current status & future challenges for large scale cryogenic systems in scientific laboratories...

Current Status & Future Challenges for Large Scale Cryogenic Systems in Scientific

Laboratories

J. G. Weisend IIEuropean Spallation Source

November 2014

CryoOps 2014 - J.G. Weisend II 2

Outline

• Introduction

• A Snapshot

• Facilities in Operation• Facilities in Construction, Design or Proposed

• Trends

• Challenges

• Summary

November 2014


Introduction

Since the first CryoOps Workshop (Jlab 2004) there have been many changes in the use of large scale cryogenics in scientific laboratories. These changes include:

Projects have ended: Tevatron, HERA, PEPII/BaBar

Projects have moved into operations: LHC, KSTAR, SNS, Jlab 12GeV,EAST

Projects have moved closer to completion: ITER, XFEL

Projects have started: ESS, LCLS II, FRIB, CSNS, BERLinPro, JT60-SA, RISP

Overall, the use of cryogenics in scientific labs has grown and diversified with more institutions & countries becoming involved

This is shown by the growth of attendance at this workshop – from roughly 35 in 2004 to close to 100 today

The goal of this talk is to show where we are, predict where we are going and discuss challenges for the future

It’s indicative of the activity of this field that I will start by apologizing to projects that I may inadvertently overlook.

November 2014


Operating Facilities I

November 2014

Name Type Lab T (K) Refrigeration Capacity Comments

LHC AcceleratorCMSATLAS

CERN 1.94.54.540/8080

8 plants ea 2.4kW @ 1.9K 1.5 kW @4.5 K6 kW @ 4.5K20 kW @ 40 – 80 K20 kW @ 80 K

Each plant has 18 kW capacity eqv. @ 4.5 K

LAr calorimeter

CEBAF/12 GeV Accelerator JLab 2.1 8.4 kW @ 2.1 K

JSNS H2 Moderator J-PARC < 20 6.5 kW @ 15.6 K

SNS AcceleratorH2 Moderator

ORNL 2.120

2.4 kW @ 2.1 K7.5 kW @ ~ 20 K

S-DALINAC Accelerator TU Darmstadt

2.0 120 W @ 2.0 K

FLASH Accelerator DESY 2.0 TESLA tech

KSTAR Tokamak NFRI 4.5 9 kW @ 4.5 K

SST-1 Tokamak IPR 4.5 1.3 kW @ 4.5


Operating Facilities II

November 2014


IUAC Accelerator IUAC 4.2 500 W

EAST Tokamak ASIPP 3.5, 4.5 80

1 kW @ 3.5 K200 W @4.5 K13 – 25 kW @ 80 K

RHIC Accelerator BNL 4 24.8 kW @3.8 K plus 55 kW @55K

ISIS LH2 (& Methane)Moderator

RAL 17.8 (TS1)13.5 (TS2)

700 W @ 20 K TS1700 W @ 20 K TS2

Two Target Stations

ATLAS Accelerator ANL 4.7 1.2 kW @ 4.7 K Upgrade to new cryomodules underway

Cyclotron + separatorReA3

Accelerator

Accelerator

NSCL 4.5 1.8 kW@ 4.5 K

900 W @ 4.5 KISAC - II Accelerator TRIUMF 4


Operating Facilities III

November 2014


ARIEL (e linac) Accelerator TRIUMF 2.0 288 L/h

ALICE Accelerator STFC Daresbury

2 150 W @ 2 K TESA Tech

BEPC II Accelerator IHEP 4.2 1 kW @ 4.2 K

J-PARC Beam Line J-PARC 4.5 1.5 kW@ 4.5 K

K-500 SCC Accelerator VECC 4.2 S/C cyclotron

CLS Accelerator CLS (Canada) 4.5 284 W @ 4.5 K SRF Cavities


JSNS LH2 Moderator Systemsimilar or larger systems will be needed for ESS and CSNS

November 2014

From: H. Takasumoto et al. Adv. Cryo Engr. Vol. 59A (2014)

