current research on air pollutant emissions from bioenergy
DESCRIPTION
Presentation given at 2013 California Air Pollution Control Officer's meeting.TRANSCRIPT
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2 1 M a y , 2 0 1 3 C o l i n M u r p h y M . S .
P h D C a n d i d a t e , I n s t i t u t e o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
S t u d i e s , U C D a v i s
Current Research on Air Pollutant Emissions from Bioenergy
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1 . CURRENT STA TUS OF BIOENERGY IN CA
2 . A DVA NCED TECHNOLOGY
3 . MULTI-OUTPUT SYSTEMS
4 . MODELING COST EFFECTS A T NA TIONAL SCA LE
Overview
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5.8 TWh of in-state biopower production 17% of in-state renewable power 2% of full California power mix SB 1122 adds FIT for 250 MW, SB 489, 594 improve net-metering
Current Biopower Capacity in California
* Includes: (a) LFG: 12 direct-use or CNG/LNG facilities; (b) WWTF: 8 heat or pipeline application; (c) AD: 12 Direct-use heat or fuel
Biopower Facilities
Facility Type Net (MW)
Facilities
Solid Fuel (forest, urban & ag) 574.6 27 LFG Projects (a) 371.3 79
Waste Water Treatment Facilities (b) 87.8 56
Farm AD (c) 3.8 11 Food Process/Urban AD (c) 0.7 3-5 Totals 1038 175
Solid Fuel (MSW) (mass burn facilities / organic fraction only) 63 3
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Current Bioenergy Facilities
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Current Solid Fuel Biomass Power
Like politics, all biomass is local. Feedstock and technology combinations reflect local conditions.
Many existing facilities idled or inoperative.
May be opportunities to repower or increase output through improved efficiency.
Mayhead G, Tittmann P. 2012. Outlook:
Uncertain future for California's biomass power plants. Calif Agr 66(1):6. DOI: 10.3733/ca.v066n01p6
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Advanced Technology
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Overview
No silver bullets for exhaust aftertreatment.
Focus generally on combustion technology, to reduce
pollutants entering gaseous phase
Lots of interest in integrating CCS or biofuel/bioproduct production
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SCR Still the Standard
Orange County Sanitation District Using SCR on biogas from WWTP, achieving ~7-8 ppmv NOx,
some reliability problems. http://www.casaweb.org/documents/2013/03-ocsd_rothbart.pdf
Fresno Dept of Public Utilities Gas turbines burning 60/40 DG/NG, achieving ~3 ppmv NOx. http://www.casaweb.org/documents/2013/05-fresno_scr_turbine_hogg.pdf
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Activated Carbon w/ Microwave Regen
CHA Corporation – SMUD Testing / Demo project on dairy digester biogas.
http://www.epa.gov/region9/organics/symposium/2010/5Lemes2010-PorsPres.pdf
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Gasifier Project Examples
Phoenix Energy Authority to Construct (SJVAPCD)
Emission Limits NOx
(ppm) CO
(ppm) VOC (ppm)
PM10 (g/hp-hr)
SOx (g/hp-hr)
9 75 25 0.05 0.03
NOx (ppm)
CO (ppm)
VOC (ppm)
PM10 (gr/dscf)
SO2 (ppm)
Permit 98.8 2823 14.1 0.012 28.2 Source
Test 58 362 ND 0.0005 <0.4
CPC 50 kW at Dixon Ridge Farms (Winters, CA) [Yolo-Solano AQMD]
Emission Limits and Test Results
New 3-way Catalytic converter just prior to source test
Ankur derivative downdraft gasifier, gas scrubbing/filtering, recip. engine-generator (~500 kWe)
Downdraft gasifier, gas filtering, automotive V-8 engine-generator (~50 kWe)
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UC Test Platform
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Partial-Oxidation Gas Turbine
Partially oxidize NG at high pressure to generate excess H2, which allows ICE operation under ultra-lean conditions, to minimize NOx, <20ppm.
Demonstration project at San Bernadino WWTP. http://www.casaweb.org/documents/2013/07-san_bernardino_mwd_-_claus.pdf
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Oxy-Fuel Combustion
Use gas or gasified biomass in pure-oxygen environement to produce highly-efficient combustion and minimal NOx formation.
CO2 can be recovered for EOR or CCS
Clean Energy Systems demonstration plants at Kimberlina and Placerita http://www.westcarb.org/pdfs_Lodi/Devanna.pdf
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Multi-Output Systems
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Biomass is Not Just Energy
Current research often emphasizes integrating systems to take advantage of local synergies CHP Nutrient Reovery Bio-Product Production
Biomass systems often struggle to be cost competitive on a purely energy basis, coproducts may be key to economic viability
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Example – Dixon Ridge Farms
50 kW gasifier utilizing walnut shells (adding another 100kW)
50 kW gasifier displaces: 20% of facility electricity demand 15% of propane demand for heaters
Biochar is incorporated into soil Nutrient management Carbon sequestration N2O reduction?
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Dixon Ridge
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Dairy Digesters
Currently in limited deployment for energy purposes NOx permitting difficult Some reliability concerns Opportunities to better capture nutrients (N, P, K)
from effluent Reduce burden on surface water Displace fertilizer produced elsewhere Additional revenue
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Digester Energy / Nutrient Recovery Concept
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Modeling the Effects of Air Pollution Regulation on Biofuel
Industry Development
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Geospatial Bioenergy Systems Model
Nationwide technoeconomic model Feedstock: Forest residue, MSW, corn stover, energy crops Biofuel demand: Based on county-level VMT Scope: Nation wide, county-by-county basis Biomass transport: Network model of road, rail and barge Conversion technology: Multiple biochemical and
thermochemical pathways
Produces spatial model of where conversion facilities locate and which feedstock sources they utilize
Produces cost curves for biofuel supply under various market conditions
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Spatial Results
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Supply Curves
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Next Steps
Improve site selection heuristic Incorporate existing environmental policy Improve feedstock production model Competition with existing crops
Anecdotally – Air pollutant emission regulations
major obstacle to successfully developing a project
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Cost Estimates
Cost factors for SCR and ESP systems on biochemical and thermochemical conversion facilities. All costs are in thousands of 2002 dollars
• Costs modeled on EPA guidance document for various technologies. • Costs are intended to be reasonable proxies for actual costs of achieving BACT or equivalent, rather than technological proscriptions.
• Typical capital cost for a biorefinery of this size: $400-500 million.
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Effect of Air Quality Costs – High Ethanol Case
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Effect of Air Quality Costs – Low Ethanol Case
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Preliminary Results
About 1 cent/gge difference in average ethanol cost. Less than that in California Generally, very little response to the costs of air
quality Most facilities are outside of nonattainment zones Those that are, are uniquely positioned close to a market or
feedstock supply
Current model may be too location-agnostic Next generation – adding state-by-state cost factors
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For more information:
California Biomass Collaborative Biomass.ucdavis.edu
UC Davis Policy Institute for Energy, Environment and the Economy
Policyinstitute.ucdavis.edu
Colin Murphy [email protected] Twitter: @Scianalysis
Rob Williams [email protected]
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
CO NOx SO2 PM THC
(lbs/
MW
h)
Chowchilla-Permit Chowchilla-Actual
El Nido-Permit El Nido-Actual
Madera-Permit Madera-Actual
Woodland-Permit Woodland-Actual
Ely,UK-Permit Ely,UK-Actual
Permitted and actual emissions for several solid fuel biomass plants.
Williams, R.B. (2005). Technology assessment for advanced biomass power generation - Final Report for SMUD ReGen program. University of California, Davis. CEC PIER Contract 500-00-034.