Analiza si Simularea ActivitatiiOperatorului Uman in Sisteme

Tehnologice

Laborator

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Introducere

Lumea concurenial de astzi conduce la o competiie nverunat fr precedent n lansarea de noi produse mai ieftine i mai bune.

Fabricanii sunt obligai s perfecioneze continuu metodele de concepie i de fabricaie ale produselor

Simularea unui sistem sau a unui produs nainte de a fi fabricat sau construit permite realizarea de economii substaniale la costurile privind ncercrile, erorile de concepie i rebuturile ca i la cheltuielile care se impun la modificrile constructive cerute de beneficiar.

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Definiii

Simularea reprezint un instrument de analiz avnd drept scop stabilirea efectelor schimbrilor operate asupra unui sistem existent, ct si evaluarea performanelor unor noi sisteme n astfel de circumstane.

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Definiii

Simularea se definete ca fiind procesul de proiectare i realizare ale unui model, ale unui experiment n scopul nelegerii comportamentului sistemului i al evalurii unui numr mare de strategii posibile pentru funcionarea acestuia.

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Definiii

Simulare este o metod prin care se permite modelarea unui sistem pe baza unui model matematic. Modelul matematic trebuie sa fie suficient de complex pentru a putea lua n calcul toate legile care guverneaz sistemul.

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Analiza ergonomica

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Introducere

Pentru a putea realiza un studiu eficient asupra activitatilor umane este absolut necesar a se cunoaste toate aspectele legate de acestea.

Omul in general participa nemijlocit la aproape toate activitatile productive, fie ele in procese automate, semiautomate sau manuale.

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Introducere In cazul proceselor automate participarea omului

este indirecta, lui revenindu-i rolul de supraveghetor al procesului.

In cadrul proceselor semiautomate, care defapt detin o pondere importanta, participarea omului este directa, el fiind factorul de decizie. Implicarea directa in proces este absolut necesara pentru o buna desfasurare a sa.

In cadrul proceselor manuale omul reprezinta atat factorul de decizie cat si cel de executie, cantitatea de efort fizic fiind foarte mare, ceea ce isi pune amprenta asupra calitatii procesului

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Considerente In timpul desfasurarii activitatii manuale,

oboseala fizic, fenomen natural, proporional cu mrimea efortului i cu durata lui, se instaleaz diminund capacitatea de efort, i prin asta volumul de munc i calitatea muncii. n cazul proceselor manuale fenomenul de oboseala se instaleaz progresiv nc de la nceperea activitii i capt niveluri importante ctre sfritul activitii.

In procesele semiautomate gradul de oboseala, dei substanial diminuat, el contribuie n mod negativ la desfasurarea activitatii.

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Considerente

Operatorul uman isi desfasoar activitatea n cadrul unui flux tehnologic bine organizat, la care o intrerupere perturbeaz buna desfasurare a procesului de realizare a produsului finit.

Pentru o ananilza corecta trebuie stabilita in primul rand radiografia unei zile de activitate.

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Radiografia unei zile de activitate

Ora 7,00 prezena la locul de munc, Ora 7,00-7,15 verificarea starii mainii,

aprovizionarea cu piese brute, verificarea sculelor i fixarea lor n suportul mainii.

Ora 7,15-7,20 realizarea piesei de prob i reglarea mainii

Ora 7,20 ncepe activitatea efectiv n contul productiei

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Pentru determinarea vitezei de realizare a piesei ntanlim doua procede:

Discretizarea micrilor n elemente simple i msurarea timpilor realizai

Msurarea global a timpului, prin determinarea timpului de servire i a timpului de prelucrare, pentru o pies (la nceputul activitii). Cunoscnd cantitatea de piese prelucrate ntr-un interval de timp dat, se poate determina nstalarea oboselii n mod progresiv.

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Timp de deservire

tmi-timp de servire ttp- timp total de realizare tp- timp efectiv de prelucrare

ptpm ttt i

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Numar de piese realizate

piese. unei realizareapentru total timpul- e;considerarin luat timpde intervalul -

masurat intervalulin prelucrate piese de ideal numarul:unde

(bucati)

0

tp

i

i

tpi

t

TTTN

t

TN

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Timpul total efectiv pentru realizarea unei piese

Ne numar efectiv de piese realizatee

te NT

t

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Timpul mediu de servire

piesei a realizare demediu total timpul

deservire demediu timpul

'

'

te

m

ptem

t

t

ttt

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Timpul final

uiintervalul sfarsitul la piesei a realizare de totalefectiv timpul t

ui);intervalul sfarsitul (la final deservire de timpul t

:unde

tf

mf

ptfmf ttt

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Gradul de oboseal Desi din formulele anterioare rezulta o variatie

liniar a timpului de deservire, in realitate, caracteristica curbei de crestere a timului nu este liniar; ea are o variaie dup o lege greu de prins ntr-o relaie matematic, deoarece n acest caz oboseala se instaleaz n mod diferit, de la individ la individ n funcie de factorii psiho-motorii ai fiecruia i de rezistena la efort.

Se accept variaia liniar care pune totui in evident fenomenul i permite s poat fi luat n calculul productivitii muncii.

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Gradul de oboseal

Exprimarea matematic a gradului de oboseal este foarte greu de fcut, dac nu chiar imposibil prin nsui faptul c oboseala este o noiune complex care ntruchipeaz o stare de efort a organismului, generat de factori multiplii i in mare msur neelucidai.

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Starea de odihn

Starea de odihn se defineste ca raportul invers la primul timp realizat, la prima manipulare.

Valoarea obtinut este relativ, ea diferind de la caz la caz

Stg

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o

11

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Starea de oboseal

Pe parcursul activitii, valoarea timpului tm se mareste, ca dovada a instalrii obosselii ca stare de fapt. Vlaorea raportului go se micoreaz invers proportional cu valoarea lui tm, fapt ce indic o descrestere a capacittii fizice a persoanei respective.

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Coninut laborator1. Crearea unui model uman pentru analiza ergonomica. 2. Stabilirea miscarilor specifice unei anumite operatii3. Simularea miscarii operatorului uman4. Concluzii.

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