejad, F., Wang, X., Hitchcock, G., Gecol, H., Evrensel, C., Karol, G., “Development and Characterization of Novel Magneto-Rheological Polymeric Gels”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Volume 92, Issue 2, 15 April 2004, p. 1176-1182.

6)Peng, S, Fuchs, A., Wirtz, R., "Polymeric Phase Change Composite for Thermal Energy Storage", Journal of Applied Polymer Science , Volume 93, Issue 3, 5 August 2004, p. 1240-1251.

5)Gecol, H., Ergican, E., Fuchs, A., "Molecular Level Separation of Arsenic (V) from Water Using Cationic Surfactant Micelles and Ultrafiltration Membrane", Journal of Membrane Science, volume 241, p. 105-119, 2004.

4) Fuchs,A., Xin ,M., Gordaninejad, F.,Wang, X., and Hitchcock ,G., Gecol, H., Evrensel, C., Karol, G., “Development and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Polyol Polyurethanes and Silicone Magneto-rheological Polymeric Gels”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004.

3)Wilson, M., Fuchs, A., Gordaninejad, F. - “Development and Characterization of Magnetorheological Polymer Gels”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 84, no.14, p. 2733-2742, June 28, 2002.

2)Peng, S. and Fuchs, A., “Transport Modeling and Thermophysical Properties of Cellular Poly(urethane-isocyanurate)”, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 41, no.3,p.484-491, March 2001.

1)Peng, S., Jackson, P., Sendijarevic, V., Frisch, K., Prentice, G.A. and Fuchs, A., “Process Monitoring and Kinetics of Rigid Poly (urethane-isocyanurate) Foams”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 77, no.2, p. 374-380, July 11, 2000.

•Peer Reviewed Conference Abstracts – 3 3)J. Sutrisno, I. Pramudya, A. Latief, R. Hanbury and A. Fuchs, “Composite Membrane

of Zirconium Sulfate -Poly(Ether Sulfone Quinoxalines) for Hydrogen and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells”, ECS 2012..

2)Sutrisno J, Pramudya I, and Fuchs A, “Synthesis and Preparation of Composite

Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells from Poly(Ether Ketone Quinolines)-Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Blend and Nafion with Non- and Surface Coated Silicotungstic Acid”, ECS Trans. 2011;35:21.

1)Sutrisno, J., and Fuchs, A., “Surface Modification of Heteropolyacids (HPAs) for

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)”, ECS Trans. 28 (27), 1 (2010).

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Research Statement Scholarly Research Achievements With twelve years of experience as a practicing chemical engineer, I believe that I bring a unique perspective to the School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University. My area of research is polymer science and engineering. As chemical engineers, we have a unique way of approaching problems, which I have found to be ideal for solving problems in polymer materials. Our emphasis is on thermodynamics, transport processes, reaction kinetics, and design, all principles which underlay the development of novel polymeric materials. There are many polymer science and engineering centers of excellence across the country. Two well known programs are at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and Penn State University. Concepts of polymer science and engineering have become sufficiently important to the field of chemical engineering that any respectable department should include this expertise. Our group is ideally positioned to take the lead in this emerging area at UNR. Ultimately, there will be faculty from chemistry, physics, and the engineering departments involved in this interdisciplinary effort. Other emerging areas which relate to this field are: nanotechnology, biomaterials and environmentally sustainable materials. The following are the research areas that I have been involved with at UNR. Energy My group has been working on the development of membranes for three novel membrane separation processes. One application area is proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. We are developing supramolecular polymers which are phase separated due to hydrophobic / hydrophilic interactions, which facilitate proton transport anisotropically. This is shown schematically in Figure 1. A proposal has been funded by DOD EPSCoR for novel proton exchange membranes (PEM’s). Another application is membrane distillation which is based on polyvinylidene fluoride

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(PVDF) membranes which are very solvent resistant fluorinated polymers. A pervaporation membrane is also being developed based on polytetramethylsilylpropyne (PTMSP). A variety of different membrane formulations have been investigated and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy. We have received three grants in this area: NSF STTR, DOE NSWEP and DOD EPSCoR. During the new few years we anticipate that we will move into the battery area. Biopolymers / Biomedical Applications Work in the area of biopolymers has included the development of supramolecular materials for drug release. We are currently synthesizing a modified version of poly (N-IPAAm-co-AAm) which is a biocompatible polymer. This work has been supported by Nevada NanoVentures Inc. Another area is the development of elastomers with properties similar to the human artery and conformable polymers for catheter devices. Industrial support has been awarded by Target Theraputics, division of Boston Scientific, Fremont, CA. In the area of magnetic fluids for cancer therapy work has started with, Dr. Cahit Evrensel and Dr. Faramarz Gordaninejad, Mechanical Engineering and Dr. William Murphy, now at the University of California, Davis. We have received DOD funding in this area. Figure 2 shows polymer surface treated iron particles for cancer therapy.

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Intelligent Materials A relatively new area for chemical engineers is the development of magnetic fluids. This research involves the use of polymeric materials to modify the properties of carrier fluids and particle surfaces. A novel magnetorheological fluid, which my group has developed, called magnetorheological polymer gels (MRPG) has been designed to provide high yield stress, controlled viscosity, minimal settling, wear and corrosion of devices. Compressible MR fluids are shown in Figure 3. Another approach which is currently under investigation is the use of hybrid nanomaterials to further enhance the properties of the MRPG. My group has been working in this area for 9 years in

collaboration with Dr. Faramarz Gordaninejad and Dr. Cahit Evrensel in Mechanical Engineering, who do device development, process control and non-Newtonian fluid mechanics modeling. I am lead a project in this area supported by Northrop Grumman and Nevada’s Applied Research Initiative. Recent developments have been related to magnetorheological elastomers. Other projects which in collaboration with mechanical engineering include: National Science Foundation Infrastructure Grant, Visteon Corp. (previously Ford Motor Co.) and a DOD- Army Research Office project. The UNR Technology Transfer Office has elected to pursue intellectual property rights relating to this technology. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is being applied in nearly every area of our research. This includes supramolecular biopolymers for drug release, nanostructured magnetic fluids, and directional proton exchange membranes. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the primary instrument used to characterized these supramolecular structures. A seed grant has been received as part of the National Science Foundation Infrastructure Grant for “Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric / Nanoparticle Magneto-rheological Fluids for Microchannel Flows”. This technology which incorporates both supramolecular