Cryogenics for ATLAS argon calorimeters

Temperature uniformity < 0.3 K

Temperature stability < 0.02 K

Argon purity between 0.1 and 0.3 ppm O2 equivalent

Operation 365/365

Courtesy C. Fabre CERN

http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/others/PHO/photo-bul/bul-pho-2007-046_01.jpg

ATLAS cryogenic refrigeration

He Main Refrigerator 6 kW @ 4.5 K

He Shield Refrigerator

20 kW 40 - 80 K

Nitrogen Refrigerator 20 kW @ 84 K

Courtesy P. Lebrun CERN

http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/others/PHO/photo-bul/bul-pho-2007-046_01.jpg


Layout of KSTAR Cryoplant (9 kW @ 4.5 K)from D.-S. Park et al. Cryogenics 52 (2012)

November 2014


Future Facilities I

November 2014

Name Type Lab T (K) Refrigeration Capacity

Status (Start of Operation)

ESS Accelerator

LH2 moderatorInstrum. supply

ESS 2.0 40/50164.2

3 kW11 kW25 kW7500 l/month

Construction (2019)

ERL Electron Linac Cornell 1.8540-50

7.5 kW @ 1.8 K6.8 kW @ 5 K144 kW @ 40-80

Proposed: Prototypes under constructionTESLA Tech

XFEL Electron Linac DESY 2.05 – 840-80

2.5 kW @ 2 K4 kW@ 5 -8 K26 kW @ 40-80 K

Construction (2017)TESLA Tech

ITER Tokamak ITER 480

75 kW @4.5 K40 kW @ 80 K

3 PlantsConstruction (2020 -2025)

FAIR Accelerator & separator magnets

FAIR/GSI 450-80

Up to 37 kW@ 4 KUp 30 kW @ 50- 80 K

2 PlantsConstruction ( 2019)


Future Facilities II

November 2014



LCLS II Accelerator SLAC 2.1 K 4 kW @ 2 K14 kW @ 35 -55 K1.2 kW @ 5 – 8 K

Design (2019)TESLA Tech

RISP Accelerator IBS (Korea) 2 K Design

IFMIF Accelerator TBD Design

SPIRAL2 Accelerator GANIL 4.5 1.3 kW @ 4.5 K eq. Construction

MYRRHA ADS SCK-CEN (Belgium)

2, 40 14.3 kW @4.5 K eq Design

BERLinPro Accelerator HZB (Berlin) 1.8480

175 W@ 1.8 K238 W @4 K1400 W @80 KNB: these are loads

Construction

LHC Hi Lumi Upgrade

Accelerator CERN 1.9, 4.5, 20 K

2 x 18 kW @4.5 K eq1 x 5.8 kW @ 4.5 K eq

Design (20


Future Facilities III

November 2014



ILC Accelerator TBD 2 5-840-80

95 kW @ 4.5 Eq 5 plants (mountain siting)ProposedTESLA Tech

CSNS LH2 Moderator CSNS 16 – 20 2.2 kW @ 16 K Construction (2018)

FRIB Accelerator FRIB/MSU 2.14.533/55

3.6 k W @ 2.1 K4.5 kW @ 4.5 K20 kW @ 35/55 K

Construction (2019)

W7X Stellerator MPI 4 Construction (2015)

JT-60SA Tokamak Naka Fusion Inst.

3.7, 4.4, 50,80

8 kW @ 4.5 Construction

MESA Accelerator JG Univ. Mainz

1.8 ~ 100 W Design

SIRIUS Accelerator LNLS (Brazil) 4 750 W Construction (2016) (SRF cavities)

The Cryogenic System for LCLS II

A. Klebaner, LCLS-II Director's Review, August 19-21, 2014

L0 L1 L2 L3

Cryogenic Distribution System Scope (excluding cryomodules)