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polymers which modify the interface of the magnetic particles and the rheology of the carrier fluid and nanometer and micron sized magnetic particles. Dr. Cahit Evrensel, Mechanical Engineering and Dr. Mark Pinsky, Mathematics are investigating flow in microchannels and Dr. Pradip Bhowmic, UNLV, Chemistry, is synthesizing liquid crystal polymers. Figure 4 shows “hairy structured” polymer surface coatings applied to particles. Novel Polymeric Composites for Thermal Energy Storage This area of research relates to the development of polymeric materials for thermal control of electronic devices such as laptops and workstations. This research involves the design and development of new routes to high thermal conductivity composites containing phase change materials. High thermal conductivity graphite foam is used as a support for the phase change materials. This graphite foam has a thermal conductivity higher than any known material, other than diamond. Its conductivity is 5-10 times higher than metal foams with similar porosity. Graphite/polymer composites are also used to encapsulate the graphite core and phase change materials. Polymer composite characterization is done by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). My group worked in this area for 2 years in collaboration with faculty in Materials Science and Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. These collaborations have led to an industry funded project by Intel Corp. and a DOD – Air Force Research Labs project. Grants from Industry I have received two grants from Northern Nevada companies. TRW Inc., Reno, NV, awarded a seed grant to carry out dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) studies on the polymeric material that they use as a binder for their propellants which are used in automotive air bags. Taiyo America, Inc, in Carson City, NV, awarded a seed grant for some differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) work that was done to characterize the polymeric photoresists that are used on their circuit boards. I am also working with other companies in Northern Nevada to build collaborations for future projects. These companies include Microflex, Metech and Speed Control.

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Collaboration with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory We have been working for two years in collaboration with Dr. Frank Svec, Molecular Foundary, Organic Nanomaterials, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. We are working on the development of novel methodologies for polymer molecular weight determination using MALDI-MS. They have indicated an interst in working with us on materials development and provided letters of support for NSF proposals. Sub-Contracts from Other Universities I have also received a seed grant from Arizona State University to carry out research in the area of dynamic mechanical properties of abrasive materials for silicon wafer polishing. This award indicates that we are becoming known for our polymer research in the larger western regional setting. Pedagogical Research Achievements I have provided a detailed description of my pedagogical activities in the attached teaching portfolio. Having 12 years of industrial experience, I believe that I also bring a unique style of teaching to UNR. I am able to give my students insight to real world experiences that I encountered in industry. I also have an understanding of the scientific and technological issues that our students will face as they enter industry. I emphasize an engineering science approach in selecting classroom content. I am committed to incorporation of the most advanced teaching methods including active learning and cooperative methods. I am also dedicated to introducing the newest computer technologies and software into the classroom. During the last 4 years we have developed excellent collaborations with: Genentech, NASA and Sierra Nevada Brewery on senior design projects. These provide a great opportunity for our students to work with world class companies and organizations of design related projects. Service to the Chemical Engineering Community I have been involved in numerous activities of interest to the chemical engineering community. I have been active in service to the Chemical Transport Systems Division of the National Science Foundation. I have attended one proposal panel review, one workshop, and done two external reviews. I have attended the last three annual conferences of the American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE). I have served as Sierra Section Director and the NorCal AIChE and I am now working with the National AIChE Institute for Sustainablity on the development of a chemical engineering / entrepreneurial competition.

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Grant Related Activities: Principal Investigator - $ 1,856,000 • Alan Fuchs, Sage Hiible, Barrick Gold Corporation - “Microfiltration / Ultrafiltration Water Treatment”, $15,000, 2015. • Alan Fuchs, James Murphy, Mo Ahmadian, Joko Sutrisno , Kappes / Cassidy - “Refractory Heat Exchanger Coatings”, $72,000, 2012-14. • Alan Fuchs, Hongfei Lin, Mo Ahmadian , GE Energy – “Sulfur Permeability Test in Potting Compound Enclosure”, $64,443, 2013-14. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Evrensel, C., (Co-PI) and Gordaninejad, F., (Co-PI) , "Supramolecular Proton Exchange Membranes for Compact Fuel Cells," DEPSCoR, Army Research Office, $400,000 Plus $200,000 matching fund, 2009-2012. DEPSCoR funded 25 project nationally, only one project from Nevada received funding. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Gordaninejad, F. (co-PI) and Evrensel, C. (co-PI), DOE Nevada Renewable Energy Center, “Nanocomposite Proton Exchange Membranes”, $350,000 (4/2008 - 1/2010). •Fuchs, A. (PI), “Compressible Magnetorheological Fluids”, AMAD Inc. / NSF, ($75,000), 2009-2010. •Fuchs, A. (PI), “Magnetorheological Elastomers”, AMAD Inc. / DOD, ($100,000), 2009-2011 •Fuchs, A. (PI), Compressible MR Fluids, AMAD / NSF STTR, $71,000, (ARI – applied for $50,000), 1/1/07 – 12/31/07. •Fuchs, A.(PI), DOE / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory”, “Characterization of Poly N-Isopropylacrylamide Hydrogels”, 2008. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Evrensel C.A. (Co-PI), Supramolecular Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells, AMAD Inc., NSF STTR project, $100,000 ($50,000 from ARI), 2005-2006. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Evrensel, C.(co-PI), NSF STTR, "Supramolecular Nanocomposite Proton Exchange Membrane" (Partnership with AMAD, Inc.), $50,000, July 1, 2005- June 30, 2006. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Evrensel, C. (co-PI), Gecol, H.(co-PI), Bhowmik, P.(co-PI), Pinsky, M.(co-PI), NSF Infrastructure, Seed Grant Proposal, “Synthesis and Characterization of

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Polymeric / Nanoparticle Magneto-rheological Fluids for Microchannel Flows”, $44,000, Jan. 30, 2003 - 2005. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Evrensel, C. (co-PI), AMAD Inc. (contract from U.S. Navy), “Magnetorheological Elastomers”, $90,000, July 2003- 2005. •Fuchs, A. (PI) and Evrensel, C. (co-PI), AMAD Inc. (contract from Northrop Grumman), “Magnetorheological Elastomers”, 6/2004- 3/2005 - $9,000. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Gecol, H., Whiting, W., "Capstone Senior Design - Supramolecular Proton Exchange Membranes", EPA, $10,000, Sept. 2004 - May 2005. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Evrensel, C. (co-PI), "A Novel Compressible Magneto-Rheological (CMR) Fluid", AMAD Inc. (contract from Army Research Office), $33,000, 10/15/03-6/14/04. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Nevada Nanoscience Ventures, “Drug Release Using Micro / Nano Polymers”, September 2002, $13,500. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Gordaninejad, F. (co-PI) and Evrensel, C. (co-PI), Northrup Grumman Corp., “Magnetorheological Elastomers”, 6/2002-5/2003, $20,000. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Gordaninejad, F. (co-PI) and Evrensel, C. (co-PI), State of Nevada, Applied Research Initiative., “Magnetorheological Elastomers”, 6/2002-5/2003, $14,000. •Fuchs, A. (PI), Speed Control (2002), “Low Friction Polymeric Materials”, $1,000. . •Fuchs, A. (PI), Arizona State University, Subcontract (2001), “Characterization of Polymeric Polishing Pads”, $6,500. •Fuchs, A.(PI), Junior Faculty Research Award, UNR (2000),”Development of

Biopolymers” , $10,000. •Fuchs, A. (PI), TRW Inc.(2000), “Characterization of Polymeric Binders”, $2,500.

•Fuchs, A. (PI), Taiyo America(1999), “ Characterization of Polymer Thin Films”

$2,500. Co-Principal Investigator - $ 2,770,909 •Gorrdaninejad, F. (PI), Wang Xiaojie, (Co-PI), and Fuchs, A. (Co-PI), "A New Passive-Active Isolator," NSF, MR Elastomers for Vibration Isolation, ($200,000), 2009-2011. •Evrensel C.A. (PI), Gordaninejad, F. (Co-PI), Fuchs, A. (Co-PI), Immunotherapy with Magnetorheologic Fluids, ($171,680), DOD CDMRP , 2009-2011.

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•Gordaninejad. F. (PI), Fuchs, A. (Co-PI), NSF, Magnetorheological Elastomer Sensors and Magnetorheological Grease ($196,000), 2006-2007.

•Evrensel C.A. (PI), Gordaninejad, F. (Co-PI), Fuchs, A. (Co-PI), “Field Controllable Magneto-Rheological Fluid (MRF) Damper Design, Prototype Fabrication, Characterization and Testing for Washing Machine Application”, Arcelik A.S., Turkey, $75,000, 2004-2007

•Evrensel, CA (PI), Fuchs, A. (Co-PI), Welniak, L (Co-PI), Gordaninejad, F (Co-PI), Immune Response Augmentation in Metastasized Breast Cancer by Localized Therapy utilizing Biocompatible Magnetic Fluids”, DoD CDMRP, Breast Cancer Research Program, $103,989, 2007-2008.

•Gordaninejad, F., (PI), Fuchs, A., (Co-PI), "Magnetorheological Elastomer Sensors", NSF, $180,000, July 15, 2005, July 14, 2007. •Gordaninejad, F., (PI), Evrensel, C., (Co-PI), Fuchs, A., (Co-PI), “Study of a Fail-Safe MRF Damper for Semi-Active Suspension,” the Holland Group, $150,000, UNR, $50,000, Total: $200,000, 2003-2005. •Gordaninejad, F., (PI), Evrencel, C., (Co-PI), Fuchs, A., (Co-PI), “Evaluation of Shock Absorbers' Performance,” APM Automotives, $100,000, UNR, $40,000, Total: $140,000, 2003-2005. •Gordaninejad, F., PI, Fuchs, A., Co-PI, and Evrensel, C., Co-PI, “Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers for Vibration Control of Structures,” Enidine, Inc. $15,000, 2003-2004. •Gordaninejad, F.(PI) and Fuchs, A.(co-PI) “Magneto-rheological Polymer Gel Dampers For Vibration Control of Mechanical System”, ARO Grant, 2001-2004. $496,000 (2002-2004). •Gordaninejad, F., PI, Fuchs, A., Co-PI, and Evrensel, C., Co-PI, “Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers for Vibration Control of Structures,” Enidine, Inc. $15,000, 2003-2004. •Gordaninejad, F. (PI), Fuchs, A. (co-Investigator), Evrensel, C. (co-Investigator), Visteon Corp. (formerly Ford Motor Company), “MRF LSD Clutch”, 9/1/2000-2/31/2003, $150,000. •Wirtz, R. (PI), Fuchs, A. (Co-PI), Chandra, D., Jiang, Y., DOD-EPSCoR Award (BMDO/AFRL), “Development of Multifunctional Materials For Thermal Control of Electronics”,2000-2003. $506,249 (project completed- 4/03). • Gordaninejad, F.(PI), Fuchs, A.(Co-PI), “Magneto-rheological Polymer Gel Dampers

for Vibration Control of Mechanical Systems”, ARO Grant 2001-2004, $210,000. (A. Fuchs has responsibility for materials development portion of project, 50% of funding).

• Wirtz, R. (PI), Fuchs, A. (Co-PI), Intel Co.,”Temperature Stabilization of Unsteady

Power Electronics: TES-Composites for Electronics Temperature Control, 1/1/2001-

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12/31/2001, $60,991. (A. Fuchs has responsibility for materials development portion of project, 50% of funding).