14

Courtesy: A. KlebanerFNAL


ITER Slides

November 2014

Courtesy E. MonnertITER

For ITER

CryoOps 2014 - J.G. Weisend II 16November 2014


CryoOps 2014 - J.G. Weisend II 17November 2014


Trends I

• A broader range of countries and institutions are using large scale cryogenics in science • New & expanding facilities in India, China, Korea, Sweden, Belgium, Brazil • More institutions in Germany (Darmstadt, Mainz, Berlin) and France (GANIL)

and the USA (SLAC)

• A wider range of temperatures and applications is being seen• Dominance of He II in SRF systems

• TESLA Tech• Increased use of LH2 moderators• Increasing use of superconductivity in fusion energy research

• Importance of cryopumping• Use of other cryogens in physics: Xenon (EXO), Argon ( calorimetry & dark

matter searches)

November 2014 CryoOps 2014 - J.G. Weisend II 18

Trends II

• Increased use of international collaborations to carry out the projects: ITER, ESS, FAIR, ILC, IFMIF

• Use of cryocoolers for closed cycle cooling of large S/C magnets and other instruments : MICE, JPARC and NSCL

• Presence of large pulsed heat loads e.g.: FAIR, ITER

• Very large projects will be online in the next 10 years: ITER, FAIR, LCLS II, ESS

In summary, the application of large scale cryogenics to scientific research is growing and becoming more diverse


Challenges

• While the field is growing, resources remain tight: projects have to meet their design goals within cost and schedule• Thus, mistakes must be minimized and the proper use of

lessons learned and previous experience is vital

• Information exchange: How do we share information ( i.e. lessons learned, safety, reliability or use of He II ) among all these facilities?• Conferences: ICEC, CEC and of course CryoOps• Professional societies: CSA, BCC, Cryogenics & Superconductivity

Society of Japan, European Cryogenics• Work to increase links between these societies and similar

ones in China, Korea, India, Brazil



Challenges

• Staffing - How do we develop the talent needed to build and operate this expanding set of facilities?

• Increased university programs: Birmingham, Oxford and Lund• Short Courses (CSA, ICEC, EuroCryo, USPAS, CAS) and webinars• Increased secondment of staff at existing facilities: CERN, Fermilab, Jlab

etc. for training purposes• Note that people are needed at all levels: Scientists, engineers, technicians• Project builders and facility operators are not necessarily the same people

• Reliability: Cryogenic systems have a major impact of facility reliability and availability

• > 98% is possible but hard – How do we meet these requirements?

November 2014


Challenges

• Helium Usage and Recovery: Despite local transient perturbations world supply appears adequate for now but we are compelled to minimize losses and recover helium

• LHC losses were ~ 50% per year during startup and now around 25% per year. ESS goal is 10 – 20% in steady state operations. Can we meet this? Can we do better?

• How do we manage in kind contributions and international collaborations?

• A number of approaches exist• Highly dependent on the specifics of the project; thus

probably no single optimum solution• Good will of participants is key

November 2014


Challenges

• Energy Usage: In scientific labs, large scale cryogenic systems are significant energy users

• Both ESS and ITER plan to recover waste heat.• How well will this work?• Can we do better?• Involvement of industry ( e.g. heat exchangers)

November 2014

Oil cooler

Compr. motor

Middle temperature

Return

Middle temperature

Supply

Oil vessel

Helium compressor

Helium cooler

He to fine oil removal

He from cold box

High temperature

Return

Middle temperature

Return

25C

25C

27C

27C

27C

39C

85C

85C90C

32C

90C

32C

83C

37C

ESS Cryoplant Energy Recovery


Summary

• The use of Large Scale Cryogenic Systems in Scientific Labs has grown and diversified (both in scope & geography) over the past 10 years

• These systems are a enabling technology in scientific discovery

• Challenges exist but none are insurmountable

• Good communications exist between the workers in this field and these need to be nurtured and extended

• I look forward to seeing everyone at the next CryoOps workshop in 2016

November 2014


Acknowledgements

• I would like to thank all my colleagues who provided slides and information for this talk

• I would also like to thank Dana Arenius and the JLab Team for starting this series of workshops in 2004

November 2014

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