•Wirtz, R. (PI), Fuchs, A. (Faculty Research Associate), Nevada Research Initiative (with Intel Co.) (1/1-12/31/2000), $45,000. (A. Fuchs has responsibility for materials development portion of project, 50% of funding). •Wirtz, R. (PI), Fuchs, A. (Faculty research associate), AFRL/BMDO, (1/1/2000 -

4/31/2000), $6,000. Group Proposals (as co-Investigator) - $ 2,178,000 •Gordaninejad, F. (PI), Fuchs, A., (co-PI), 11 other investigators, NSF Infrastructure Grant, “A Nanotechnology Program in Smart Material Systems and Devices”, $778,000, 2002-2005. •Namjoshi, S., Misra, M. and other investigators (Fuchs is collaborating faculty). "Acquisition of Transmission Electron Microscope for Interdisciplinary Research", NSF, $1,400,000.00 (includes match from state), 09/01/03 - 08/31/05.

Patents and Patent Applications U.S. Provisional Patent – 1

1) Anti-coagulant Removal During Open Heart Surgery, Rosenbloom, M., Fuchs, A., Dill, L., Olmeijer, D., Schegg, K., October 2015.

U.S. Patents – 7

7) Nanostructured magnetorheological polymer fluids and gels, US Patent 8,241,517 , Fuchs; Alan (Reno, NV), Gordaninejad; Faramarz (Reno, NV), Gecol; Hatice (Reno, NV), Hu; Ben (Reno, NV), Kavlicoglu; Beril (Reno, NV), Sutrisno; Joko (Reno, NV), August 14, 2012.

6) Nanostructured magnetorheological fluids and gels, US Patent 7,883,636 , Fuchs; Alan (Reno, NV), Gordaninejad; Faramarz (Reno, NV), Gecol; Hatice (Reno, NV), Hu; Ben (Reno, NV), Kavlicoglu; Beril (Reno, NV), February 8, 2011.

5) Nanostructured magnetorheological fluids and gels, US Patent 7,297,290, Fuchs; Alan (Reno, NV), Gordaninejad; Faramarz (Reno, NV), Gecol; Hatice (Reno, NV), Hu; Ben (Reno, NV), Kavlicoglu; Beril (Reno, NV), November 20, 2007.

4) Tunable magneto-rheological elastomers and processes for their manufacture, US Patent 7,261,834, Fuchs; Alan (Reno, NV), Gordaninejad; Faramarz (Reno, NV), Hitchcock; Gregory H. (Reno, NV), Elkins; Jacob (Reno, NV), Zhang; Qi (Reno, NV), August 28, 2007.

3) Controllable magneto-rheological elastomer vibration isolator, US Patent 7,086,507, Hitchcock; Gregory H. (Reno, NV), Gordaninejad; Faramarz (Reno, NV), Fuchs; Alan (Reno, NV), August 8, 2006.

2) Magneto-rheological fluid encased in flexible materials for vibration control, US Patent 6,971,491, Gordaninejad; Faramarz (Reno, NV), Fuchs; Alan (Reno, NV), Wang; Xiaojie (Reno, NV), Hitchcock; Gregory Henry (Reno, NV), Xin; Mei (Reno, NV), December 6, 2005.

1) Magnetorheological polymer gels, US Patent 6,527,972 Fuchs; Alan (Reno, NV), Gordaninejad; Faramarz (Reno, NV), Blattman; Daniel (Reno, NV), Hamann; Gustav H. (Reno, NV), March 4, 2003.

Service Service to the Profession and University is a very important part of professional activities. This year a three year term was started on the AIChE Career and Education Operating Council (CEOC). Some of the initial areas of activity include: accreditation, with plans to be involved with international activities, entrepreneurship and foundation interactions. Previous significant service was a two year term as the Sierra Section Director of the Northern California AIChE Region. Profession 2014-2017 -AIChE Career and Education Operating Council (CEOC) – One of three operating councils that reports to the Board of Directors of the AIChE. 2008 – 2009 - AIChE NorCal Sierra Section Director 2007 -AIChE Annual Conference, November 2007 -Editorial Board – Journal of Nanomaterials – Open Source Journal -Reviewer – Journal of Micromechanical Microengineering, Journal of Applied Physics. - ACS (American Chemical Society) – Member of Local Section. 2006 -AIChE Annual Conference, November 2006 - ACS (American Chemical Society) – Member of Local Section. -Journal of Nanomaterials - Editorial Board member 2005 - AIChE Annual Conference, November 2005 - ACS (American Chemical Society) – Member of Local Section. - ASEE Campus Representative. -Journal of Nanomaterials - Editorial Board member -Nature Materials – Reviewer -NSF Reviewer - International Program - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures - Reviewer 1999 – 2009 - AIChE Annual Conference, November (each year).

- ACS (American Chemical Society) – Member of Local Section. 2004. - NSF Panel Review - CTS - Oct. 2004. - Austrian FWF (same as NSF) - Panel Review - 7/04 2002 - Science Olympics - March 18, 2002. 1999-2001 -AIChE Annual Conferences – National Meetings (1999 – 2001). -ACS (American Chemical Society) – Member of Local Section (1998-2001). -SPE (Society of Plastics Engineers) – Local Section Meetings. -Stanford “New Century Scholars” Program (2000). -NSF External Proposal Review (2000). -NSF Panel Review on Fuel Cells (1999) -NSF / EPA Workshop – “Technology for Sustainable Environment” (1999). -Consulting for Taiyo America (Carson City, NV) -Consulting for Speed Control Inc. (Carson City, NV) -Consulting for TRW Inc. (Reno, NV) University 2015-2017 -Faculty Senator 2003 - 2009 - University Laboratory Safety Committee College 2010-2014 -Chair’s Committee 2005 - 2009 -College of Engineering - Scholarship Committee 2004 -College of Engineering - Bylaws Committee. 2003 - ASEE Campus Representative. 1999-2002 -ASEE Annual Conference.

Dept 2004 - 2009 -ChE Dept. - Graduate Coordinator 2007 -Dept. Bylaws Ad-hoc Committee – Chair -1999-2009 -Chemical Engineering - Personnel Committee 2004 - 2009 - Chemical Engineering - Graduate Director 2002-2004 - Gifted and Talented High School Student Externship Program, liason. 1999-2004 -UNR Science and Technology Day – (1998-2004) – Hosted H.S. Students -Student Recruitment Trips to Las Vegas (1998-2001) – Hosted H.S. Student and

Teachers.

Teaching Statement Pedagogical issues related to soft materials, including polymers and organic materials provide a challenge in the areas of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering. These challenges in education of macromolecular self-assembly are important areas of pedagogy. Some of these issues involve classroom interactions using Mathcad and other software, classroom presentations, literature reviews and external presentations. This new generation of polymer materials will use self-assembly processes to create unique morphologies. In addition, the polymer self-assembly which is associated with supramolecular interactions are investigated. Supramolecular gels and supramolecular proton exchange membranes are carried out as examples. Supramolecular polymer has showed the unique properties which is useful in several different applications. The approaches to novel teaching methodologies related to macromolecular self-assembly will be described here in detail. Context The topic of self-assembly is an interesting one that can offer engineering students a new way of looking at their curriculum. The topic itself is broad enough that many examples can be offered and used in a variety of educational settings, depending upon the needs of the instructor. This paper presents the pedagogical challenges associated with the engineering education and ways that the topic of polymerization mechanism and self-assembly can be used. Additionally, examples of polymerization mechanism and self-assembly from the current literature are presented. The basic chemical engineering curriculum at the University of Nevada consists of a number of courses that may lend themselves to examples based upon the process of polymer self-assembly and their many uses. Examples of such systems can be applied to many of the core classes, thereby exposing the students to new applications to the material they are studying. For instance, freshman take a series of introductory courses which gives an overview of the field of chemical engineering and of the courses that they will take as they continue through the curriculum. Polymer processes and materials can be introduced as part of this cursory introduction in order to excite students to new developments in their field. Other courses in the curriculum can benefit from using such polymer topics as well. In the transport phenomena series, polymer examples can be used when discussing the topics of viscosity, momentum transfer, or diffusion. Polymer examples a natural fit for a thermodynamics course as self-assembly is directed by changes in the Gibbs free energy of the system due to the formation of covalent bonds as well as the formation and breaking of non-covalent bonds. Physical properties like the glass transition temperature can be discussed as can the maximum swelling of a polymer, expressed by the Flory equation, due to a balance in its thermodynamic forces due to solvent swelling and the elastic forces which resist them1. A course in reaction kinetics could benefit from concrete examples involving polymer self-assembly. Besides the chemical engineering curriculum, there are many examples of self-assembly. For instance, the formation of nanotubes2 is of particular interest to material engineers and

mechanical engineers. Also, there are numerous examples of self-assembly in the life sciences and include protein folding and nucleic acid formation. With so many exciting examples available, what is the most effective way to present the topic of polymer self-assembly? There are a number of ways to approach this question. One can look to the variety of learning elements to determine how this topic of self-assembly can be incorporated into that hierarchical structure. Benjamin Bloom introduced what he called a taxonomy of the “cognitive domain”, which divided learning objectives into six broad categories that include knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation3. Each successive level of Bloom’s taxonomy involves more and more complex learning behaviors. Bloom’s taxonomy and learning style The first element of Bloom’s taxonomy is “Knowledge” which is defined as the process of retrieving information from memory3. In other words, knowledge is the storage and recall of definitions and facts. At this basic level, students can begin to learn about the topic of polymer self-assembly through a set of basic definitions ad examples. This step is important for all students that are new to a topic, but may be especially useful to freshman in an introductory class as a novel example of a chemical product. Next is “Comprehension”, the largest group of skills from the taxonomy. Comprehension involves taking in new information from a source (whether it be verbal, written, symbolic, or experimental) and understanding meaning. Additionally, the comprehension level includes the acts of translation (putting information into one’s own words), interpretation (reorganizing ideas), and extrapolation (using knowledge to make predictions)3. This element, then, comprises the bulk of a student’s basic learning through lectures and readings. The third element “Application” involves the use of the previous two elements. At this level, students are able to generalize comprehension and use the knowledge in an appropriate manner3. Working simple problems from a textbook is one example of this level, as students’ learn from putting the material into practice. “Analysis” is the fourth element of Bloom’s taxonomy where students find relationships among parts of knowledge. In particular, they utilize comprehension and evaluation to compare and contrast ideas3. The fifth element is “Synthesis” and it defined as the use of the all of the previous elements learned to combine and form them into new organizations, ideas, and material. The process of synthesis requires some degree of creativity, in that new connections are made between the materials learned3. Synthesis activities typically involve communicating ideas. The last element in Bloom’s taxonomy is “Evaluation”. This category is defined as the critical examination of the materials learned for the purpose of making an opinion or forming a qualitative or quantitative judgment. When students are using Bloom’s evaluation element, they are thinking independently, making extrapolations based upon their learning at all other levels3.

There may be a tendency for educators to look down on those most basic elements of the taxonomy (like knowledge and comprehension) and instead focus on higher elements (like synthesis and evaluation). The elements of the taxonomy, though, all depend on the other elements and a foundation of learning must first be set with a strong foundation in the seemingly trivial elements before the higher elements can be explored in depth. A student of organic chemistry often begins learning through a system of rote memorization, drilling repeatedly with flashcards to retain the names and particulars of a list of reactions. Once knowledge is achieved, comprehension and application can occur through further lecturing, reading, and lab experiences. Taken individually, undergraduate classes generally promote Bloom’s elements of knowledge, comprehension, and application, with an emphasis on lectures, homework, and exams. Graduate classes, on the other hand, tend to emphasize analysis, synthesis, and evaluation in the coursework, as less class time is reserved for lecture. This frees more of the class for discussions where these elements can be explored while knowledge, comprehension, and application are left for outside study. The all levels of Bloom’s taxonomy can be used, though, in both the undergraduate and graduate class. Through readings and lectures, students can develop the knowledge and comprehension. Application and analysis can be included through homework exercises which test both concrete and abstract ideas. Analysis, synthesis, and evaluation can all occur through student-lead discussions of homework assignments. Additionally, semester projects or lab-experiences can promote analysis and synthesis by getting students to research, examine, and report on topics of interest. For a course in materials or chemical engineering, students may choose to look at examples of self-assembled polymers to meet such coursework. While Bloom’s taxonomy addresses the different elements of learning, it does not help to explain how to best present material to students. Attempts have been made to characterize students by the manner in which they learn best, dividing students based upon their preferential ways of absorbing new information4, 5, 6. Although there is some controversy regarding the very idea of learning styles7, such models still have utility in the design of a classroom curriculum. The central theme of all learning style models is that students learn differently and that, by recognizing and addressing these differences, can learn more effectively. One such model of learning styles has been proposed by Felder and Silverman6, who looked specifically at engineering education. The model contains four scales each of which reflect a student’s particular element of their learning style. They are: (1) sensory versus intuitive learners, (2) visual versus verbal learners, (3) active versus reflective learners, and (4) sequential versus global learners6. Each of these metrics is a continuum, reflecting the degree to which a student falls into either category. Sensory learners tend to prefer facts and other concrete information while intuitive learners tend to prefer more abstract material like theories or mathematical models. Visual learners are defined by their preference to images and demonstrations while verbal learners get the most out of lectures. Engaged discussions are best for active learners while reflective learners are more introverted and perform best when given time to process the material in private. Lastly, sequential learners require structured lessons that progress in increments while global learners,

instead, often need to know the “big picture” before understanding how new material fits into what they already know. It has been demonstrated that many professors have teaching styles that are significantly different than the learning styles of their students and design their courses based upon their own preferences7. For instance, most science and engineering classes are taught primarily as a series of lectures, favoring those students who are intuitive, reflective and sequential learners. However, it is reported that the majority of engineering students are active and sensory learners7. While it is impossible to design a course which addresses the learning styles and needs of each individual student, teaching methods that address many styles of learning are shown to be more effective than those that do not7. For the topic of self-assembling polymers, the variety of learning styles can be addressed in a number of ways. Both visual and verbal learners can benefit from a lecture that has many examples of self-assembly through verbal description along with diagrams showing the mechanism. Physical models showing the polymer chain or the complex can help as well. Sensory and intuitive learners can both be accommodated through course material that balances concrete facts and calculations with the underlying theory. For instance, a discussion on the formation of self-assemble polymers may contain calculations for the determination of the specific volume of a polymer in various solvents as well as a discussion of the ideas of excluded volume in both a good solvent and a Theta solvent and how this affects the process of self-assembly1. Active learners would benefit from discussing their solutions to important homework problems, while reflective learners would be comfortable with the time spent in preparation of their solutions. Finally, global learners could be accommodated through discussions relating polymers engineering to highlights from previous courses (thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, etc). Once the different ways that students learn are observed, the quality of their learning can be examined. Felder suggests7 that student learning can be defined as “superficial”, “deep”, or “strategic” and that the deep approach to learning, where understanding the material is more important than simply memorizing it, is the most rewarding. Students with a superficial learning approach, on the other hand, are concerned with learning in as much as simply getting through the course, or gaining just enough knowledge so as to solve a homework problem. Strategic learners are organized and efficient and strive for achievement for the sake of being on top rather than for an understanding of the material. Students can be motivated into going beyond the simple, superficial learning approach through a number of techniques. For instance, using inductive teaching methods7, where students learn through somewhat large problems or projects, can stimulate a class. Also active learning7, such as where students lead discussions regarding homework solutions, can motivate a deep approach to learning. Cooperative learning7 can be useful as well, where class projects, working together on homework, or collective discussions of topics and underlying principles. For the polymer engineering course there are opportunities for all of these approaches. Students must frequently discuss their homework solutions as well as the underlying theory and physics related to the problem. Collaboration also often occurs through these discussions. Lastly, opportunities for active learning are available as both undergraduate and graduate students often have the option

of working with the professor and graduate students of the polymer engineering research group, helping to see their classroom knowledge applied to real problems. There is another learning style besides mentioned above which is termed as Visual, Aural/Auditory, Read/write, and Kinesthetic (VARK). Based on VARK, students are categorized into four learning styles: Visual, Aural/Auditory, Read/write, and Kinesthetic. Students who have visual learning style, they tend to be easier to catch information by charts, graphs, flow charts, pictures, and symbolic arrows. It will be helpful for aural/auditory students if they can study via group discussion, lectures, tapes, web chat, and speaking. The read/write type students will be able to learn some information by reading text books and writing some note from its. Kinesthetic learning style students used to learn and get better understanding some problems by experience and practice, such as practicing some material from lectures in laboratory8. All learning style in VARK system, which is stated before, will be covered during discussion in polymer topics. Two topics will be discussed are self-assembly and types of polymerization. It supposed to be helpful for students to understand what self-assembly and types of polymerization are. In this paper, some examples related to types of polymerization and self-assembly will be given. To create structure with nanometer dimensions self-assembly by hydrogen bonding is an approach worth investigating. Using a covalently bonded system it is not possible to form or break bonds applying temperature or stress. When the polymers poly (butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) and polystyrene (PS) are brought together they are not miscible. But when they are mixed with a urea of guanosine (1, UG) and 2, 7 diamido 1, 8-naphthyridine (2, DAN) which form hydrogen-bonding complex this results in a high-affinity supramolecular connection which produces a polymer blend9. Porous polymers are widespread in catalysis, medicine, metals extraction, and numerous separation and purification processes. These are ion-exchange and related resins which are generally based on cross-linked polystyrene or polymethacrylates and are produced in a spherical form by suspension polymerization. In the past these polymers were synthesized by one-pot suspension polymerization methodology. But now a porous material can be synthesized by aggregation of nano scale particles by self assembly. Small particles of (33%) aqueous dispersion are suspended in toluene. When water is removed the particles aggregate as self assemblies10. As an industrial product transparent antistatic composite films consisting of conductive transparent metal oxide particles and organic compound matrixes. But the transparency of the films is higher as the particle concentration is becomes lower. Trapping of colloidal particles at air-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces can be a method to achieve anisotropic microstructures. Work has been done to trap colloidal particles at the interface. As mentioned, polystyrene particles can be trapped at an air-water interface by surface tension. A novel antistatic composite film with excellent conductive and transparent properties can be created by self-assembly of colloidal particles at an air-liquid interface by temperature gradient. At the interface it forms a cluster11. Aggregation is a universal phenomenon with biomacromolecules. Actin and tubulin form filaments and microtubules respectively by a supramolecular polymerization process. The

oligomer chain length and geometry (angle) has an effect on the structure and mechanism of growth for the supramolecular polymers formed. In a solution of phenyleneethynlene oligomers which is terminated with pyridyl end groups and trans-dichlorobis palladim supramolecular self-assembly can be observed12. Liquid crystalline physical gels comprise an entrapped liquid crystal (mesogen) and low molecular weight gelator. An example of this system is 4-cyanano-4’-(pentyl)-byphenyl and L-isoleucine derivative which forms an isotropic gel – anisotropic gel transition temperature at room temperature. The changing properties of the gel can be triggered by an electric field. Light can be transmitted through the gel when electric field is applied. Otherwise, the light would be scattered. This type of gel can be used for re-writeable information recording13. The surface molecular imprinting using self-assembly strategy based on 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and alumina modified with aminopropyl group has been investigated and used for nanosensor application. The supramolecular interaction is yielded by interaction between electron-rich amino groups and electron-deficient of nitroaromatics groups. The presence of supramolecular interaction in this system has been demonstrated by UV-visible spectra characterization14. The biosensor can be potentially developed by using nanowire self-assembly based on adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) and dichloro-subtituted thiacarbocyanine dyes. This supramolecular interaction takes place due to positive net charge (ionic bonding), Van der Waals interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and aromatic stacking. In addition, ATP based nanowires are thermally reversible meaning that molecular order in supramolecular assemblies can be adjusted by adjusting temperature15. A polymer which can be used for electronic devices and optical applications based on supramolecular complexation of polyaniline (PANI) with ω-methoxypoly(ethylene oxide) has been studied. This type of polymer is less expensive and used as flexible electronic device. The self-assembly of this polymer is based on hydrophobic (nonionic) poly(ethylene oxide) backbone and hydrophilic (ionic) PANI backbone which will generate micro phase-separated lamellar structure (nanostructure) due to repulsion between two backbones. In this study, the synthesis of nanostructure is environmentally friendly because it was held in aqueous media16. The examples of polymerization mechanism and self-assembly In the polymer topic areas, there are two different types of polymerization; living polymerization and step polymerization. Living polymerization mechanism consists of three steps; initiation, propagation, and termination. In general, initiator and monomer are needed in the living polymerization. The initiator will initiate monomer and create reactive center and the monomer will be connected on the reactive center then form polymer. In addition, no unwanted molecules are yielded in the living polymerization. One example of living polymerization which will be discussed is atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). ATRP is used for surface polymerization of iron particles in order to get better redispersibility and oxidation properties in magnetorheological fluids (MRF). Surface polymerization could be used for self assembly if the polymer is synthesized using non-covalent (supramolecular) interactions. The reason that supramolecular polymer could be used for self-assembly is because of the self-directing nature of the non-covalent interactions. Work has been done using surface polymerization techniques which will be desciribed. The condensation reaction which is the reaction between functional

groups of monomers will be taken place in step polymerization. The condensation reaction will yield water17. Several examples from the Polymer Science and Engineering Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno are discussed. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) and polyamide (PA) reaction mechanisms are an example of step polymerization. PBI and PA are used for supramolecular proton exchange membranes for hydrogen fuel cells. In ATRP, metal catalyst is combined with aromatic ligands (L) to assist halogen compound in order to get active species (radical). The mechanism of ATRP is shown in Figure 1. Low polydispersity index polymer or narrow molecular weight distribution will be yielded by using this polymerization method. ATRP used for surface polymerization of iron particles has been investigated by Fuchs et. al. Butyl acrylate, CuBr(I)/CuBr(II), spartein, and 2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl)-ethyltrichlorosilane (CTCS) are used for monomer, metal complex, ligand, and initiator respectively. It is hown in Figure 2. The initiator, CTCS, is attached onto iron surface. The radical is generated by reduction-oxidation reaction between initiator (CTCS) with CuBr/spartein complex. The radical initiates polymerization of monomer (butyl acrylate). Hence, the shear thinning and low settling behaviors were achieved. It is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively18.

Figure 1 – General mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerization18.

R Br + CuBr R + CuBr2 (L)(L)

RMn

RM nBr + CuBr(L)

CuBr2 (L)

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Figure 2 – Free radical formation by redox reaction and chain propagation in ATRP by Fuchs et. al18.

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Figure 3 – Shear thinning curve MRF without and with ATRP18.

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Figure 4 – Settling curves for MRF without and with ATRP18.

We associate self-assembly with supramolecular polymer interaction which is reversible bond. Supramolecular are types of bond which non-covalently bonded. So, when the energy is applied on that bond and the value of applied energy is larger than bond energy, the supramolecular bond will be break. But, when applied energy is removed, the bond will be back in the initial condition. Some examples of supramolecular interaction are listed in the Table 1. The examples of supramolecular interaction can be shown by zinc terpyridine (metal coordination) in polymer gels system18, hydrogen bond and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction in supramolecular proton exchange membrane19.

Table 1 Comparative List of Bond Energies1

Type Example E (KJ/mol)

Covalent C-C 350

Ion-Ion Na+-Cl- 450

Ion-Dipole Na+-CF3H 33

Dipole-Dipole CF3H-CF3H 2

London dispersion CF4-CF4 2

Hydrogen Bonding H2O-H2O 24

Terpyridine – Metal

Zn+2-(terpyridine)

77 (5)

In order to get better redispersibility behavior of iron particles in the MRF, some additives were added. One of them was supramolecular polymer based on metal-polymer coordination. It has

been investigated by Fuchs et. al. These were involved zinc (metal) and terpyridine functionalized polymer. This polymer additive was synthesized from 4’-chloro-2,2’:6’2’’-

terpyridine, polyvinyl alcohol, and zinc acetate. The metal-ligand supramolecular polymer was synthesized in two steps. In the first step, the polymer with the side terpyridine functional group was synthesized and then the supramolecular network was formed by addition of zinc acetate. The reaction scheme is shown in Figure 5. The shear thinning and low settling behaviors of

supramolecular polymer gel are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 718.

Figure 5 – Systhesis of metal induced supramolecular polymer network18.

KOH, DMSO, 60OC, 24 h

N

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Cl

H2C

HC

nOH

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is Zn 2+

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Figure 6 – Shear thinning behavior of supramolecular gels18.

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Figure 7 – Settling curve of supramolecular gels18.

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) play a central role in fuel cell operation. Fuel cells have great promise as environmentally friendly power sources and efficient energy systems. The fuel cell system consists of the following components: anode, catalyst, PEMs, and cathode shown in Figure 8. In the fuel cell PEMs provide three main contributions: as ion transfer media, for separating reactant gases (hydrogen and oxygen) which react at the cathode and anode, and as a catalyst support. Fuchs et. al. have developed proton exchange membranes (PEMs) based on PBI and PA which supramolecular interactions were present19.

Figure 8 – Proton exchange membrane and membrane electrode assembly19

Supramolecular polymers offer a unique route to the formation of highly directional and nanostructured materials. These structures possess unique morphology and are expected to allow the formation of submicron channels or domains which will increase the proton conductivity. A PEM has been synthesized using a sulfonated copolymer of 4 vinylpyridine and styrene which allows proton transfer from a sulfonic acid group to a nitrogen heterocycle20. It was also demonstrated that heterogeneous systems of conductive and nonconductive phases could be oriented to produce anisotropy in the direction of proton conduction. Using shear flow large scale orientation was achieved and proton conductivity was 2.5 times higher in-plane. This work in conjunction with the work on nanochannels21 designed for nanochannel-base fuel cell, suggests the possibility of achieving large scale proton conductivity in orientated pores and channels because of the limitation power output in one-dimension array configuration. The synthesized polymer is supramolecular because of hydrophobic / hydrophilic interactions between the sulfonated polyamide (hydrophilic) and the PBI (hydrophobic) segments. In Figure 9, the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the polymer are shown. These polymers are expected to form “lameller” or layered structures and there is also hydrogen bonding between the amphiphile (PDP) and the sulfonic acid group. Proton transfer occurs between the sulfonic acid group and the nitrogen heterocycle in PBI. We believe that phase separation takes place in the hydrophobic / hydrophilic system, providing the opportunity for enhanced directional proton conductivity. Mechanical shearing provides orientation of within the membrane. This is shown in Figure 10. Channels of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are formed during shearing. These regions provide different proton conductivities in the radial and tangential directions. We speculate that because of the long chained nature of the polymers that a lameller or “onion-skin” structure of both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions is developed during shearing. Therefore enhanced proton conductivity results tangentially. It is more difficult for protons to cross over the hydrophobic bands formed within the membrane. Figure 11 is the Nyquist plot for the sheared membrane. The proton conductivites measured were: 3.30.10-3 S/cm for the tangential direction and 1.03.10-3 S/cm for the radial direction19.

N

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Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Figure 9 – Representation of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic region of

PBI and sulfonated polyamide19.

Figure 10 – A) Illustration of shearing process. B) Illustration of Conductivity measurement in

tangential and radial direction19.

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Tangential real impedance

Radial real impedance

Figure 11 – Nyquist plot for supramolecular PEMs19.

The pedagogical challenges associated with macromolecular self-assembly and the connection to supramolecular chemistry is discussed. Issues related to learning style and how they related to many areas within chemical engineering are included. The relationships of learning are connected to Bloom’s Taxonomy. Additionally, examples which are related to polymer self-assembly which could be created by supramolecular surface interactions are described. The supramolecular interaction in polymer gels and proton exchange membrane are presented. Bibliography: 1. F. Rodriguez, C. Cohen, C.K. Ober, and L.A. Archer, “Principles of Polymer Systems (5th Edition), Taylor and

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3. R.J. Marzano, Designing a New Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Corwin Press Inc., Thousand Oaks, 2001, pp

4. D.J. Pittenger, “The Utility of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,” Review of Educational Research, 63, 1993, pp 467-488.

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8. http://www.tlt.psu.edu/suggestions/research/learning_styles.shtml#basic.

9. Taiho Park and Steven C. Zimmerman, “Formation of a Miscible Supramolecular Polymer Blend through Self-Assembly Mediated by a Quadruply Hydrogen-Bonded Heterocomplex.” University of Illinois, May 6, 2006.

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Assembly of Monodisperse Precursor Particles “, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, UK, October 27, 2006. 11. Atsumi Wakabayashi, Yuki Sasakawa, Toshiaki Dobashi, and Takao Yamamoto, “Self-Assembly of Tin Oxide

Nanoparticles: Localized Percolating Network Formation in Polymer Matrix”, Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan, July 13, 2006.

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Supramolecular Coordination Polymers”, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Illinios. August 7, 2006. 13. Sangeetha, N. M., et. al., Supramolecular gels: Functions and uses, Chemical Society Review, 34, pp. 821 –

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18. Fuchs, A., and Hu, B., Supramolecular Magnetorheological Polymer Gels, UNR Master Thesis, 2005.

19. Fuchs, A., et. al., Supramolecular Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells, NSF STTR Research Project.

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